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Hypothesis Testing: "Better To Acquit 100 Guilty Men Than Convict One Innocent One."

The document discusses developing null and alternative hypotheses for hypothesis testing. It provides examples of formulating the hypotheses when the alternative hypothesis is the research hypothesis being tested or when the null hypothesis is the assumption being challenged. The key points are that the null hypothesis contains the statement of equality and the alternative is the opposite, and hypotheses about a population mean can take one of three forms depending on whether it is testing for less than, greater than, or equal to a value.

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Mamtha Kumar
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38 views

Hypothesis Testing: "Better To Acquit 100 Guilty Men Than Convict One Innocent One."

The document discusses developing null and alternative hypotheses for hypothesis testing. It provides examples of formulating the hypotheses when the alternative hypothesis is the research hypothesis being tested or when the null hypothesis is the assumption being challenged. The key points are that the null hypothesis contains the statement of equality and the alternative is the opposite, and hypotheses about a population mean can take one of three forms depending on whether it is testing for less than, greater than, or equal to a value.

Uploaded by

Mamtha Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Which side you stand for..

“Better to acquit 100 guilty


Making Decision
men than convict one
Inferential Data Analysis-I innocent one.”
-Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes,

Supreme Court of the United States (1882-1899)

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Hypothesis Testing
 Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
 Type I and Type II Errors
 Population Mean: s Known

Hypothesis Testing  Population Mean: s Unknown


 Population Proportion
 Hypothesis Testing and Decision Making
 Calculating the Probability of Type II Errors
 Determining the Sample Size for
a Hypothesis Test About a Population mean

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Hypothesis Testing Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses

 Hypothesis testing can be used to determine whether • It is not always obvious how the null and alternative
a statement about the value of a population parameter hypotheses should be formulated.
should or should not be rejected. • Care must be taken to structure the hypotheses
 The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 , is a tentative appropriately so that the test conclusion provides
assumption about a population parameter. the information the researcher wants.
 The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is the • The context of the situation is very important in
opposite of what is stated in the null hypothesis. determining how the hypotheses should be stated.
 The hypothesis testing procedure uses data from a • In some cases it is easier to identify the alternative
sample to test the two competing statements hypothesis first. In other cases the null is easier.
indicated by H0 and Ha. • Correct hypothesis formulation will take practice.
Remember: Decision is based on rejection or non-rejection of
Null Hypothesis ( H0 )

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Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses

 Alternative Hypothesis as a Research Hypothesis  Alternative Hypothesis as a Research Hypothesis


• Many applications of hypothesis testing involve • Example:
an attempt to gather evidence in support of a A new teaching method is developed that is
research hypothesis. believed to be better than the current method.
• In such cases, it is often best to begin with the • Alternative Hypothesis:
alternative hypothesis and make it the conclusion The new teaching method is better.
that the researcher hopes to support.
• Null Hypothesis:
• The conclusion that the research hypothesis is true The new method is no better than the old method.
is made if the sample data provide sufficient
evidence to show that the null hypothesis can be
rejected.

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Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses

 Alternative Hypothesis as a Research Hypothesis  Alternative Hypothesis as a Research Hypothesis


• Example: • Example:
A new sales force bonus plan is developed in an A new drug is developed with the goal of lowering
attempt to increase sales. blood pressure more than the existing drug.
• Alternative Hypothesis: • Alternative Hypothesis:
The new bonus plan increase sales. The new drug lowers blood pressure more than
the existing drug.
• Null Hypothesis:
The new bonus plan does not increase sales. • Null Hypothesis:
The new drug does not lower blood pressure more
than the existing drug.

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Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses

 Null Hypothesis as an Assumption to be Challenged  Null Hypothesis as an Assumption to be Challenged


• We might begin with a belief or assumption that • Example:
a statement about the value of a population The label on a soft drink bottle states that it
parameter is true. contains 67.6 fluid ounces.
• We then using a hypothesis test to challenge the • Null Hypothesis:
assumption and determine if there is statistical The label is correct. m > 67.6 ounces.
evidence to conclude that the assumption is • Alternative Hypothesis:
incorrect. The label is incorrect. m < 67.6 ounces.
• In these situations, it is helpful to develop the null
hypothesis first.

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Summary of Forms for Null and Alternative Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Hypotheses about a Population Mean
 The equality part of the hypotheses always appears  Example: Metro EMS
in the null hypothesis. A major west coast city provides one of the most
 In general, a hypothesis test about the value of a comprehensive emergency medical services in the
population mean m must take one of the following world. Operating in a multiple hospital system
three forms (where m0 is the hypothesized value of with approximately 20 mobile medical units, the
the population mean). service goal is to respond to medical emergencies
with a mean time of 12 minutes or less.
H 0 : m  m0 H0 : m  m0 H 0 : m  m0 The director of medical services wants to
H a : m  m0 H a : m  m0 H a : m  m0 formulate a hypothesis test that could use a sample
of emergency response times to determine whether
One-tailed One-tailed Two-tailed or not the service goal of 12 minutes or less is being
(lower-tail) (upper-tail) achieved.

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Null and Alternative Hypotheses

The emergency service is meeting


H0: m
the response goal; no follow-up
action is necessary.

The emergency service is not


Ha:m
meeting the response goal;
appropriate follow-up action is
necessary.

where: m = mean response time for the population


of medical emergency requests

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