http://journal.trunojoyo.ac.

id/jurnalkelautan Jurnal Kelautan

Volume 11, No. 1, 2018

ISSN: 1907-9931 (print), 2476-9991 (online)

DIFFERENCES OF CORAL REEF AND CORAL COMMUNITY FISH ABUNDANCE

CONDITION BASED ON ZONING OF BENGKOANG ISLAND, KARIMUNJAWA
M. Nadia*, Nurhidayah, H. Alkharis, M. D. A. Malik

Marine Diving Club, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Diponegoro University
Jl. Gondang Barat II No. 1 Bulusan, Tembalang, Semarang
Ph. 024-70263198;

* Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Submitted: 06 Maret 2018 / Revised: 02 November 2018 / Accepted: 02 November 2018

http://doi.org/10.21107/jk.v11i1.3709

ABSTRACT

Bengkoang Island is an unpopulated island in the northern region of the archipelago. The island is
divided into 2 zones, Marine Protection Zone and Marine Tourism Utilization Zone, based on the zoning
and management plan of the Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java. This research is aimed to
observe the condition of the coral reef and coral community fish abundance in Bengkoang Island based
on the zoning. There were 2 stations to represent each of the zones at depths of 5 and 10 meters. Line
Intercept Transect (LIT) method was used along 100 meters to data the reef substrate and Visual
Census method with Belt Transect was used to data the coral community fish. The result showed that
the coral cover was the highest in Station 1 at 5 m which was located in the Marine Protection Zone
with 80,31%, while the lowest was found in Station 2 at 10 m which was located in the Marine Tourism
Utilization Zone with 18,81%. Meanwhile, the coral community fish abudance was the highest in Station
1 at 10 m with 15.600 individual/ha and lowest in Station 2 at 10 m with 4.280 individual/ha. Based on
the result, it can be said that the condition of the coral reef ecosystem in Bengkoang Island varies with
a high margin between the data stations. The result indicated that the coral reef ecosystem in the Marine
Protection Zone was in a better condition than in the Marine Toursim Utilization Zone.

Key Words: Karimunjawa, Bengkoang Island, Zoning, Coral Reef, Coral Fish

INTRODUCTION function of the Main Zone, and Marine Tourism

Utilization Zone, designated as an
Indonesia is an archipelagic state that has a environment-based tourism area that can
high marine biodiversity. Indonesia is known to support the development of tourism and natural
have an abundant diversity of coral reef and recreation (Men. LH No.28/2012).
fish, including pelagic and coral community fish.
Coral reef is spreaded across Indonesian With the constantly developing marine tourism
waters, where it is mostly found in the central sector and the increasing number of tourists in
and eastern region (Veron, 2000). Karimunjawa, the activities in the coral reef
ecosystem is affected. One of which is in
Karimunjawa is one of the established marine Bengkoang Island that has the Marine Tourism
protected areas (MPA) in Indonesia. It has the Utilization Zone. The study of coral reef and reef
highest biodiversity of marine ecosystem fish structure was conducted to determine the
anywhere across the Northern Java Sea condition of coral reef ecosystem based on the
(Sulisyati et al., 2014). The coral reef percentage of coral cover, abundance of coral
ecosystem in Karimunjawa has a great community fish, and its ecological index to
economical potential. Coral community is one review the level of efectiveness of the zonation
of the top sources of income for the locals and in Bengkoang Island. The result of this research
the coral reef itself is a tourism appeal. can help the governemnt to determine policies
Bengkoang Island is located in the northern as an effort for coral reef conservation.
region of Karimunjawa. The island is divided
into 2 zones: Marine Protection Zone,
designated as a protected area for species,
habitats, or ecosystems that support the

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 Jurnal Kelautan, 11(1), 88-94 (2018)

MATERIAL AND METHOD Archipelago, Jepara Regency. Data was taken

in 2 stations representing 2 different zones:
The research was conducted in November Marine Protection Zone and Marine Tourism
2017 in Bengkoang Island, Karimunjawa Utilization Zone (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Data Stations in Bengkoang Island

The community structure was assessed based The coral community structure was analyzed
on English et al. (1994) with the Line Intercept based on the method used in English et al.
Transect (LIT) method along 100 meters of the (1994) The percentage of cover (% cover) was
reef in 5 and 10 meters depth. It is assumed calculated using the formula:
corals can live well in both depths as they are li
still able to gain sufficient sunlight (Nybakken, ni = 100%
1992). The data of the living coral cover to the L
level of genus, dead coral, substrate, algae,
and existence of other organisms is used to ni : Percent substrate cover
describe the coral community structure li : Total length of each substrate
(Suhasono, 1994). Meanwhile coral community L : Total transect length
fish abundance was technically determined
using the Visual Sensus method with Belt Coral reef condition criteria is based on the
Transect. The data of coral community fish in percent cover of living coral referred to the
the radius of 2.5 meters from the transect was Republic Indonesia Minister for Environment
recorded to the level of genus (English et al., No. 04/2001 about the coral reef damage
1997). standard

Data Analysis

Table 1. Coral Reef Damage Criteria

Living Coral Coverage (%) Criteria
0 – 24,9 Poor
25 –49,9 Fair
50 – 74,9 Good
75 – 100 Excellent

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 Nadia et al., Differences of Coral Reef and Coral Community Fish

Coral community fish data was analyzed by RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Substrate Coverage
calculating abundance based on Odum (1971)
using the formula: Substrate coverage in Bengkoang Island
consists of biotic and abiotic substrate. Living
coral, dead coral, other organisms, algae are
Σ Xi classified as biotic substrate meanwhile abiotic
X = ----------------- substrates are rock, rubble, and sand substrate.
n The coral reef condition of both data stations
X : Fish abundance can be seen based on the observation on living
Xi : Number of fish recorded at station-i coral coverage.

N : Total transect area

Table 2. Percent Substrate Coverage

Station Depth Living Algae DC RB OT RC SD
Coral
1 80,31% - 14,88% 3,81% 1% - -
5 meters
(Marine
Protection 73,56% 0,75% - 21,75% - 3,94% -
10 meters
Zone)
2 5 meters 29,18% - 8,70% 30,15% - 31,98% -
(Marine
Tourism 18,81% 2,46% 44,70% 26,20% 0,08% - 8,11%
Utilization 10 meters
Zone)
Notes: DC (Dead coral), RB (Rubble), OT (Other), RC (Rock), SD (Sand)

The highest living coral percent cover can be the higher utilization, the coral reef cover tends
found in Station 1 at 5 meters depth with to be lower (Juhasz et al., 2010). One of the
80,31% categorized as excellent as it is main factors that affect the coral reef is human
between 75-100% (Men.LH No.4/2001). The activity (Hasibuan et al., 2011). Stress on the
growth of corals in Station 1 is supported by its ecosystem that will result in damage can be
position on the east of the island. The condition caused by recreation activities such as tourism
of open water allows better water circulation (Soebarjo and Hidayat, 2007) or explorative
(Sutono, 2016). The lowest living coral percent activies such as fishing using bombs, toxic, or
cover can be found in Station 2 at 10 meters mining. Extractive activities, such as the use of
depth with 18,81% categorized as poor (Men. boat achors, can also add stress on the
LH No.4/2001). Domination of abiotic substrate ecosystem (Haruddin et al., 2011). The damage
indicates that there has been environmental is resulted as the breaking of braching corals
stress in coral reefs. This stress can possibly be that will add as a rubble substrate. The stress
caused in the combination of natural and can be showed by the abiotic substrate that
human factors (Ghiffar et al., 2017). previously was living corals (Ghiffar et al.,
2017). Fractured corals are generally from the
Based on a previous research by Yusuf (2013) branching corals that are damaged by human
on the condition of the coral reef in decomptive activities and nature, such as by
Karimunjawa, resulting that the coral reef is in strong currents. The high percentage of rubble
poor to fair condition (22% - 49,9%). Meanwhile is influenced by the coral species living there,
Malik (2016) did a similar research in Nyamuk branching corals will result as fractured corals if
Island, Karimunjawa at 3 – 10 meters depth, under goes damage process. Station 2 at 5
resulting that the condition of the coral reef in meters depth had a relatively high RB
Nyamuk Island varies in the poor to good percentage (30,15%), supported by the
category (20,15% - 66,59%). Sulisyati et al. domination of branching corals such as
(2014) did an observation on the condition of Acropora, Montipora, and Porites. Meanwhile,
the coral reef focusing in the Marine Tourism dead corals (DC) are generally corals with
Utilization Zone in Karimunjawa resulting that it massive or submassive growth forms, as they
is in fine to good condition. have more solid structure than branching
corals. Station 2 at 10 meters depth had a
There is a corellation between the utilization of relatively high percentage of DC (44,70%)
a certain area with the coral reef cover, that is

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 Jurnal Kelautan, 11(1), 88-94 (2018)

supported by the domination of corals such as

Diploastrea that has the mentioned growth form
.
20
Percentage (%)

15
10
5

Paraclavar…
0 Stasiun 1

Pavona

Symphyllia
Stylophora
Caulastrea

Ctenactis

Favia

Leptoseris

Montipora
Pachyseris
Acropora

Lobophyllia

Plerogyra
Cyphastrea

Cyphastrea

Seriatopora
Coeloseris

Cycloseris

Diploastrea
Echinopora

Galaxea

Montastrea

Porites
Pocillopora
Stasiun 2

Genus

Figure 2. Coral Cover Percentage at 5 meters Depth

20
Percentage (%)

15
10
5
Stasiun 1
0
Stasiun 2
Diploastrea

Goniastrea

Porites
Lobophyllia

Pachyseris

Pocillopora
Plerogyra

Symphyllia
Gardineroseris

Leptoseris
Anacropora

Millepora
Hydnopora

Montipora

Physogyra
Cyphastrea

Cyphastrea
Acropora

Goniopora
Cycloseris

Galaxea

Heliofungia
Ctenactis

Fungia

Montastrea

Sandalolitha
Halomitra

Genus

Figure 3. Coral Cover Percentage at 10 meters Depth

The growth of corals are highly influenced by important factor as well for coral growth, as it
environmental conditions. The result of the affects the amount of sunlight entering the
measurement of oceanographic factors are waters. The better visibility, the better the light
presented in Table 3. Among these factors, can enter the waters. Light is used by the
temperature is the most influential factor on symbiotic algae Zooxanthelae for
coral growth (Levinto, 1982). Based on photosynthesis. The result of photosynthesis
Supriharyono (2000), a good temperature for will be a food supply for the corals (Nybakken,
coral growth is 25-29oC. The temperature 1992). The water visibility obtained is under the
obtained from both stations of Bengkoang Republic Indonesia Minister for Environment
Island is 28.3-29oC, stable and suitable for coral No. 51/2004. That can be caused by the cloudy
growth. Salinity is another influencing factor as weather during the observation. Septyadi
corals are true marine organisms. Corals (2013) states that the growth of corals is better
cannot survive in salinity that deviates from with the presence of currents. From the result
normal sea water salinity of 32-350/00 obtained, the current in both stations are still in
(Nybakken, 1992). Water visibility is an a safe measure.

Table 3. Oceanographic Parameters Condition

No Parameters Sea Quality Standard for Marine Station
Organisms*
1 2

1 Current (m/s) <0,2 0,12 0,09

o
2 Direction - 210 101o
3 Salinity (0/00) 25-30 34,1 32
4 Visibility (m) >6m 4,23 5,18

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 Nadia et al., Differences of Coral Reef and Coral Community Fish

5 Temperature 28-30 29 28,3

(oC)
6 pH 7 – 8,5 7,6 7,9
*Standard based on the Republic Indonesia Minister for Environment No. 51/2004

The living coral cover is higher in Station 1, in individual/ha. Meanwhile the lowest was found
the Marine Protection Zone, categorized in in Station 2 at 10 meters depth with the number
good to excellent condition. Meanwhile in 4.280 individual/ha. Bell & Galzin (1984) stated
Station 2, in the Marine Tourism Utilization that the living coral cover percentage and
Zone, is categorized in poor to fair condition. different habitat zone were the factors that
The high living coral cover in Station 1 is affect the community structure and abundance
supported by the regulation that any taking of of fish. The high percentage of living coral cover
marine resources is prohibited except with a should be directly in line with high fish
permit. abundance. However, the results showed
otherwise. The fish abudance was higher in the
Coral Community Fish Abundance reef that is in a poor condition, and the
abudance was lower in the reef in an excelent
There were 39 genus from 17 families recorded condition.
in 2 stations. Both stations were dominated by
the Famili Pomacentridae such as There are other factors that affect the
Amblyglyphidodon, Abudefduf, and Crysiptera. abundance of fish such as food accessibility
Pomacentridaes are mayor fish. It is common to and human activity (Ghiffar et al., 2017). The
be found because it is the main coral shift of fish community structure is also affected
community fish in the coral reef at 3 – 10 meters by other factors such as hydro-oceanography
depth (Burges, 1978). Fish from the Famili that causes water instability (Mujiyanto, 2012).
Caesionidae such as Caesio or yellow-tail fish Fish abundance is not only affected by coral
were found as well. They are one of the coral coverage, but also with the substrate
community fish that has a high economical complexity that is related to the fish protection
value (Nggajo, Wardiatno, & Zamani, 2009). space and the physiology of the sea bed
(Sulisyati et al., 2016).
The abudance in Station 1 at 10 meters depth
was the highest with the number 15.600
Table 4. Coral Community Fish Abudance
Station Depth Abundance
5 meters 6.240 individual/ha
1 (Marine Protection Zone)
10 meters 15.600 individual/ha

5 meters 12.400 individual/ha

2 (Marine Tourism Utilization Zone)
10 meters 4.280 individual/ha

200
150
Amount

100
50
0

Genus
Stasiun 1 Stasiun 2

Figure 4. Fish Abudance at 5 meters Depth

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 Jurnal Kelautan, 11(1), 88-94 (2018)

200
150
Amount

100
50
0

Genus
Stasiun 1 Stasiun 2

Figure 5. Fish Abudance at 10 meters Depth

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