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MTH101: Calculus I Lecture 1: Functions and Their Representations

This document provides an overview of functions and their representations. It defines what a function is, discusses how functions can be defined algebraically, visually, numerically or verbally. It also covers graphs of functions, even and odd functions, transformations of functions, combinations of functions, and composition of functions. Key function types discussed include linear, polynomial, power, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.

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236 views

MTH101: Calculus I Lecture 1: Functions and Their Representations

This document provides an overview of functions and their representations. It defines what a function is, discusses how functions can be defined algebraically, visually, numerically or verbally. It also covers graphs of functions, even and odd functions, transformations of functions, combinations of functions, and composition of functions. Key function types discussed include linear, polynomial, power, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.

Uploaded by

lu cucu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTH101: Calculus I

IBU Lecture 1: Functions and Their


International Burch University
Representations
Lecture 1: Functions and Their Representations
(Section 1.1)

Definition 1
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D
exactly one element, called f (x) in a set E .

D = the domain of f

E = the range of f

We can define functions in several ways:


algebraically - by using an explicit formula
visually - by a graph
numerically - by a table of values
verbally - described in words

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Example 1:
Find the domain of a given function
1
(a) f (x) = 2
x −1

√
(b) g (x) = 4−x
Definition 2
The graph of a function f (x) is the set of order pairs (x, y ) in the
xy −plane, where x is in the domain of definition of f , and
y = f (x).

Example 2: Graph f (x) = x 3 − 4x 2


Vertical Line Test
f is a function if and only if no vertical line crosses its graph more
than once.
Example 3: Which of the following graphs represent y as a
function of x:
(a)
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Piecewise defined functions

Example 4: Graph the function f (x) = |x|.



x, if x ≥ 0;
f (x) = |x| =
−x, if x < 0

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|x|
Example 5: Graph the function g (x) = .
x
Example 6: Graph the function
 2
 x , if x < 0;
f (x) = x + 1, if 0 ≤ x < 4;
10 − x, if x ≥ 4.

Even Functions
Function f (x) is said to be an even function if

f (−x) = f (x)

for all x in the domain of f.


Example 7: f (x) = x 4 + x 2 + 2 is

Example 8: cos x is
Odd Functions
Function f (x) is said to be an odd function if

f (−x) = −f (x)

for all x in the domain of f.


Example 9: f (x) = x 3 + x is

Example 10: sin x is an odd function


tan x is an odd function:
tan (−x) =
cot x is an odd function too.
Example 11: Determine if the function f (x) = x 2 − x is odd,
even, or neither.
Definition
A function f (x) is said to be increasing on an interval I if

x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 )


for x1 , x2 ∈ I

Definition
A function f (x) is said to be decreasing on an interval I if

x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 )


for x1 , x2 ∈ I
Section 1.2: Essential Functions

Linear Functions
A linear function f (x) has the form

f (x) = ax + b

where a,b are real constants.

Polynomial Functions
A polynomial P(x) is a function that has the following form

P(x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + . . . + a1 x + a0

where n is a non-negative number, and real numbers


an , an−1 , . . . , a0 are coefficients of P.
A polynomial P(x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + . . . + a1 x + a0 , where
an 6= 0, is said to be of degree n.

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Polynomial functions are defined for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞).
Example 12:
P(x) = x 15 + x 7 + 120x is a polynomial
all linear functions f (x) = ax + b are polynomials; Note that
n = 1 (if a 6= 0)

Power Functions
A function of the form f (x) = x a , where a is a real constant, is
called a power function.

Let a = n, n is a positive integer - polynomial P(x) = x n


√
Let a = n1 , n is a positive integer - root function f (x) = x 1/n = n
x
Example 13: For a = 1/2, f (x) = x a becomes the square root
√
function f (x) = x.
For a = 1/3, f (x) = x a becomes the cube root function
√
3
f (x)
√ = x.
y= x y = x 1/3
Let a = −1. Then we have the reciprocal function
f (x) = x −1 = x1 , which is defined for all x except at 0. Its graph is
shown below:
Rational Functions
A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials:

P(x)
f (x) = .
Q(x)

The domain of f consists of all points for which Q(x) 6= 0

Trigonometric Functions
sin x, cos x, tan x
and their reciprocals csc x, sec x, cot x
Exponential Functions
An exponential function has the form f (x) = ax , where the base a
is a positive constant. The domain of f (x) = ax is (−∞, ∞), and
its range is (0, ∞).

Logarithmic Functions
The logarithmic functions f (x) = loga x, where the base a is
positive constant, are the inverse functions of exponential
functions.
Transformations of Functions
Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
Let c > 0.
The graph of y = f (x) + c is obtained by shifting the graph of
y = f (x) by c units upward

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The graph of y = f (x) − c is obtained by shifting the graph of
y = f (x) by c units downward

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The graph of y = f (x − c) is obtained by shifting the graph of
y = f (x) by c units to the right

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The graph of y = f (x + c) is obtained by shifting the graph of
y = f (x) by c units to the left

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Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting
Suppose that c > 1. To obtain the graph of y = cf (x), stretch the
graph of y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c

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To obtain the graph of y = (1/c)f (x), compress the graph of
y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c.

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To obtain the graph of y = f (cx), compress the graph of y = f (x)
horizontally by a factor of c

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To obtain the graph of y = f (x/c), stretch the graph of y = f (x)
horizontally by a factor of c

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To obtain the graph of y = −f (x), reflect the graph of y = f (x)
about the x-axis

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To obtain the graph of y = f (−x), reflect the graph of y = f (x)
about the y-axis

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x −1
Example 1: Graph y =
x
x −1 1 1
Write = 1 − = − + 1.
x x x
1
We start with the graph of y = and use needed transformations.
x

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Combinations of Functions

For two given functions f and g we define f + g , f − g , f · g , and


f /g as follows:
f + g is defined on A ∩ B, where A=domain of f, and B=domain
of g, by:
(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)
f − g is defined on A ∩ B, by:

(f − g )(x) = f (x) − g (x)

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fg is defined on A ∩ B, by:

(fg )(x) = f (x)g (x)

f /g is defined on {x ∈ A ∩ B|g (x) 6= 0}, by:


 
f f (x)
(x) =
g g (x)

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Definition
Given two functions f and g , the composition f ◦ g is defined by

(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x))

The domain of of f ◦ g is the set of all x in the domain of g such


that g (x) is in the domain of f .

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1 √
Example 2: Let f (x) = x and g (x) = x. Find
(a) f ◦ g

(b) g ◦ f

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(c) find g ◦ (f + h) and f ◦ g ◦ h, where h(x) = x + 1

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