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Lec4-Purpose and Types of Modulation

This document discusses modulation, which is the process of varying the amplitude, phase, or frequency of a carrier signal to transmit a message signal. Modulation is necessary for communication systems to allow practical antenna sizes, increase operating range, enable wireless communication, and suit channel requirements. The main types of modulation discussed are amplitude modulation (AM), angle modulation including frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), and digital modulation techniques like phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

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Wrudra Rahman
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26 views

Lec4-Purpose and Types of Modulation

This document discusses modulation, which is the process of varying the amplitude, phase, or frequency of a carrier signal to transmit a message signal. Modulation is necessary for communication systems to allow practical antenna sizes, increase operating range, enable wireless communication, and suit channel requirements. The main types of modulation discussed are amplitude modulation (AM), angle modulation including frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), and digital modulation techniques like phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

Uploaded by

Wrudra Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 315

Communication Engineering I

Lec4-Purpose and Types of Modulation

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Modulation
▪ Modulation is a process that causes a shift in the range of frequencies
in a signal.
▪ To modulate means “to change”.
▪ Modulation may be done by varying the amplitude, phase or frequency
of a high frequency carrier in accordance with the amplitude of the
message signal.
▪ This process involves: Baseband/message signal → Modulating signal
Carrier signal
Modulated signal

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Baseband and Carrier Communication
Baseband Communication: In baseband communication, baseband
signals are transmitted without modulation, that is, without any shift in
the range of frequencies of the signal.
Carrier Communication: Communication that uses modulation to shift
the frequency spectrum of a signal is known as carrier communication.

▪ Modulation can be Analog (AM/FM radios) or Digital (2G, 3G


cellphones).

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Purpose of Modulation
❑ Baseband signals produced by various information sources are not
suitable for direct transmission.
❑ Modulation is extremely necessary in communication systems for
one or more of the following reasons:
▪ For Practical Antenna Length
▪ For Increasing Operating Range
▪ For Achieving Wireless Communication
▪ To Suit the Medium or Channel Requirement
▪ For Multiplexing

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Purpose of Modulation
For Practical Antenna Length:
▪ Low frequency transmission and reception is not practical due to the
large antennas required.
▪ In order to transmit a wave effectively, the length of the transmitting
antenna should be approximately equal to the wavelength of the
transmitting wave.
▪ We know that λ = 𝑣/𝑓, where λ = wavelength, v = velocity of the
wave = velocity of light = 3 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1 and f = frequency of the
wave (Hz).

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Purpose of Modulation
▪ For example, to radiate a signal with frequency 20kHz directly into
3×108
space, required antenna length = 3 = 15000 m, which is not
20×10
practical.
▪ On the other hand, if by modulation, signal frequency is shifted to
3×108
20MHz, required antenna length =
20×10 6 = 15 m.

6
Purpose of Modulation
For Increasing Operating Range:
▪ The energy of a wave depends upon its frequency. The higher the
frequency, the greater the energy possessed by it.
▪ As the baseband signal frequencies are small, they cannot be
transmitted over large distances if radiated directly into space.
▪ The only practical solution is to modulate a high frequency carrier
wave with the baseband signal and permit the transmission to occur at
this high frequency carrier.

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Purpose of Modulation
For Achieving Wireless Communication:
▪ At radio frequencies, the efficiency of radiation is poor.
▪ Efficient radiation of electrical energy is possible at high frequency.
▪ Modulation is always adopted in a wireless communication system, as
a high frequency carrier has to be used.

To Suit the Medium or Channel Requirement:


▪ Some sort of special modulation schemes are adopted to make the
signal suitable for the communication channel or medium.
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Purpose of Modulation
For Multiplexing:
▪ Multiplexing is used where multiple users share a same
communication channel.
▪ For Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), modulation is required.

9
Types of Modulation

Modulation

CW-M Pulse-M Digital-M

Angle-M PAM PTM


AM ASK FSK PSK

PWM/PDM PPM
FM PM
BPSK QPSK QAM
QM

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Types of Modulation
CW-M: Continuous Wave Modulation = Analog Modulation
Pulse-M: Pulse Modulation
Digital-M: Digital Modulation
AM: Amplitude Modulation
Angle-M: Angle Modulation
PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PTM: Pulse Time Modulation
ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying

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Types of Modulation
FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
PSK: Phase Shift Keying
FM: Frequency Modulation
QM: Quadrature Modulation
PM: Phase Modulation
PWM/PDM: Pulse Width Modulation/Pulse Duration Modulation
PPM: Pulse Position Modulation
BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying

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Types of Modulation
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

The three broad categories of Modulation schemes shown have the


following characteristics:
▪ Continuous-wave (CW) Modulation: Carrier wave is sinusoidal and
the modulating signal is analog.
▪ Pulse Modulation: Carrier is a periodic pulse train.
▪ Digital Modulation: Carrier is sinusoidal but the modulating signal is
digital.
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