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Glossary of Metallurgical and MetalworkingTerms / 43

partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace parting lie. (1) The intersection of the parting plane original surface of the base metal to that point at
supply atmosphere and the external air. of a casting or plastic mold or the parting plane which fusion ceased.
between forging dies with the mold or die cavity. (2) penetration hardness. Same as indentation hardness.
Araised line or projection on the surface of a casting, percussion welding. A resistance welding process that
P plastic part, or forging that correspondsto said inter- produces coalescence of abutting surfaces using heat
section. from an arc produced by a rapid dischargeof electri-
pack carbnrizing. A method of surface hardening of parting plane. (1) In forging, the dividing line between cal energy. Pressure is applied percussivelyduring or
steel in which parts are packed in a steel box with a dies. (2) In casting, the dividing line between mold immediately following the electrical discharge.
carburizing compound and heated to elevated tem- halves. perforating. The punching of many holes, usually
peratures. This process has been largely supplanted parting sand In foundry practice, a fine sand for dust- identical and arrangedin a regular pattern, in a sheet,
by gas and liquid carburizing processes. ing on sand mold surfaces that are to be separated. workpiece blank, or previously formed part. The
pack nitriding. A method of surface hardening of steel pass. (1) A single transfer of metal through a stand of holes are usually round, but may be any shape. The
in which parts are packed in a steel box with a rolls. (2) The open space between two grooved rolls operation is also called multiple punching. See also
nitriding compound and heated to elevated tempera- through which metal is processed. (3) The weld met- piercing.
tures. al deposited in one trip along the axis of a weld. See peripheral milling. MiUing a surface parallel to the
pack rolling. Hot rolling a pack of two or more sheets also weld pass. axis of the cutter.
of metal; scale prevents their being welded together. passivation. (1) A reduction of the anodic reaction rate peritectic. An isothermal reversible reaction in metals
pancake forging. A rough forged shape, usually flat, of an electrode involved in corrosion. (2) The process in which a liquid phase reacts with a solid phase to
that can be obtained quickly with minimal tooling. in metal corrosion by which metals become passive. produce a single (and different) solid phase on cool-
Considerable machining is usually required to attain (3) The changing of a chemically active surface of a ing.
the finish size. metal to a much less reactive state. Contrast with peritectoid. An isothermalreversible reaction in which
pancake grain structure. Ametallic structurein which activation. a solid phase reacts with a second solid phase to
the lengths and widths of individual grains are large passive. (1) A metal corroding under the control of a produce a single (and different) solid phase on cool-
compared to their thicknesses. surface reaction product. (2) The state of the metal ing.
paramagnetic material. (1) A material whose specific surface characterized by low corrosion rates in a permanent magnet material. A ferromagnetic alloy
permeability is greater than unity and is practically potential region that is strongly oxidizing for the capable of being magnetized permanently because of
independent of the magnetizing force. (2) Material metal. its ability to retain induced magnetization and mag-
with a small positive susceptibility due to the inter- passiveactive cell. A corrosion cell in which the anode netic poles after removal of externally applied fields;
action and independent alignment of permanent is a metal in the active state and the cathode is the an alloy with high coercive force. The name is based
atomic and electronic magnetic moments with the same metal in the passive state. on the fact that the quality of the early permanent
applied field. Compare withferromagnetic material. passivity. A condition in which a piece of metal, be- magnets was related to their hardness.
paramagnetism. A property exhibited by substances cause of an impervious covering of oxide or other permanent mold. A metal, graphite, or ceramic mold
that, when placed in a magnetic field, are magnetized (other than an ingot mold) of two or more parts that
compound, has a potential much more positive than
parallel to the field to an extent proportional to the is used repeatedly for the production of many cast-
that of the metal in the active state.
field (except at very low temperatures or in ex- ings of the same form. Liquid metal is usually poured
patenting. In wiremaking, a heat treatment applied to
tremely large magnetic fields). Compare withferro- in by gravity.
medium- or high-carbonsteel before drawing of wire
magnetism. permanent set. The deformation remaining after a
or between drafts. This process consists of heating to
Parkes process. A process used to recover precious specimen has been stressed a prescribed amount in
a temperature above the transformation range and
metals from lead and based on the principle that if 1 tension, compression, or shear for a specified time
then cooling to a temperature below Ae, in air or in period and released for a specified time period. For
to 2% Zn is stirred into the molten lead, a compound a bath of molten lead or salt.
of zinc with gold and silver separates out and can be creep tests, the residual unrecoverable deformation
patent leveling. Same as stretcher leveling. after the load causing the creephas been removed for
skimmed off.
patina. The coating, usually green, that forms on the a substantial and specified period of time. Also, the
partial annealing. An imprecise term used to denote a
surface of metals such as copper and copper alloys increase in length, expressed as a percentage of the
treatment given cold-worked metallic material to re-
exposed to the atmosphere. Also used to describe the original length, by which an elastic material fails to
duce its strength to a controlled level or to effect
appearance of a weathered surface of any metal. return to its original length after being stressed for a
stress relief. To be meaningful, the type of material,
pattern. (1) A form of wood, metal, or other material standard period of time.
the degree of cold work, and the time-temperature
schedule must be stated. around which molding material is placed to make a permeability. (1) The passage or diffusion (or rate of
particle shape. The appearance of a metal particle, mold for casting metals. (2) A form of wax- or plas- passage) of a gas, vapor, liquid, or solid through a
such as spherical, rounded, angular, acicular, den- tic-base material around which refractory material is material (often porous) without physically or chemi-
dritic, irregular, porous, fragmented, blocky, rod, placed to make a mold for casting metals. (3) A cally affecting it; the measure of fluid flow (gas or
flake, nodular, or plate. full-scale reproduction of a part used as a guide in liquid) through a material. (2) A general term used to
particle sue. The controlling lineal dimension of an cutting. express various relationships between magnetic in-
individual particle as determined by analysis with pearlite. Ametastable lamellar aggregate of ferrite and duction and magnetizing force. These relationships
screens or other suitable instruments. See also sieve cementite resulting from the transformation of are either “absolute permeability,” which is a change
analysis and sieve classification. austenite at temperaturesabove the bainite range. in magnetic induction divided by the corresponding
particle size distribution. The percentage, by weight pearlitic malleable. See malleable iron. change in magnetizing force, or “specific (relative)
or by number, of each fraction into which a powder pearlitic structure. A microstructure resembling that permeability,” the ratio of the absolute permeability
or sand sample has been classified with respect to of the pearlite constituent in steel. Therefore, it is a to the permeability of free space. (3) In metal casting,
sieve number or particle size. lamellar structure of varying degrees of coarseness. the characteristics of molding materials that permit
particle sizing. Segregation of granular material into peeling. The detaching of one layer of a coating from gases to pass through them. “Permeability number”
specified particle size ranges. another, or from the substrate,because of poor adher- is determined by a standard test.
parting. (1) In the recovery of precious metals, the ence. pewter. A tin-base white metal containing antimony
separation of silver from gold. (2) The zone of sepa- peel test. A destructive method of inspection that me- and copper. Originally, pewter was defined as an
ration between cope and drag portions of the mold or chanically separates a lap joint by peeling. alloy of tin and lead, but to avoid toxicity and dull-
flask in sand casting. (3) A composition sometimes peening. Mechanical working of metal by hammer ness of finish, lead is excluded from modern pewter.
used in sand molding to facilitate the removal of the blows or shot impingement. These modern compositionscontain 1 to 8% Sb and
pattern. (4) Cutting simultaneouslyalong two paral- penetrant. A liquid with low surface tension used in 0.25 to 3% Cu.
lel lines or along two lines that balance each other in liquid penetrant inspection to flow into surface open- pH. The negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion activ-
side thrust. (5) A shearing operation used to produce ings of parts being inspected. ity; it denotes the degree of acidity or basicity of a
two or more parts from a stamping. penetrant inspection. See preferred term liquidpene- solution. At 25 “C (77 OF), 7.0 is the neutral value.
parting compound. A material dusted or sprayed on trant inspection. Decreasing values below 7.0 indicates increasing
foundry (casting) patterns to prevent adherence of penetration. (1) In founding, an imperfection on a acidity; increasing values above 7.0, increasing
sand and to promote easy separationof cope and drag casting surface caused by metal running into voids basicity. The pH values range from 0 to 14.
parting surfaces when the cope is lifted from the between sand grains; usually referred to as metal phase. A physically homogeneous and distinct portion
drag. penetration. (2) In welding, the distance from the of a material system.
44 / Glossary of Terms and Engineering Data

phase change. The transition from one physical state to pickling. The chemical removal of surface oxides plane strain. The stress condition in linear elastic frac-
another, such as gas to liquid, liquid to solid, gas to (scale) and other contaminants such as dirt from iron ture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a
solid, or vice versa and steel by immersion in an aqueous acid solution. direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile
phase diagram. A graphical representation of the tem- The most common pickling solutions are sulfuric and stress and the direction of crack growth (that is,
perature and compositionlimits of phase fields in an hydrochloric acids. parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in
alloy or ceramic system as they actually exist under pickoff. An automatic device for removing a finished loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the
the specific conditions of heating or cooling. Aphase part from the press die after it has been shipped. plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the
diagram may be an equilibriumdiagram, an approxi- pickup. (1) Transfer of metal from tools to part or from plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of
mation to an equilibriumdiagram, or a representation part to tools during a forming operation. (2) Small the principal tensile stress.
of metastable conditions or phases. Synonymous particles of oxidized metal adhering to the surface of planestrain fracture toughness (&). The crack ex-
with constitution diagram. Compare with equilib- a mill product. tension resistance under conditions of crack-tip plane
rium diagram. Pidgeon process. A process for production of magne- strain. See also stress-intensity factor.
phase rule. The maximum number of phases ( P ) that sium by reduction of magnesium oxide with ferrosili- plane stress. The stress condition in linear elastic frac-
may coexist at equilibrium is two, plus the number of con. ture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness
components(C) in the mixture, minus the number of piercing. The general term for cutting (shearing or direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading
degrees of freedom (0: P + F = C + 2. punching) openings, such as holes and slots, in sheet very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the sur-
phosphathg. Forming an adherent phosphate coating material, plate, or parts. This operation is similar to face of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the
on a metal by immersionin a suitable aqueous phos- blanking; the difference is that the slug or pierce plane of fracture instability is inclined 45" to the axis
phate solution. Also called phosphatizing. See also produced by piercing is scrap, while the blank pro- of the principal tensile stress.
conversion coating. duced by blanking is the useful part. plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc).In linear elastic
phosphorized copper. General term applied to copper piezoelectric effect. The reversible interaction, exhib- fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension
deoxidized with phosphorus. The most commonly ited by some crystallinematerials, between an elastic resistance at the instability condition determined
used deoxidized copper. strain and an electric field. The direction of the strain from the tangency between the R-curve and the criti-
photoelasticity. An optical method for evaluating the depends on the polarity of the field or vice versa. cal crack-extension force curve of the specimen.See
magnitude and distribution of stresses, using a trans- Compare with electrostrictive effect. also stress-intensityfactor.
parent model of a part, or a thick film of photoelastic pig. A metal casting used in remelting. planimetric method. Amethod of measuringgrain size
material bonded to a real part. pig iron. (1) High-carbon iron made by reduction of in which the grains within a definite area arecounted.
photomacrograph. Amacmgraph produced by photo- iron ore in the blast furnace. (2) Cast iron in the form planing. Producing flat surfaces by linear reciprocal
graphic means. of pigs. motion of work and the table to which it is attached,
photomicrograph. A micrograph produced by photo- Pilger tubereducing process. See tube reducing. relative to a stationary single-point cutting tool.
graphic means. pin (for bend testing). The plunger or tool used in planishing. Producing a smooth finish on metal by a
physical crack size (ap).In fracture mechanics, the making semiguided, guided, or wraparound bend rapid succession of blows delivered by highly pol-
distance from a referenceplane to the observed crack tests to apply the bending force to the inside surface ished dies or by a hammer designed for the purpose,
front. This distance may represent an average of of the bend. In free bends or semiguided bends to an or by rolling in a planishing mill.
several measurements along the crack front. The angle of 180". a shim or block of the proper thickness plasma arc cutting. An arc cutting process that severs
may be placed between the legs of the specimen as metals by melting a localized area with heat from a
reference plane depends on the specimen form, and
it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a bending is completed. This shim or block is also constricted arc and removing the molten metal with
referred to as a pin or mandrel. See also mandrel. a high-velocity jet of hot, ionized gas issuing from
plane containingeither the load line or the centerline
pinchem Surface disturbances on metal sheet or strip the plasma torch.
of a specimen or plate.
that result from rolling processes and that ordinarily plasma arc welding (PAW). An arc welding process
physical metallurgy. The science and technology deal-
appear as fernlike ripples running diagonally to the that produces coalescence of metals by heating them
ing with the properties of metals and alloys, and of
direction of rolling. with a constricted arc between an electrode and the
the effects of composition, processing, and environ-
pinch pass. A pass of sheet metal through rolls to effect workpiece (transferred arc) or the electrode and the
ment on those properties. a very small reduction in thickness. constricting nozzle (nontransferredarc). Shielding is
physical properties. Properties of a material that are pinch trimming. The trimming of the edge of a tubular obtained from hot, ionized gas issuing from an ori-
relatively insensitive to structure and can be meas- metal part or shell by pushing or pinching the flange fice surrounding the electrode and may be supple-
ured without the application of force; for example, or lip over the cutting edge of a stationary punch or mented by an auxiliary source of shielding gas,
density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of ther- over the cutting edge of a draw punch. which may be an inert gas or a mixture of gases.
mal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice
pin expansion test. A test for determiningthe ability of Pressure may or may not be used, and filer metal
parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity. a tube to be expanded or for revealing the presence may or may not be supplied.
Compare with mechanicalproperties. of cracks or other longitudinal weaknesses, made by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Achemi-
physical testing. Methods used to determine the entire forcing a tapered pin into the open end of the tube. cal vapor deposition process that uses low-pressure
range oflhe material's physical properties of a mate- pinhole porosity. Porosity consisting of numerous glow-discharge plasmas to promote the chemical
rial. In addition to density and thermal, electrical,and small gas holes (pinholes)distributed throughout the deposition reactions. Also called plasma-enhanced
magnetic properties, physical testing methods may metal; found in weld metal, castings, and electrode- chemical vapor deposition.
be used to assess simple fundamental physical prop posited metal. plasma carburiziig. Same as ion carburizing.
erties such as color, crystalline form, and melting Piobert Lmes. See Liiders lines. plasma nitriding. Same as ion nitriding.
point. pipe. (1) The central cavity formed by contraction in plasma spraying. A t h e m l spraying process in which
physical vapor deposition (PVD).A coating process metal, especially ingots, during solidification. (2) An a nontransferred arc of a plasma torch is utilized to
whereby the deposition species are transferred and imperfection in wrought or cast products resulting create a gas plasma that acts as the source of heat for
deposited in the form of individual atoms or mole- from such a cavity. (3) A tubular metal product, cast melting and propelling the surfacing material to the
cules. The most common PVD methods are sputter- or wrought. See also extrusion pipe. substrate.
ing and evaporation. Sputtering, which is the princi- pipe tap. A tap for making internal pipe threads within plaster molding. Molding in which a gypsum-bonded
pal PVD process, involves the transport of a material pipe fittings or holes. aggregate flour in the form of a water slurry is poured
from a source (target) to a substrate by means of the pipe threads. Internal or external machine threads, over a pattern, permitted to harden, and, after re-
bombardment of the target by gas ions that have been usually tapered, of a design intended for making moval of the pattern, thoroughly dried. This tech-
accelerated by a high voltage. Evaporation, which pressure-tight mechanicaljoints in piping systems. nique is used to make smooth nonferrous castings of
was the first PVD process used, involves the transfer pit. A small, regular or irregular crater in the surface of accurate size.
of material to form a coating by physical means a material created by exposure to the environment, plastic deformation. The permanent (inelastic) distor-
alone, essentially vaporization.Physical vapor depo- for example, corrosion, wear, or thermal cycling. See tion of materials under applied stressesthat strain the
sition coatings are used to improve the wear, friction, also pitting. material beyond its elastic limit.
and hardness properties of cutting tools and as corro- pitting. (1) Forming small sharp cavities in a surface by plastic flow.The phenomenon that takes place when
sion-resistant coatings. corrosion, wear, or other mechanically assisted deg- metals are stretched or compressed permanently
pickle liquor. A spent acid-picklingbath. radation. (2) Localized corrosion of a metal surface, without rupture.
pickle stain. Discoloration of metal due to chemical confined to a point or small area, that takes the form plasticity. The property of a material that allows it to be
cleaning without adequate washing and drying. of cavities. repeatedly deformed without rupture when acted
 Glossary of Metallurgical and MetalworkingTerms / 45

upon by a force sufficient to cause deformation and polarization curve. A plot of current density versus pot. (1) A vessel for holding molten metal. (2) The
that allows it to retain its shape after the applied force electrode potential for a specific electrode-electro- electrolytic reduction cell used to make such metals
has been removed. lyte combination. as aluminum from a fused electrolyte.
plastic-strain ratio (r-value). In formability testing of pole. (1) A means of designating the orientation of a pot annealing. Same as box annealing.
metals, the ratio of the true width strain to the true crystal plane by stereographically plotting its nor- potential. (1) Any of various functions from which
thickness strain in a sheet tensile test, r = E,,,&~ A mal. For example, the north pole defines the equato- intensity or velocity at any point in a field may be
formability parameter that relates to drawing, it is rial plane. (2) Either of the two regions of a perma- calculated. (2) The driving influence of an elecrro-
also known as the anisotropy factor. A high r-value nent magnet or electromagnetwhere most of the lines chemical reaction.
indicates a material with good drawing properties. of induction enter or leave. poultice corrosion. A term used in the automotive
plate. A flat-rolled metal product of some minimum pole figure.A stereoscopicprojection of a polycrystal- industry to describe the corrosion of vehicle body
thickness and width arbitrarily dependent on the type line aggregate showing the distribution of poles, or parts due to the collection of road salts and debris on
of metal. Plate thicknesses commonly range from 6 plane normals, of a specific crystalline plane, using ledges and in pockets that are kept moist by weather
to 300 mm (0.25 to 12 in.); widths from 200 to 2000 specimen axes as reference axes. Pole figures are and washing. Also called deposit corrosion or attack.
mm (8 to 80 in.). used to characterize preferred orientation in poly- pouring. The transfer of molten metal from furnace to
plate martensite. Martensite formed partly in steel crystalline materials. ladle, ladle to ladle, or ladle into molds.
containing more than approximately 0.5% C and polishing. (1) Smoothingmetal surfaces,often to a high pouring basin. In metal casting, a basin on top of a
solely in steel containing more than approximately luster, by rubbing the surface with a fine abrasive, mold that receives the molten metal before it enters
1.0% C that appears as lenticular-shapeplates (crys- usually contained in a cloth or other soft lap. Results the sprue or downgate.
tals). in microscopic flow of some surface metal together powder. An aggregate of discrete particles that are
platen. (1) The sliding member, slide, or ram of a metal with actual removal of a small amount of surface usually in the size range of 1 to 1000p.
forming press. (2) A part of a resistance welding, metal. (2) Removal of material by the action of powder cutting. See preferred terms chemical flux
mechanical testing, or other machine with a flat sur- abrasive grains carried to the work by a flexible cutting and metal powder cutting.
face to which dies, fixtures, backups, or electrode support, generally either a wheel or a coated abrasive powder flame spraying. A thermal spraying process
holders are attached and that transmits pressure or belt. (3) Amechanical, chemical,or electrolyticproc- variation in which the material to be sprayed is in
force. ess or combinationthereof used to prepare a smooth, powder form.
plating. Forming an adherent layer of metal on an reflective surface suitable for microstructuralexami- powder forging. The plastic deformation of a powder
object; often used as a shop term for electroplating. nation that is free of artifacts or damage introduced metallurgy compact or preform into a fully dense fm-
See also electrodeposition and electroless plating. during prior sectioning or grinding. See also electro- ished shape by using compressive force; usually done
plating rack. A fixture used to hold work and conduct lytic polishing and electropolishing. hot and within closed dies.
current to it during electroplating. polycrystalline. Pertaining to a solid comprised of powder lubricant. In powder metallurgy, an agent or
plug. (1) Arod or mandrel over which a pierced tube is component incorporated into a mixture to facilitate
many crystals or crystallites, intimately bonded to-
forced. (2) A rod or mandrel that fills a tube as it is compacting and ejecting of the compact from its
gether. May be homogeneous (one substance)or het-
drawn through a die. (3) A punch or mandrel over mold.
erogeneous (two or more crystal types or composi-
which a cup is drawn. (4)A protruding portion of a tions).
powder metallurgy (Pw). The technology and art of
die impression for forming a correspondingrecess in producing metal powders and utilizing metal pow-
polymorphism. A general term for the ability of a solid
the forging. (5) A false bottom in a die. ders for production of massive materials and shaped
to exist in more than one form. In metals, alloys, and
plug tap. A tap with chamfer extending from three to objects.
similar substances, this usually means the ability to
five threads. powder metallurgy forging. See powderforging.
exist in two or more crystal structures, or in an powder metallurgy part. A shaped object that has
plug weld. A weld made in a circular hole in one
amorphous state and at least one crystal structure.
member of a joint, fusing that member to another been formed from metal powders and sintered by
See also allotropy, enantiotropy, and monotropism. heating below the melting point of the major con-
member.
plumbage. Aspecial quality of powdered graphite used pop-off. Loss of small portions of a porcelain enamel stituent. A structural or mechanical componentmade
to coat molds and, in a mixture of clay, to make coating. The usual cause is outgassingof hydrogen or by the powder metallurgy process.
other gases from the substrate during firing, but pop prealloyed powder. A metallic powder composed of
crucibles.
plunge grinding. Grinding wherein the only relative off may also occur because of oxide particles or other two or more elements that are alloyed in the powder
motion of the wheel is radially toward the work. debris on the surface of the substrate. Usually, the manufacturingprocess and in which the particles are
plus mesh. The powder sample retained on a screen of pits are minute and cone shaped, but when popoff is of the same nominal composition throughout.
stated size, identified by the retaining mesh number. the result of severe fishscale the pits may be much precious metals. Relatively scarce, highly corrosion
See also sieve analysis and sieve classification. larger and irregular. resistant, valuable metals found in periods 5 and 6
plus sieve. The portion of a sample of a granular sub- porcelain enamel. A substantially vitreous or glassy, (groups VIII and Ib) of the periodic table. They
stance (such as metal powder) retained on a standard inorganiccoating (borosilicate glass) bonded to met- include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, as-
sieve of specified number. Contrast with minus sieve. al by fusion at a temperature above 425 "C (800 OF). mium, iridium, platinum, and gold. See also noble
See also sieve analysis and sieve classification. Porcelain enamels are applied primarily to compo- metal.
plymetal. Sheet consisting of bonded layers of dissimi- nents made of sheet iron or steel, cast iron, alumi- precipitation. In metals, the separation of a new phase
lar metals. num, or aluminum-coatedsteels. from solid or liquid solution, usually with changing
P/M. The acronym for powder metallurgy. pore. (1) A small opening, void, interstice, or channel conditions of temperature, pressure, or both.
pneumatic press. A press that uses air or a gas to within a consolidated solid mass or agglomerate, precipitation hardening. Hardening in metals caused
deliver the pressure to the upper and lower rams. usually larger than atomic or molecular dimensions. by the precipitationof a constituent from a supersatu-
point angle. In general, the angle at the point of i (2) Aminute cavity in a powder metallurgy compact, rated solid solution. See also age hardening and
cutting tool. Most commonly, the included angle at sometimesadded intentionally.(3) Aminute perfora- aging.
the point of a twist drill, the general-purpose angle tion in an electroplated coating. precipitation heat treatment. Artificial aging of met-
being 118". porosity. (1) Fine holes or pores within a solid; the als in which a constituent precipitates from a super-
Poisson's ratio (v). The absolute value of the ratio of amount of these pores is expressed as a percentageof saturated solid solution.
transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial the total volume of the solid. (2) Cavity-type discon- precision casting. A metal casting of reproducible,
strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial tinuities in weldments formed by gas entrapment accurate dimensions, regardless of how it is made.
stress below the proportional l i t of the material. during solidification. (3) A characteristic of being Often used interchangeablywith investment casting.
polarity (welding). See direct current electrode nega- porous, with voids or pores resulting from trapped air precision forging. A forging produced to closer toler-
tive and direct current electrode positive. or shrinkage in a casting. See also gas porosity and ances than normally considered standard by the in-
polarization. (1) The change from the open-circuit pinhole porosity. dustry.With precision forging, a net shape, or at least
electrode potential as the result of the passage of postheating. Heating weldments immediately after a near-net shape, can be produced in the as-forged
current. (2) A change in the potential of an electrode welding, for tempering, for stress relieving, or for condition. See also net shape.
during electrolysis, such that the potential of an an- providing a conaolled rate of cooling to prevent precision grinding. Machine grinding to specified di-
ode becomes more noble, and that of a cathode more formation of a hard or brittle structure. See also mensions and low tolerances.
active, than their respective reversible potentials. postweld heat treatment. precoat. (1) In investment casting, a special refractory
Often accomplished by formation of a film on the postweld heat treatment. Any heat treatment that fol- slurry applied to a wax or plastic expendable pattern
electrode surface. lows the welding operation. to form a thin coating that serves as a desirable base
46 / Glossary of Terms and Engineering Data

for application of the main sluny. See also invest- squeeze casting. (2) A casting made with pressure progressive die. A die with two or more stations ar-
ment casring. (2) To make the thin coating. (3) The applied to the molten or plastic metal. ranged in line for performingtwo or more operations
thin coating itself. pressure-controlled welding. A resistance welding on a part; one operationis usually performed at each
precoated metal pmducts. Mill products that have a process variation in which a number of spot or pro- station.
metallic, organic, or conversion coating applied to jection welds are made with several electrodes func- progressive forming. Sequential forming at consecu-
their surfaces before they are fabricated into parts. tioning progressively under the control of a pressure- tive stations with a single die or separate dies.
precraeked specimen. A mechanical test specimen sequencingdevice. projectionwelding. A resistance welding process that
that is notched and subjected to alternating stresses pressure gas welding. An oxyfuel gas welding process produces coalescence of metals with the heat ob-
until a crack has developed at the root of the notch. that produces coalescence simultaneously over the tained from resistance to electric current through
preferred orientation.A condition of a polycrystalline entire area of abutting surfaces by heating them with the work parts held together under pressure by
aggregate in which the crystal orientations are not gas flames obtained from combustion of a fuel gas electrodes. The resulting welds are localized at
random, but rather exhibit a tendency for alignment with oxygen and by application of pressure, without predetermined points by projections, emboss-
with a specific direction in the bulk material, com- the use of filler metal. ments, or intersections.
monly related to the direction of working. See also pressure sintering. A hot-pressing technique that usu- proof. (1) To test a component or system at its peak
texture. ally employs low loads, high sintering temperatures, operating load or pressure. (2) Any reproductionof a
preforming. (1) The initial pressing of a metal powder continuous or discontinuous sintering, and simple die impressionin any material; often a lead or plaster
to form a compact that is to be subjected to a sub- molds to contain the powder. Although the terms cast. See also die proof.
sequent pressing operation other than coining or siz- pressure sintering and hot pressing are used inter- proof load. A predeterminedload, generally some mul-
ing. (2) Prelimimy forming operations, especially changeably, distinct differences exist between the tiple of the service load, to which a specimen or
for impression-dieforging. two processes. In pressure sintering, the emphasis is structure is submitted before acceptance for use.
preheating. (1) Heating before some further thermal or on thermal processing; in hot pressing, applied pres- p m f stress. (1) A specified stress to be applied to a
mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an sure is the main process variable. member or structure to indicate its ability to with-
intermediate temperature immediately before final pressure welding. See preferred terms cold welding, stand service loads. (2) The stress that will cause a
austenitizing.For some nonferrous alloys, heating to diffusion welding, forge welding, hot pressure weld- specified small permanent set in a material.
a high temperature for a long time, in order to ho- ing, pressure-controlled welding, pressure gas weld- proportional limit. The greatest stress a material is
mogenize the structure before working. (2) In weld- ing, and solid-state welding. capable of developing without a deviation from
ing and related processes, heating to an intermediate primary creep. The first, or initial, stage of creep, or straight-line proportionality between stress and
temperature for a short time immediately before time-dependentdeformation. strain. See also elasric limit and Hookek law.
welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal primary crystals. The first type of crystals that sepa- protective atmosphere. (1) A gas or vacuum envelope
spraying. (3) In powder metallurgy, an early stage in rate from a melt during solidification. surrounding the part to be brazed welded, or thermal
the sintering procedure when, in a continuous fur- primarymetal.Metal extracted from minerals and free sprayed, with the gas composition controlled with
nace, lubricant or binder burnoff occurs without at- of reclaimed metal scrap. Compare with native mer- respect to chemical composition, dew point, pres-
mosphere protection prior to actual sintering in the al. sure, flow rate, and so forth. Examples are inert
protective atmosphere of the high heat chamber. primary mill. A mill for rolling ingots or the rolled gases, combusted fuel gases, hydrogen, and vacuum.
presintering. Heating a powder metallurgy compact to products of ingots to blooms, billets, or slabs. This (2) The atmosphere in a heat treating or sintering
a temperature below the final sintering temperature, furnace designed to protect the parts or compacts
type of mill is often called a blooming mill and
usually to increase the ease of handling or shaping of sometimes called a cogging mill. from oxidation, nitridation, or other contamination
a compact or to remove a lubricant or binder principal stress (normal). The maximum or minimum from the environment.
(burnoff) prior to sintering. value of the normal stress at a point in a plane pseudobinary system. (1) A three-component or ter-
press. A machine tool having a stationary bed and a
consideredwith respect to all possible orientations of nary alloy system in which an intermediate phase
slide or ram that has reciprocating motion at right
the considered plane. On such principal planes the acts as a component. (2) A vertical section through a
angles to the bed surface, the slide being guided in
shear stress is zero. There are three principal stresses ternary diagram.
the frame of the machine. See also hydraulic press,
on three mutually perpendicular planes. The state of puckering. Wrinkling or buckling in a drawn shell in
mechanical press, and slide.
stress at a point may be (1) uniaxial, a state of stress an area originally inside the draw ring.
press brake. An open-frame single-action press used
to bend, blank, corrugate, curl, notch, perforate, in which two of the three principal stresses are zero, pull cracks. In a casting, cracks that are caused by
(2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only one of the residual stresses produced during cooling and that
pierce, or punch sheet metal or plate.
press-brake forming. Ametalformingprocess in which three principal stresses is zero, and (3) triaxial, a state result from the shape of the object.
the workpiece is placed over an open die and pressed of stress in which none of the principal stresses is pulverization. The process of reducing metal powder
down into the die by a punch that is actuated by the ram zero. Multiaxial stress refers to either biaxial or particle sizes by mechanical means; also called com-
portion of a press brake. The process is most widely triaxial stress. minution or mechanical disintegration.
used for the forming of relatively long, narrow parts process annealing. A heat treatment used to soften punch. (1) The male part of a die-as distinguished
that are not adaptable to press forming and for applica- metal for further cold working. In ferrous sheet and from the female part, which is called the die. The
tions in which production quantities are too small to wire industries, heating to a temperature close to but punch is usually the upper member of the complete
warrant the tooling cost for contour roll forming. below the lower limit of the transformationrangeand die assembly and is mounted on the slide or in a die
pressed density. The weight per unit volume of an subsequently cooling for working. In the nonferrous set for alignment (except in the inverted die). (2) In
unsintered compact. Same as green density. industries, heating above the recrystallization tem- double-action draw dies, the punch is the inner
press forming. Any sheet metalforming operation per- peratures at a time and temperature sufficient to portion of the upper die, which is mounted on the
formed with tooling by means of a mechanical or permit the desired subsequent cold working. plunger (inner slide) and does the drawing. (3) The
hydraulic press. process metallurgy. The science and technology of act of piercing or punching a hole. Also referred to
pressing area. The clear distance (left to right) between winning metals from their ores and purifymg metals; as punching. (4) The movable tool that forces ma-
housings, stops, gibs, gibways, or shoulders of strain sometimesreferred to as chemical metallurgy. Its two terial into the die in powder molding and most
rods, multiplied by the total distance from front to chief branches are extractive metallurgy and refin- metalforming operations. (5) The movable die in a
back on the bed of a metalforming press. Sometimes ing. trimming press or a forging machine. (6) The tool
called working area. proeutectoid phase. Particles of a phase in ferrous that forces the stock through the die in rod and tube
passing crack. Arupture in a green powder metallurgy alloys that precipitate during cooling after austenitiz- extrusion and forms the internal surface in can or
compact that develops during ejection of the compact ing but before the eutectoid transformation takes cup extrusion.
from the die. Sometimesreferred to as a slip crack. place. S e e also eurectoid. punching. (1) The die shearing of a closed contour in
press quenching. A quench in which hot dies are profiling. Any operation that produces an irregular which the sheared out sheet metal part is scrap. (2)
pressed and aligned with a part before the quenching contour on a workpiece, for which a tracer or tem- Producing a hole by die shearing, in which the shape
process begins. Then the part is placed in contact plate-controlled duplicating equipment usually is of the hole is controlledby the shape of the punch and
with a quenching medium in a controlled manner. employed. its mating die. Multiple punching of small holes is
This process avoids part distortion. progressive aging. Aging by increasing the tempera- called perforating. S e e also piercing.
pressure casting. (1) Making castings with pressure on ture in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. punch press. (1) In general, any mechanical press. (2)
the molten or plastic metal, as in die casting, centrifu- See also aging and compare with interrupted aging In particular, an endwheel gap-frame press with a
gal casting, cold chamber pressure casting, and and step aging. fixed bed, used in piercing.
 Glossary of Metallurgical and MetalworkingTerms / 47

punch radius. The radius on the end of the punch that quench annealing. Annealing an austenitic ferrous al- A particular component from a radioactive source,
first contacts the work, sometimes called nose ra- loy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid such as p radioactivity.
dius. quenching. radiograph. A photographic shadow image resulting
push bench. Equipment used for drawing moderately quench cracking. Fracture of a metal during quench- from uneven absorption of penetrating radiation in a
heavy-gage tubes by cupping sheet metal and forcing ing from elevated temperature. Most frequently ob- test object. See also radiography.
it through a die by pressure exerted against the inside served in hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool radiography. A method of nondestructiveinspectionin
bottom of the cup. steel parts of high hardness and low toughness. which a test object is exposed to a beam of x-rays or
pusher furnace. Atype of continuousfumace in which Cracks often emanate from fillets, holes, comers, or yrays and the resulting shadow image of the object
parts to be heated are periodically charged into the other stress raisers and result from high stresses due is recorded on photographic film placed behind the
fumace in containers, which are pushed along the to the volume changesaccompanyingtransformation object, or displayed on a viewing screen or television
hearth against a line of previously chargedcontainers to martensite. monitor (real-time radiography). Internal disconti-
thus advancing the containers toward the discharge quench hardening. (1) Hardening suitable a-palloys nuities are detected by observing and interpreting
end of the fumace, where they are removed. (most often certain copper to titanium alloys) by variations in the image caused by differences in
push welding. Spot or projection welding in which the solution treating and quenching to develop a marten- thickness, density, or absorption within the test ob-
force is applied manually to one electrode, and the sitic-like structure. (2) In ferrous alloys, hardening ject. See also real-time radiography.
work or backing plate takes the place of the other by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a radius of bend. The radius of the cylindrical surface of
electrode. substantialamount of austenite transformsto marten- the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the
pyramidal plane. In noncubic crystals, any plane that site. inside surface of the bend during bending. In the case
intersects all three axes. quenching. Rapid cooling of metals (often steels) from of free or semiguidedbends to 180" in which a shim
pyrometallurgy. High-temperature winning or refin- a suitable elevated temperature. This generally is or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the
ing of metals. accomplished by immersion in water, oil, polymer thickness of the shim or block
pyrometer. Adevice for measuring temperaturesabove solution, or salt, although forced air is sometimes rake. The angular relationship between the tooth face,
the range of liquid thermometers. used. See also brine quenching, caustic quenching, or a tangent to the tooth face at a given point, and a
ppphoric powder. A powder whose particles self-ig- direct quenching, fog quenching, forced-air quench- given reference plane or line.
nite and bum when exposed to oxygen or air. ing, hot quenching, intense quenching, interrupted ram. The moving or falling part of a drop hammer or
quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, selective press to which one of the dies is attached; sometimes
quenching, spray quenching, time quenching, and applied to the upper flat die of a steam hammer. Also
water quenching. referred to as the slide.
quenching crack. A crack formed in a metal as a result ramming. (1) Packing foundry sand, refractory, or
of thermal stresses produced by rapid cooling from a other material into a compactmass. (2) The compact-
high temperature. ing of molding (foundry) sand in forming a mold.
quality. (1) The totality of features and characteristics quenching oil. Oil used for quenching metals during a random sequence. A longitudinal welding sequence
of a product or service that bear on its ability to heat treating operation. wherein the weld-bead increments are deposited at
satisfy a given need (fitness-for-useconcept of qual- random to minimize distortion.
ity). (2) Degree of excellence of a product or service range of stress (S2. The algebraic difference between
(comparative concept). Often determined subjec- the maximumand minimumstressin one cycle-that
tively by comparison against an ideal standard or R is, S, = S - &,,.
against similar products or services available from rapid solid%ation. The cooling or quenching of liq-
other sources. (3) A quantitative evaluation of the rabbit ear. Recess in the comer of a metalforming die uid (molten) metals at rates that range from 104 to
features and characteristics of a product or service to allow for wrinkling or folding of the blank. 108 "CIS.
(quantitative concept). racking. A term used to describe the placing of metal rare earth metal. A group of 17 chemically similar
quantitative metallography. Determination of spe- parts to be heat treated on a rack or tray. This is done metals that includes the elements scandium and yt-
cific characteristics of a microstructure by quantita- to keep parts in a proper position to avoid heat-re- trium (atomic numbers 21 and 39, respectively) and
tive measurements on micrographs or metallo- lated distortions and to keep the parts separated. the lanthanide elements (atomic numbers 57 through
graphic images. Quantities so measured include radial draw forming. The forming of sheet metals by 71).
volume concentration of phases, grain size, particle the simultaneousapplicationof tangential stretch and ratcheting. Progressive cyclic inelastic deformation
size, mean free path between like particles or secon- radial compression forces. The operation is done (growth, for example) that occurs when a component
dary phases, and surface-area-to-volumeratio of mi- gradually by tangential contact with the die member. or structure is subjected to a cyclic secondary stress
croconstituents,particles, or grains. This type of forming is characterized by very close superimposed on a sustained primary stress. The
quarter bard. A temper of nonferrousalloys and some dimensional control. process is called thermal ratcheting when cyclic
ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength about radial forging. A process using two or more moving strain is induced by cyclic changes in temperature,
midway between that of dead soft and half hard anvils or dies for producing shafts with constant or and isothermal ratcheting when cyclic strain is me-
tempers. varying diameters along their length or tubes with chanical in origin (even though accompaniedby cy-
quasi-binary system. In a ternary or higher-order sys- internal or external variations. Often incorrectly re- clic changes in temperature).
tem, a linear composition series between two sub- ferred to as rotary forging. ratchet marks. Lines or markings on a fatigue fracture
stances each of which exhibits congruent melting, radial marks. Lines on a fracture surface that radiate surface that results from the intersectionand connec-
wherein all equilibria, at all temperatures or pres- from the fracture origin and are visible to the unaided tion of fatigue fractures propagating from multiple
sures, involve only phases having compositions oc- eye or at low magnification.Radial marks result from origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the overall
curring in the linear series, so that the series may be the intersection and connection of brittle fractures direction of crack propagation and are visible to the
represented as a binary on a phase diagram. propagating at different levels. Also known as shear unaided eye or at low magnification.
quasi-cleavage fracture. A fracture mode that com- ledges. See also chevron pattern. rate of strain hardening. Rate of change of true stress
bines the characteristics of cleavage fracture and radiation damage. A general term for the alteration of with respect to true strain in the.plastic range.
dimple fracture. An intermediate type of fracture properties of a material arising from exposure to rattail. A surface imperfection on a casting, occurring
found in certain high-strength metals. ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation), such as as one or more irregular lines, caused hy expansion
quench-age embrittlement. Embrittlement of low- x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, heavy-particle radia- of sand in the mold. Compare with buckle (2).
carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute tion, or fission fragments in nuclear fuel material. reaction sintering. The sintering of a metal powder
carbon at existing dislocationsand from precipitation See also neutron embrittlement. mixture consisting of at least two components that
hardening of the steel caused by differences in the radioactive element. An element that has at least one chemically react during the treatment.
solid solubility of carbon in ferrite at different tem- isotope that undergoes spontaneous nuclear disinte- reactive metal. A metal that readily combines with
peratures. Quench-age embrittlement usually is gration to emit positive a particles, negative p parti- oxygen at elevated temperatures to form very stable
caused by rapid cooling of the steel from tempera- cles, or y rays. oxides, for example, titanium, zirconium, and beryl-
tures slightly below Ac, (the temperature at which radioactivity. (1) The property of the nuclei of some lium. Reactive metals may also become embrittled
austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by isotopes to spontaneouslydecay (lose energy). Usual by the interstitial absorption of oxygen, hydrogen,
quenching from lower temperatures. mechanisms are emission of a,p, or other particles and nitrogen.
quench aging. Aging induced by rapid cooling after and splitting (fissioning). Gamma rays are fre- real-time radiography. A method of nondestructive
solution heat treatment. quently, but not always, given off in the process. (2) inspection in which a two-dimensionalradiographic
48 / Glossary of Terms and Engineering Data

image can be immediately displayed on a viewing redrawing. The second and successive deep-drawing regenerator. Same as recuperator except that the gas*
screen or television monitor. This technique does not operations in which cup-like shells are deepened and ous products or combustion heat brick checkerwork
involve the creation of a latent image; instead, the reduced in cross-sectional dimensions. See also deep in a chamber connected to the exhaust side of the
unabsorbed radiation is converted into an optical or drawing. furnace while the incoming air and fuel are being
electronic signal, which can be viewed immediately reducingagent. (1) A compound that causes reduction, heated by the brick checkerwork in a second cham-
or can be processed in near real time with electronic thereby itself becoming oxidized. (2) A chemical ber, connected to the entrance side. At intervals, the
and video equipment. See also radiography. that, at high temperatures, lowers the state of oxida- gas flow is reversed so that incoming air and fuel
reaming. An operation in which a previously formed tion of other batch chemicals. contact hot checkerwork while that in the second
hole is sized and contoured accurately by using a reducing atmosphere. (1) A furnace atmosphere that chamber is being reheated by exhaust gases.
rotary cutting tool (reamer) with one or more cutting tends to remove oxygen from substancesor materials regulator. Adevice for controlling the delivery of weld-
elements(teeth). The principal support for thereamer placed in the furnace. (2) A chemically active protec- ing or cutting gas at some substantially constant
during the cutting action is obtained from the work- tive atmosphere that at elevated temperature will pressure.
piece. reduce metal oxides to their metallic state. Reducing reliability. A quantitative measure of the ability of a
recalescence.(1) The increase in temperature that oc- atmosphereis a relative term and such an atmosphere product or service to fulfill its intended function for
curs after undercooling,because the rate of liberation may be reducing to one oxide but not to another a specified period of time.
of heat during transformation of a material exceeds oxide. relieving. Buffing or other abrasive treatment of the
the rate of dissipation of heat. (2) A phenomenon, reducing flame. (1) A gas flame produced with excess high points of an embossed metal surface to produce
associated with the transformationof yiron to Q iron fuel in the inner flame. (2) A gas flame resulting from highlights that contrast with the finish in the recesses.
on cooling (supercooling) of iron or steel, that is combustionof a mixture containing too much fuel or remanence. The magnetic induction remaining in a
revealed by the brightening (reglowing) of the metal too little air. See also neutral flame and oxidizing magnetic circuit after removal of theapplied magnet-
surface owing to the sudden increase in temperature flame. izing force. Sometimes called remanent induction.
caused by the fast liberation of the latent heat of reduction. (1) In cupping and deep drawing, a measure repressing.The application of pressure to a previously
transformation.Contrast with decalescence. of the percentage decrease from blank diameter to pressed and sintered powder metallurgy compact,
recarburize. (1) To increase the carbon content of cup diameter, or of diameter reduction in redrawing. usually for the purpose of improving some physical
molten cast iron or steel by adding carbonaceous (2) In forging, rolling, and drawing, either the ratio or mechanical property or for dimensional accuracy.
material, high-carbon pig iron, or a high-carbon al- of the original to final cross-sectional area or the residual elements. Small quantities of elements unin-
loy. (2) To carburize a metal part to return surface percentage decrease in cross-sectional area. (3) A tentionally present in an alloy.
carbon lost in processing; also known as carbon reaction in which there is a decrease in valence re- residual stress. (1) The stress existing in a body at rest,
sulting from a gain in electrons. Contrast with oxida- in equilibrium,at uniform temperature, and not sub
restoration.
recess. A groove or depression in a surface. tion. jected to external forces. Often caused by the form-
recovery. (1) The time-dependent portion of the de- reduction cell. A pot or tank in which either a water ing or thermal processing curing process. (2) An
crease in strain following unloading of a specimen at solution of a salt or a fused salt is reduced electrolyti- internal stress not depending on external forces re-
cally to form free metals or other substances. sulting from such factors as cold working, phase
the same constant temperature as the initial test.
reduction in area (RA). The difference between the changes, or temperature gradients. (3) Stress present
Recovery is equal to the total decrease in strain
original cross-sectional area of a tensile specimen in a body that is free of external forces or thermal
minus the instantaneous recovery. (2) Reduction or
and the smallest area at or after fracture as specified gradients. (4)Stress remaining in a structure ormem-
removal of work-hardeningeffects in metals without
for the material undergoing testing. Also known as ber as a result of thermal or mechanical treatment or
motion of large-angle grain boundaries. (3) The pro-
reduction of area. both. Stress arises in fusion welding primarily be-
portion of the desired component obtained by proc- reel. (1) A spool or hub for coiling or feeding wire or cause the weld metal contracts on cooling from the
essing an ore, usually expressed as a percentage. strip. (2) To straighten and planish a round bar by solidus to room temperature.
recrystallization.(1) The formation of a new, strain- resilience. (1) The amount of energy per unit volume
passing it between contoured rolls.
free grain structurefrom that existing in cold-worked reel breaks. Transverse breaks or ridges on successive released on unloading.(2) The capacity of a material,
metal, usually accomplished by heating. (2) The inner laps of a coil that results from crimping of the by virtue of high yield strength and low elastic modu-
change from one crystal structure to another, as oc- lead end of the coil into a gripping segmented man- lus, to exhibit considerable elastic recovery on re-
curs on heating or cooling through a critical tempera- drel. Also called reel kinks. lease of load.
ture. (3) A process, usually physical, by which one reference electrodes. A nonpolarizable electrode with resinoid wheel. A grinding wheel bonded with a syn-
crystal species is grown at the expense of another or a known and highly reproducible potential used for thetic resin.
at the expense of others of the same substance but potentiometric and voltammetric analyses. See also resist. (1) Coating material used to mask or protect
smaller in size. See also crystallization. calomel electrode. selected areas of a substrate from the action of an
recrystallization annealing. Annealing cold-worked reference material. In materials characterization, a etchant, solder, or plating. (2) A material applied to
metal to produce a new grain structure without phase material of definite composition that closely resem- prevent flow of brazing filler metal into unwanted
change. bles in chemical and physical nature the material areas.
recrystallization temperature. The approximate with which an analyst expects to deal; used for cali- resistancebrazing. A brazing process in which the heat
minimumtemperature at which complete recrystalli- bration or standardization. See also standard refer- required is obtained from the resistance to electric
zation of a cold-worked metal occurs within a speci- ence material. current flow in a circuit of which the workpiece is a
fied time. refming. The branch of process metallurgy dealing Part.
recrystallizedgrain size. (1) The grain size developed with the purification of crude or impure metals. resistanceseam welding. Aresistance weldingprccess
by heating cold-worked metal. The time and tem- Compare with extractive metallurgy. that produces coalescence at the faying surfaces of
perature are selected so that, although recrystalliza- reflowing. Melting of an electrodeposit followed by overlapped parts progressively along a length of a
tion is complete, essentially no grain growth occurs. solidification. The surface has the appearance and joint. The weld may be made with overlapping weld
(2) In aluminum and magnesium alloys, the grain physical characteristics of a hot dipped surface (es- nuggets, a continuous weld nugget, or by forging the
size after recrystallization, without regard to grain pecially tin or tin alloy plates). Also called flow joint as it is heated to the welding temperature by
growth or the recrystallized conditions. See also re- brightening. resistance to the flow of the welding current.
crystallization. refractory. (1) A material (usually an inorganic, non- resistance soldering. A soldering process in which the
recuperator. Equipment for transferring heat from metallic, ceramic material) of very high melting heat required is obtained from the resistance to elec-
gaseous products of combustion to incoming air or point with properties that make it suitable for such tric current flow in a circuit of which the workpiece
fuel. The incoming material passes through pipes uses as furnace linings and kiln construction.(2) The is a part.
surrounded by a chamber through which the outgo- quality of resisting heat. resistance spot welding. A resistance welding process
ing gases pass. refractoryalloy. (1) A heat-resistantalloy. (2) An alloy that produces coalescence at the faying surfaces of a
red mud. A residue, containing a high percentage of having an extremely high melting point. See also joint by the heat obtained from resistance to the flow
iron oxide, obtained in purifying bauxite in the pro- refractory metal. (3) An alloy difficult to work at of welding current through the workpiecesfrom elec-
duction of alumina in the Bayer process. elevated temperatures. trodes that serve to concentrate the welding current
redox potential. This potential of a reversible oxida- refractory metal. A metal having an extremely high and pressure at the weld areas.
tion-reduction electrode measured with respect to a melting point and low vapor pressure; for example, resistancewelding. A group of welding processes that
reference electrode, corrected to the hydrogen elec- niobium tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and rhe- produce coalescence of metals with resistance heat-
trode, in a given electrode. nium. ing and pressure. See alsoflash welding, projection
 Glossary of Metallurgical and Metalworking Terms / 49

welding, resistance seam welding, and resistance the result of shrinkage before and during solidifica- roll compacting. Progressive compacting of metal
spot welding. tion. powders by use of a rolling mill.
resistance welding electrode. The part@) of a resis- riser blocks. (1) Plates or pieces inserted between the roller hearth furnace. A modification of the pusher-
tance welding machine through which the welding top of a metalformingpress bed or bolster and the die type continuous furnace that provides for rollers in
current and, in most cases, force are applied directly to decrease the height of the die space. (2) Spacers the hearth or mume of the furnace whereby friction
to the work. The electrode may be in the form of a placed between bed and housings to increase shut is greatly reduced and lightweight trays can be used
rotating wheel, rotating bar, cylinder, plate, clamp, height on a four-piece tie-rod straight-side press. repeatedly without risk of unacceptable distortion
chuck, or modification thereof. river pattern. A term used in fractographyto describe and damage to the work. See also pusherfurnace.
restraint. Any external mechanical force that prevents a characteristic pattern of cleavage steps running roller leveler breaks. Obvious transverse breaks usu-
a part from moving to accommodate changes in di- parallel to the local direction of crack propagationon ally about 3 to 6 mm (% to '/4 in.) apart caused by the
mension due to thermal expansion or contraction. the fracture surfaces of grains that have separated by sheet metal fluting during roller leveling. These will
Often applied to weldments made while clamped in cleavage. not be removed by stretching.
a fixture. Compare with constraint. riveting. Joining of two or more membersof a structure roller leveler lines. Same as leveler lines.
restriking. (1) The striking of a trimmed but slightly by means of metal rivets, the unheaded end being roller leveling. Leveling by passing flat sheet metal
misaligned or otherwise faulty forging with one or upset after the rivet is in place. stock through a machine having a series of small-di-
more blows to improve alignment, improve surface roasting. Heating an ore to effect some chemical ameter staggered rolls that are adjusted to produce
condition, maintain close tolerances, increase hard- change that will facilitate smelting. repeated reverse bending.
ness, or effect other improvements. (2) A sizing o p robber. An extra cathode or cathode extension that roller stamping die. An engraved roller used for im-
eration in which coining or stretching is used to reduces the current density on what would otherwise pressing designs and markings on sheet metal.
correct or alter profiles and to counteract distortion. be a high-current-densityarea on work being electro- roll flattening. The flattening of metal sheets that have
(3) A salvage operation following a primary forging plated. been rolled in packs by passing them separately
operation in which the parts involved are rehit in the Rochelle copper. (1) A copper electrodeposit obtained through a two-high cold mill with virtually no defor-
same forgingdie in which the pieces were last forged. from copper cyanide plating solution to which Ro- mation. Not to be confused with roller leveling.
retort A vessel used for distillation of volatile materi- chelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate) has been roll forging. A process of shaping stock between two
als, as in separation of some metals and in destructive added for grain refinement, better anode corrosion, driven rolls that rotate in opposite directions and
distillation of coal. and cathode efficiency. (2) The solution from which have one or more matching sets of grooves in the
reverberatory furnace. A furnace in which the flame a Rochelle copper electrodeposit is obtained. rolls; used to produce finished parts or preforms for
used for melting the metal does not impinge on the rock candy fracture. A fracture that exhibits sepa- subsequent forging operations.
metal surface itself, but is reflected off the walls of rated-grain facets; most often used to describe an roll forming. Metalforming through the use of power-
the root of the furnace. The metal is actually melted intergranular fracture in a large-grained metal. driven rolls whose contour determines the shape of
by the generation of heat from the walls and the roof rocking shear. A type of guillotine shear that utilizes a the product; sometimes used to denote power spin-
of the furnace. curved blade to shear sheet metal progressivelyfrom ning.
reverse-current cleaning. Electrolytic cleaning in side to side by a rocker motion. rolling. The reduction of the cross-sectional area of
which a current is passed between electrodes through Rockwell hardness number. A number derived from metal stock, or the general shaping of metal products,
a solution, and the part is set up as the anode. Also the net increase in the depth of impression as the load through the use of rotating rolls. See also mlling
called anodic cleaning. on an indenter is increased from a fixed minor load mills.
reverse drawing. Redrawing of a sheet metal part in a to a major load and then returned to the minor load. rolling-contact fatigue. Repeated stressing of a solid
direction opposite to that of the original drawing.
Various scales of Rockwell hardness numbers have surface due to rolling contact between it and another
reverse polarity. See preferred term direct current
been developed based on the hardness of the materi- solid surface or surfaces. Continued rolling-contact
electrode positive (DCEP).
als to be evaluated. The scales are designated by fatigue of bearing or gear surfaces may result in
reverse redrawing. A second drawing operation in a
alphabetic suffixes to the hardness designation. For rolling-contact damage in the form of subsurface
direction opposite to that of the original &awing.
rheocasting. Casting of a continuously stirred semi- example, 64 HRC represents the Rockwell hardness fatigue cracks andor material pitting and spallation.
solid metal slurry. The process involves vigorous number of 64 on the Rockwell C scale. See also rolling mills. Machines used to decrease the cross-sec-
agitation of the melt during the early stages of solidi- Rockwell superjicial hardness number. tional area of metal stock and to produce certain
fication to break up solid dendrites into small Rockwell hardness test. An indentation hardness test desired shapes as the metal passes between rotating
spherulites. See also semisolid metal forming. using a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of rolls mounted in a frameworkcomprisinga basic unit
rib. A long V-shaped or radiused indentation used to indentation, under constant load, as a measure of called a stand. Cylindrical rolls produce flat shapes;
strengthen large sheet metal panels. (2) A long, usu- hardness. Either a 120" diamond cone with a slightly grooved rolls produce rounds, squares, and structural
ally thin protuberance used to provide flexural rounded point or a 1.6 or 3.2 mm (%6 or '/s in.) diam shapes. S e e alsofour-high mill, Sendzimir mill, and
strength to a forging (as in a rib-web forging). steel ball is used as the indenter. rwo-high mill.
rigging. The engineering design, layout, and fabrica- Rockwell superfcial hardness number. Like the roll straightening. The straightening of metal stock of
tion of pattern equipment for producing castings; Rockwell hardness number, the superficial Rockwell various shapes by passing it through a series of stag-
including a study of the casting solidification pro- number is expressed by the symbol HR followed by gered rolls, the rolls usually being in horizontal and
gram, feeding and gating, risering, skimmers, and a scale designation. For example, 81 HR30N repre- vertical planes, or by reelingin two-roll straightening
fitting flasks. sents the Rockwell superficialhardnessnumber of 8 1 machines.
rimmed steel A low-carbon steel containing sufficient on the Rockwell 30N scale. roll threading. See preferred term thread rolling.
iron oxide to give a continuous evolution of carbon Rockwell superfcial hardness test. The same test as roll welding. Solid-state welding in which metals are
monoxide while the ingot is solidifying, resulting in used to determine the Rockwell hardness number heated, then welded together by applying pressure,
a case or rim of metal virtually free of voids. Sheet except that smaller minor and major loads are used. with rolls, sufficient to cause deformation at the
and strip products made from rimmed steel ingots In Rockwell testing, the minor load is 10 kgf, and the faying surfaces. S e e alsoforge welding.
have very good surface quality. major load is 60, 100, or 150 kgf. In superficial root crack. A crack in either the weld or heat-affected
ring and circle shear. A cutting or shearing machine Rockwell testing, the minor load is 3 kgf, and major zone at the root of a weld.
with two rotary-disk cutters driven in unison and loads are 15,30, or 45 kgf. In both tests, the indenter rosette. (1) Rounded configuration of microconsti-
equipped with a circle attachment for cutting inside may be either a diamond cone or a steel ball, depend- tuents in metals arranged in whorls or radiating from
circles or rings from sheet metal, where it is impos- ing principally on the characteristics of the material a center. (2) Strain gages arranged to indicate at a
sible to start the cut at the edge of the sheet. One being tested. single position strains in three different directions.
cutter shaft is inclined to the other to provide cutting rod. A solid round metal section 9.5 mm (3/s in.) or rotary forging. A process in which the workpiece is
clearance so that the outside section remains flat and greater in diameter, whose length is great in relation pressed between a flat anvil and a swiveling (rock-
usable. S e e also circle shear and rotary shear. to its diameter. ing) die with a conical working face; the platens
ring rolling. The process of shaping weldless rings rod mill. (1) A hot mill for rolling rod. (2) A mill for move toward each other during forging. Also called
from pierced disks or shaping thick-wall ring-shaped fine grinding, somewhat similar to a ball mill, but orbital forging. Compare with radialforging.
blanks between rolls that control wall thickness, ring employing long steel rods instead of balls to effect rotary furnace. A circular furnace constructed so that
diameter, height, and contour. grinding. the hearth and workpieces rotate around the axis of
riser. Areservoir of molten metal connectedto a casting roll bending. Curving sheets, bars, and sections by the furnace during heating. Also called rotary hearth
to provide additional metal to the casting, required as means of rolls. See also bending rolls. furnace.
50 / Glossary of Terms and Engineering Data

rotary press. A machine for forming powder metal- S iting water-insoluble constituentson a metal surface,
lurgy parts that is fitted with a rotating table carrying as in cooling tubes and water boilers.
multiple die assemblies in which powder is com- sacrificialprotection.Reduction of corrosion of a met- scalping. Removing surface layers from an ingot, bil-
pacted. al in an electrolyte by galvanically coupling it to a let, or slab.
rotary retort furnace. A continuous-type furnace in more anodic metal; a form of cathodic protection. scanning Auger microseopy (SAM). An analytical
which the work advances by means of an internal saddling. Forming a seamless metal ring by forging a technique that measures the lateral distribution of
spiral, which gives good control of the retention time pierced disk over a mandrel (or saddle). elementson the surfaceof a material by recordingthe
within the heated chamber. sag. An increase M decrease in the section thickness of intensity of their Auger electrons versus the position
rotary shear. A sheet metal cutting machine with two a casting caused by insufficient strength of the mold of the electron beam.
rotating-disk cutters mounted on parallel shafts sand of the cope or of the core. scarfing. Cutting surface areas of metal objects, ordi-
driven in unison. salt bath heat treatment. Heat treatment for metals narily by using an oxyfuel gas torch. The operation
rotary swage. A swaging machine consisting of a carried out in a bath of molten salt. permits surface imperfections to be cut from ingots,
power-driven ring that revolves at high speed, caus- salt fog test. An accelerated corrosion test in which billets, or the edges of plate that are to be beveled for
ing rollers to engage cam surfaces and force the dies butt welding. See also chipping.
specimens are exposed to a fine mist of a solution
to deliver hammerlike blows on the work at high Scleroscopehardnessnumber (HSc or HSd). Anum-
usually containing sodium chloride, but sometimes
frequency. Both straight and tapered sections can be ber related to the height of rebound of a diamond-
modified with other chemicals. Also known as salt
produced. tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested.
spray test.
rotary swaging. A bulk forming process for reducing It is measured on a scale determinedby dividing into
salt spray test. See salt fog rest.
the cross-sectional area or otherwise changing the 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a
sample. (1) One or more units of a product (or a
shape of bars, tubes, or wires by repeated radial quenched (to maximum hardness) and untempered
relatively small quantity of a bulk material) with-
blows with one or more pairs of opposed dies. AISI W-5tool steel test block
drawn from a lot or process stream and then tested or
rouge finish. A highly reflective finish produced with Scleroscope hardness test. A dynamic indentation
inspected to provide information about the proper-
rouge (finely divided, hydrated iron oxide) or other hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops
ties, dimensions, or other quality characteristics of
very fine abrasive, similar in appearance to the bright a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto
the lot or process stream. (2) A portion of a material
polish or mirror finish on sterling silver utensils. the surface of the material being tested. The height of
intended to be representative of the whole.
rough blank. A blank for a metalforming or drawing rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness
sand. A granular material naturally or artificially pro- of the material.
operation, usually of irregular outline, with neces-
duced by the disintegration or crushing of rocks or scorifcation. Oxidation, in the presence of fluxes, of
sary stock allowance for process metal, which is
mineral deposits. In casting, the term denotes an molten lead containing precious metals, to partly
trimmed after forming or drawing to the desired size.
rough grinding. Grinding without regard to finish, aggregate, with an individual particle (grain) size of remove the lead in order to concentrate the precious
usually to be followed by a subsequent operation.
0.06 to 2 mm (0.002 to 0.08 in.) in diameter, that is metals.
roughing stand. The fust stand (or several stands) of largely free of finer constituents,such as silt and clay, scoring. (1) The formation of severe scratches in the
rolls through which a reheated billet passes in front which are often present in natural sand deposits. The direction of sliding. (2) The act of producing a
of the finishing stands. S e e also rolling mills and most commonly used foundry sand is silica; how- scratch or narrow groove in a surface by causing a
stand. ever, zircon, olivine, aluminum silicates, and other sharp instrument to move along that surface. (3) The
rough machining. Machining without regard to finish, crushed ceramics are used for special applications. marring or scratching of any formed metal part by
usually to be followed by a subsequent operation. sandblasting. Abrasive blasting with sand. See also metal pickup on the punch or die. (4) The reduction
roughness. (1) Relatively finely spaced surface irregu- blasting or blast cleaning and compare with shot- in thickness of a material along a line to weaken it
larities, the heights, widths, and directions of which blasting. intentionally along that line.
establish the predominant surface pattern. (2) The sand casting. Metal castings produced in sand molds. scouring. (1) A wet or dry cleaning process involving
microscopic peak-to-valley distances of surface pro- sand hole. A pit in the surface of a sand casting result- mechanical scrubbing. (2) A wet or dry mechanical
tuberances and depressions. See also surjke rough- ing from a deposit of loose sand on the surface of the finishing operation, using fine abrasiveandlow pres-
ness. mold. sure, carried out by hand or with a cloth or wire wheel
rubber forming. Forming a sheet metal wherein rub- sandwich rolling. Rolling two or more strips of metal to produce satin or butler-type finishes.
ber or another resilient material is used as a func- in a pack, sometimes to form a roll-welded compos- scrap. (1) Products that are discarded because they are
tional die part. Processes in which rubber is em- ite. defective or otherwise unsuitable for sale. (2) Dis-
ployed only to contain the hydraulic fluid are not satin finish. A diffusely reflecting surface finish on carded metallic material, from whatever source, that
classified as rubber forming. metals, lustrous but not mirrorlike. One type is a may be reclaimed through melting and refining.
rubber-pad forming. A sheet metal forming operation butler finish. scratch hardness. The hardness of a metal determined
for shallow parts in which a confined, pliable rubber saw gumming. In saw manufacture, grinding away of by the width of a scratch made by drawing a cutting
pad attached to the press slide (ram) is forced by punch marks or milling marks in the gullets (spaces point across the surface under a given pressure.
hydraulic pressure to become a mating die for a between the teeth) and, in some cases, simultaneous screen. (1) The woven wire or fabric cloth, having
punch or group of punches placed on the press bed or sharpening of the teeth in reconditioning of worn square openings, used in a sieve for retaining parti-
baseplate. Also known as the Guerin process. Vari- saws, restoration of the original gullet size and shape. cles greater than the particular mesh size. U.S. stan-
ations of the Guerin process include the fluid-cell sawing. Using a toothed blade or disk to sever parts or dard, ISO, or Tyler screen sizes are commonly used.
process, fluid forming, and Marforming process. cut contours. (2) One of a set of sieves, designated by the size of
rubber wheel. A grinding wheel made with a rubber scab. A defect on the surface of a casting that appears the openings, used to classify granular aggregates
bond. as a rough, slightly raised surface blemish, crusted such as sand, ore, or coke by particle size. (3) A
runner. (1) A channel through which molten metal over by a thin porous layer of metal, under which is perforated sheet placed in the gating system of a
flows from one receptacle to another. (2) The portion a honeycomb or cavity that usually contains a layer mold to separate impurities from the molten metal.
of the gate assembly of a casting that connects the of sand; defect common to thin-wall portions of the screw dislocation. See dislocation.
sprue with the gate(s). (3) Parts of pattern and fin- casting or around hot areas of the mold. screw press. A high-speed press in which the ram is
ished castings corresponding to the portion of the scale. Surface oxidation, consisting of partially adher- activated by a large screw assembly powered by a
gate assembly described in (2). ent layers of corrosion products, left on metals by drive mechanism.
runner box A distribution box that divides molten heating or casting in air or in other oxidizing atmos- scufling. (1) Localized damage caused by the occur-
metal into several streams before it enters the casting pheres. rence of solid-phase welding between sliding sur-
mold cavity. scale pit. (1) A surface depression formed on a forging faces, without local surface melting. (2) A mild de-
runout. (1) The unintentional escape of molten metal due to scale remaining in the dies during the forging gree of galling that results from the welding of
from a mold, crucible, or furnace. (2) An imperfec- operation.(2) Apit in thegroundin whichscale (such asperities due to frictional heat. The welded asperi-
tion in a casting caused by the escape of metal from as that carried off by cooling water from rolling ties break, causing surface degradation.
the mold. mills) is allowed to settle out as one step in the seal coat. Material applied to infiltrate the pores of a
rupture stress. The stress at failure. Also known as treatment of effluent waste water. thermal spray deposit.
breaking stress orfracture stress. scaling. (1) Forming a thick layer of oxidation products sealing. (1) Closing pores in anodic coatings to render
rust. A visible corrosion product consisting of hydrated on metals at high temperature. Scaling should be them less absorbent. (2) Plugging leaks in a casting
oxides of iron. Applied only to ferrous alloys. See distinguished from rusting, which involves the for- by introducing thermosettingplastics into PMOW ar-
also white rust. mation of hydrated oxides. See also rust. (2) Depos- eas and subsequently setting the plastic with heat.
 Glossary of Metallurgical and MetalworkingTerms / 51

seal weld. Any weld designed primarily to provide a for example, a copper atom within a crystal of cop- settling. (1) Separation of solids from suspension in a
specific degree of tightness against leakage. per. fluid of lower density, solely by gravitationaleffects.
seam. (1) On a metal surface, an unwelded fold or lap self-hardening steel. See preferred term air-hardening (2) A process for removing iron from liquid magne-
that appears as a crack, usually resulting from a steel. sium alloys by holding the melt at a low temperature
discontinuity.(2) Asurface defect on acasting related self-lubricating materid Any solid material that after manganese has been added to it.
to but of lesser degree than a cold shut. (3) Aridge on shows low friction without applicationof a lubricant. severity of quench. Ability of quenching medium to
the surface of a casting caused by a crack in the mold semiautomatic arc welding. Arc welding with equip- extract heat from a hot steel workpiece; expressed in
face. ment that controls only the filler metal feed. The terms of the Grossmann number (H).
seam weld. A continuous weld made between or upon advance of the welding is manually controlled. shadowing. Directional deposition of carbon or a me-
overlapping members, in which coalescence may semiautomatic plating. Plating in which prepared tallic film on a plastic replica so as to highlight
start and occur on the faying surfaces, or may have cathodes are mechanically conveyed through the features to be analyzed by transmission electron mi-
proceededfrom the outer surface of one member. The plating baths, with intervening manual transfers. croscopy. Most often used to provide maximum d e
continuousweld may consist of a single weld bead or semiconductor. A solid crystalline material whose tail and resolution of the features of fracture surfaces.
a series of overlapping spot welds. electrical resistivity is intermediate between that of a shakeout. Removal of castings from a sand mold. See
seam welding. See arc seam weld and resistance seam metal conductor and an insulator,ranging from about also knockout.
welding. to lo8 R . cm, and is usually strongly tempera- shaker-heartbfurnace. Acontinuoustype furnace that
season cracking. An obsolete historical term usually ture dependent. uses a reciprocating shaker motion to move the parts
applied to stress-corrosion cracking of brass. semifimisher. An impression in a series of forging dies along the hearth.
secondary alloy. Any alloy whose major constituent is that only approximates the finish dimensions of the shank. (1) The portion of a die or tool by which it is
obtained from recycled scrap metal. forging. Semifinishers are often used to extend die held in position in a forging unit or press. (2) The
secondary creep. See creep. life or the finishing impression, to ensure proper handle for carrying a small ladle or crucible. (3) The
secondary ion massspectroscopy(SLMS).Ananalyti- control of grain flow during forging, and to assist in main body of a lathe tool. If the tool is an inserted
cal technique that measures the masses of ions emit- obtaining desired tolerances. type., the shank is the portion that supports the insert.
ted from the surface of a material when exposed to a semifioishing.Preliminary operations performed prior shank-type cutter. Acutter having a straight or tapered
beam of incident ions. The incident ions are usually to finishing. shank to fit into a machine-tool spindle or adapter.
monoenergetic and are all of the same species, for semiguided bend. The bend obtained by applying a shape memory alloys. A group of metallic materials
example, 5 keV Ne' ions. force directly to the specimen in the portion that is to that demonstrate the ability to return to some pre-
secondary metal. Metal recovered from scrap by re- be bent. The specimen is either held at one end and viously defined shape or size when subjected to the
melting and refining. forced around a pin or rounded edge or is supported appropriate thermal procedure.
sectioning.The removal of a conveniently sized, repre- near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side shaping. Producing flat surfaces using single-point
sentativespecimen from a larger sample for metallo- of the specimen opposite the supports and midway tools. The work is held in a vise or fixture or is
graphic inspection. Sectioning methods include between them. In some instances, the bend is started clamped directly to the table. The ram supporting the
shearing, sawing (using hacksaws, band saws, and in this manner and finished in the manner of a free tool is reciprocated in a linear motion past the work.
diamond wire saws), abrasive cutting, and electrical bend. shatter crack. Seeflake.
semikilled steel. Steel that is incompletely deoxidized shaving. (1) As a finishing operation, the accurate r e
discharge machining.
segment die. A die made of parts that can be separated and contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react moval of a thin layer of a work surfaceby straightline
with the carbon to form carbon monoxide and thus motion between a cutter and the surface. (2) Trim-
for ready removal of the workpiece. Synonymous
offset solidification shrinkage. ming parts such as statnpings, forgings, and tubes to
with split die.
semipermanent mold. A permanent mold in which remove uneven sheared edges or to improve accu-
segregation. (1) Nonuniform distribution of alloying
sand cores or plaster are used. racy.
elements, impurities, or microphases in metals and
semisolid metal forming. A two-step casting/forging shear. (1)The type of force that causes or tends to cause
alloys. (2) A casting defect involving a concentration process in which a billet is cast in a mold equipped two contiguous parts of the same body to slide rela-
of alloying elements at specific regions, usually as a with a mixer that continuously stirs the thixotropic tive to each other in a direction parallel to their plane
result of the primary crystallizationof one phase with melt, thereby breaking up the dendritic structure of of contact.(2) Amachine or tool for cutting metal and
the subsequentconcentrationof other elements in the the casting into a fine-grained spherical structure. other material by the closing motion of two sharp,
remaining liquid. Microsegregationrefers to normal After cooling, the billet is stored for subsequent use. closely adjoining edges; for example, squaring shear
segregationon a microscopic scale in which material Later, a slug from the billet is cut, heated to the and circular shear. (3) An inclination between two
richer in an alloying element freezes in successive semisolidstate, and forged in a die. Normally the cast cutting edges, such as between two straight knife
layers on the dendrites (coring) and in constituent billet is forged when 30 to 40% is in the liquid state. blades or between the punch cutting edge and the die
network. Macrosegregation refers to gross differ- See also rheocasting. cutting edge, so that a reduced area will be cut each
ences in concentration (for example, from one area sensitization. In austenitic stainless steels, the precipi- time. This lessens the necessary force, but increases
of a casting to another). See also inverse segregation tation of chromium carbides, usually at grain the required length of the working stroke. This
and normal segregation. boundaries, on exposure to temperatures of about method is referred to as angular shear. (4) The act of
segregation banding. Inhomogeneous distribution of 540 to 845 "C (about 1000 to 1550 "F), leaving the cutting by shearing dies or blades, as in shearing
alloying elements aligned in filaments or plates par- grain boundariesdepleted of chromiumandtherefore lines.
allel to the direction of working. susceptible to preferential attack by a corroding me- shear angle. The angle that the shear plane, in metal
seizing. The stopping of a moving part by a mating dium. Welding is the most common cause of sensiti- cutting, makes with the work surface.
surface as a result of excessive friction. zation. Weld decay (sensitization) caused by carbide shear bands. (1) Bands of very high shear strain that
seizure. The stopping of relative motion as the result of precipitation in the weld heat-affected zone leads to are observed during rolling of sheet metal. During
interfacial friction. Seizure may be accompanied by intergranular corrosion. rolling, these form at approximately35" to the rolling
gross surface welding.The term is sometimesused to sensitizingheat treatment. A heat treatment, whether plane, parallel to the transverse direction. They are
denote scufing. accidental,intentional, or incidental (as during weld- independent of grain orientation and at high strain
Sejournet process. See Ugine-Sejournetprocess. ing), that causes precipitation of constituentsat grain rates traverse the entire thickness of the rolled sheet.
selective heating. Intentionally heating only certain boundaries, often causing the alloy to become sus- (2) Highly localized deformationzones in metals that
portions of a workpiece. ceptible to intergranular corrosion or intergranular are observed at very high strain rates, such as those
selective leaching. Corrosion in which one element is stress-corrosioncracking. See also sensitization. produced by high velocity (100 to 3600 m/s, or 330
preferentially removed from an alloy, leaving a resi- Sendzimir mill. A type of cluster mill with small-di- to 11,800 ft/s) projectile impacts or explosive rup-
due (often porous) of the elements that are more meter work rolls and larger-diameter backup rolls, ture.
resistant to the particular environment. Also called backed up by bearings on a shaft mounted eccentri- shear fracture. A mode of fracture in crystalline mate-
dealloying or parting. See also decarburization, de- cally so that it can be rotated to increase the pressure rials resulting from translation along slip planes that
cobaltification, denickelification, dezincification. between the bearing and the backup rolls. Used to are preferentially oriented in the direction of the
and graphitic corrosion. roll precision and very thin sheet and strip. shearing stress.
selective quenching. Quenching only certain portions series welding. Resistance welding in which two or shear ledges. See radial marks.
of an object. more spot, seam, or projection welds are made simul- shear lip. A narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a
selfdiffusion. Thermally activated movement of an taneously by a single welding transformer with three fracture surface. The term sometimes also denotes a
atom to a new site in a crystal of its own species, as, or more electrodes forming a series circuit. narrow, often crescent-shaped, fibrous region at the
52 / Glossary of Terms and Engineering Data

edge of a fracture that is otherwise of the cleavage spraying so as to envelop the plasma flame and age retained upon each of a series of standard screens
type, even though this fibrous region is in the same substrate; intended to provide a banier to the atmos- of decreasing mesh size.
plane as the rest of the fracture surface. phere in order to minimize oxidation. sieve classification. The separationof powder into par-
shear modulus (G). The ratio of shear stress to the shift. A casting imperfection caused by mismatch of ticle size ranges by the use of a series of graded
corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below cope and drag or of cores and molds. sieves. Also called screen analysis.
the proportionallimit of the material. Values of shear shim. A thin piece of material used between two sur- sieve fraction. That portion of a powder sample that
modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. faces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. passes through a sieve of specified number and is
Also known as modulus of rigidity. shimmy die. Seeflat edge trimmer. retained by some fmer mesh sieve of specified num-
shear plane. A confined zone along which shear takes shock load. The sudden application of an externalforce ber. See also sieve analysis.
place in metal cutting. It extends from the cutting that results in a very rapid buildup of stress-for sigma phase. A hard, brittle, nonmagnetic intermediate
edge to the work surface. example, piston loading in internal combustion en- phase with a tetragod crystal structure, containing
shear strain. The tangent of the angular change, caused gines. 30 atoms per unit cell, space group, P4/mnm, occur-
by a force between two lines originally perpendicular shoe. (1) A metal block used in a variety of bending ring in many binary and ternary alloys of the transi-
to each other through a point in a body. Also called operations to form or support the part being process- tion elements. The composition of this phase in the
angular strain. ed. (2) An anvil cap or sow block. various systems is not the same, and the phase usu-
shear stress. (1) The stress componenttangential to the Shore hardness test. Same as Scleroscope hardness ally exhibits a wide range in homogeneity. Alloying
plane on which the forces act. (2) A stress that exists test. with a third transition element usually enlarges the
when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across short-circuiting transfer. In consumable electrode arc field homogeneity and extends it deep into the ter-
each other. welding, a type of metal transfer similar to globular nary section.
sheet. A flat-rolled metal product of some maximum transfer, but in which the drops are so large that the sigma-phase embrittlement. Embrittlement of iron-
thickness and minimum width arbitrarily dependent arc is short circuited momentarily during the transfer chromium alloys (most notably austenitic stainless
on the type of metal. It has a width-to-thicknessratio of each drop to the weld pool. Compare with globu- steels) caused by precipitation at grain boundaries of
greater than about 50. Generally, such flat products lar transfer and spray transfer. the hard, brittle intermetallic ts phase during long
under 6.5 mm (?4in.) thick are called sheets, and shortness. A form of brittleness in metal. It is desig- periods of exposure to temperatures between ap-
those 6.5 mm ('/4 in.) thick and over are called plates. nated as cold shortness or hot shortness to indicate proximately 560 and 980 "C (1050 and 1800 OF).
sheet forming. The plastic deformation of a piece of the temperaturerange in which the brittlenessoccurs. Sigma-phase embrittlement results in severe loss in
sheet metal by tensile loads into a three-dimensional short transverse. See transverse. toughness and ductility and can make the embrittled
shape, often without significant changes in sheet shot. (1) Small, spherical particles of metal. (2) The material susceptible to intergranular corrosion. See
thickness or surface characteristics. Compare with injection of molten metal into a die casting die. The also sensitization.
bulk forming. metal is injected so quickly that it can be compared siliconizig. Diffusing silicon into solid metal, usually
shelf roughness. Roughness on upward-facing sur- to the shooting of a gun. low-carbon steels, at an elevated temperature in or-
faces where undissolved solids have settled on parts shotblasting. Blasting with metal shot; usually used to der to improve corrosion or wear resistance.
during a plating operation. remove deposits or mill scale more rapidly or more silky fracture. A metal fracture in which the broken
shell (1) A hollow structure or vessel. (2) An article effectively than can be done by sandblasting. metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in a p
formed by deep drawing. (3) The metal sleeve re- shot peening. A method of cold working metals in pearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals.
maining when a billet is extruded with a dummy which compressive stresses are induced in the ex- Contrast with crystalline fracturrz and granularfrac-
block of somewhat smaller diameter. (4) In shell posed surface layers of parts by the impingement of ture.
molding, a hard layer of sand and thermosetting a stream of shot, directed at the metal surface at high silver soldering. Nonpreferred term used to denote
plastic or resin formed over a pattern and used as the velocity under controlled conditions. brazing with a silver-base filler metal. See preferred
mold wall. (5) A tubular casting used in making shotting. The production of shot by pouring molten terms furnace brazing, induction brazing, and tomh
seamless drawn tube. (6) A pierced forging. metal in finely divided streams. Solidified spherical brazing.
shell core. A shell-molded sand core. particlesare formed during descent in a tank of water. single-action press. A metalforming press that pro-
shell hardening. Asurface-hardeningprocess in which shrinkage. (1) The contraction of metal during cooling vides pressure from one side.
a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and after hot forging. Die impressionsare made oversize single impulse welding. A resistance welding process
quench hardened, develops a martensite layer or according to precise shrinkage scales to allow the variation in which spot, projection, or upset welds are
shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and forgings to shrink to design dimensions and toler- made with a single impulse.
surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transforma- ances. (2) See casting shrinkage. single-point tool. A cutting tool having one face and
tion product. This result is accomplished by a proper shrinkage cavity. A void left in cast metal as a result of one continuous cutting edge.
balance among section size, steel hardenability, and solidification shrinkage. Shrinkage cavities can a p singlestand mill. Arolling mill designed such that the
severity of quench. pear as either isolated or interconnected irregularly product contacts only two rolls at a given moment.
shelling. (1) A term used in railway engineering to shaped voids. See also casting shrinkage. Contrast with tandem mill.
describe an advanced phase of spalling. (2) Amecha- shrinkage cracks. Cracks that form in metal as a result single welded joint. In arc and gas welding, any joint
nism of deterioration of coated abrasive products in of the pulling apart of grains by contraction before welded from one side only.
which entire abrasive grains are removed from the complete solidification. See also hor tear. sinkhead. Same as riser
coating that holds the abrasive to the backing layer of shrinkage rule. A measuring ruler with graduations sinking. (1) The operation of machiningthe impression
the product. expandedto compensatefor the change in the dimen- of a desired forging into die blocks. (2) See tube
shell molding. A foundry process in which a mold is sions of the solidified casting as it cools in the mold. sinking.
formed from thermosetting resin-bonded sand mix- shroud. A protective, refractory-lined metal-delivery sintered density. The quotient of the mass (weight)
tures brought in contact with preheated (150 to 260 system to prevent reoxidation of molten steel when it over the volume of the sintered body expressed in
"C, or 300 to 500 OF) metal patterns, resulting in a is poured from ladle to tundish to mold during con- grams per cubic centimeter.
firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline tinuous casting. sintering. The bonding of adjacent surfaces of particles
of the pattern. Also called Croning process. shut height. For a metalforming press, the distance in a mass of powder or a compact by heating. Sinter-
shielded metal arc cutting. Ametal arc cutting process from the top of the bed to the bottom of the slide with ing strengthens a powder mass and normally p r e
in which metals are severed by melting them with the the stroke down and adjustment up. In general, it is duces densification and, in powdered metals, recrys-
heat of an arc between a covered metal electrode and the maximum die height that can be accommodated tallization. See also liquid phase sintering and
the base metal. for normal operation, taking the bolster plate into solid-state sintering.
shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). An arc welding consideration.See also bolster. size effect. Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal
process that produces coalescence of metals by heat- side milling. Milling with cutters having peripheral and on its mechanical and other properties and on manu-
ing them with an arc between a covered metal elec- side teeth. They are usually profile sharpened but facturing variables such as forging reduction and
trode and the workpieces.Shieldingis obtained from may be form relieved. heat treatment. In general, the mechanicalproperties
decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is sieve. A standard wire mesh or screen used in graded are lower for a larger size.
not used, and filler metal is obtained from the elec- sets to determine the mesh size or particle size distri- sizing. (1) Secondary forming or squeezing operations
trode. Also commonly referred to as stick welding. bution of particulate and granular solids. S e e also needed to square up, set down, flatten, or otherwise
shielding gas. (1) Protective gas used to prevent atmos- sieve analysis. correct surfaces to produce specified dimensions and
pheric contaminationduring welding. (2) A stream of sieve analysis. A method of determining particle size tolerances. See also mtriking. (2) Some burnishing,
inert gas directed at the substrate during thermal distribution,usually expressed as the weight percent- broaching, drawing, and shaving operations are also
 Glossary of Metallurgical and MetalworkingTerms / 53

called sizing. (3) A finishing operation for correcting slip direction. The crystallographicdirection in which The stress values are usually nominal stress; i.e.,
ovality in tubing. (4) Final pressing of a sintered the translation of slip takes place. there is no adjustment for stress concentration. The
powder metallurgy part to obtain a desired dimen- slip h s k . A tapered flask that depends on a movable diagram indicates the S-N relationship for a specified
sion. strip of metal to hold foundry sand in position. After value of the mean stress (S,) or the stress ratio (A or
skelp. The starting stock for making welded pipe or closing the mold, the strip is refracted and the flask R) and a specified probability of survival. For N a log
tubing; most often it is strip stock of suitable width, can be removed and reused. Molds thus made are scale is almost always used. For S a linear scale is
thickness, and edge configuration. usually supported by a mold jacket during pouring. used most often, but a log scale is sometimes used.
skim gate. In foundry practice, a gating arrangement slip h e . Visible traces of slip planes on metal surfaces; Also known as S-N diagram.
designed to prevent the passage of slag and other the traces are (usually)observable only if the surface soak cleaning. Immersion cleaning without electroly-
undesirablematerials into a casting. has been polished before deformation. The usual sis.
skimming. Removing or holding back dia or slag from observation on metal crystals (under a light micro- soaking. In heat treating of metals, prolonged holding
the surface of the molten metal before or during scope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip at a selected temperature to effect homogenizationof
pouring. band. structure or composition. See also homogenizing.
skim. Athin outside metal layer, not formed by bonding slip plane. The crystallographic plane in which slip soft magnetic material A ferromagnetic alloy that
as in cladding or electroplating, that differs in com- occurs in a clystal. becomes magnetized readily upon application of a
position, structure, or other characteristics from the slitting. Cutting or shearing along single lines to cut field and that returns to practically a nonmagnetic
main mass of metal. strips from a metal sheet or to cut along lines of a condition when the field is removed, an alloy with
skim lamination. In flat-rolled metals, a surface rupture given length or contour in a sheet or workpiece. the properties of high magnetic permeability, low
resulting from the exposure of a subsurface lamina- sliver. An imperfection consisting of a very thin elon- coercive force, and low magnetic hysteresis loss.
tion by rolling. gated piece of metal attached by only one end to the soft soldering. See preferred term soldering.
skin pas. See temper rolling. parent metal into whose surface it has been worked. soft temper. Same as dead so3 temper.
skiving. (1) Removal of a material in thin layers or slot furnace. A common batch furnace for heat treating solder. A filler metal used in soldering that has a
chips with a high degree of shear or slippage, or both, metals where stock is charged and removed through liquidus not exceeding450 "C (840 OF).
of the cutting tool. (2) A machining operation in a slot or opening. solderability. The relative ease and speed with which a
which the cut is made with a form tool with its face slotting. Cutting a narrow aperture or groove with a surface is wetted by molten solder.
so angled that the cutting edge progresses from one reciprocating tool in a vertical shaper or with a cutter, solder embrittlement. Reduction in mechanical prop
end of the work to the other as the tool feeds tangen- broach, or grinding wheel. erties of a metal as a result of local penetration of
tially past the rotating workpiece. slow strain rate technique. Anexperimental technique solder along grain boundaries.
skull. (1) A layer of solidified metal or dross on the for evaluating susceptibility to stress-corrosion soldering. A group of processes that join metals by
walls of a pouring vessel after the metal has been cracking. It involves pulling the specimen to failure heating them to a suitable temperature below the
poured. (2) The unmelted residue from a liquated in uniaxial tension at a controlled slow strain rate solidus of the base metals and applying a filler metal
weld filler metal. while the specimen is in the test environment and having a liquidus not exceeding 450 "C (840 OF).
slab. A flat-shapedsemifinished rolled metal ingot with examiningthe specimen for evidenceof stress-corro- Molten filler metal is distributed between the closely
a width not less than 250 mm (10 in.) and a cross-sec- sion cracking. fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary action. See
tional area not less than 105 cm' (16 in.'). slug. (1) A short piece of metal to be placed in a die for also solder.
slabbing mill. A primary mill that produces slabs. forging or extrusion. (2) A small piece of material soldering flux. Seejlux.
slab milling. See preferred term peripheral milling. produced by piercing a hole in sheet material. See soldering iron. A soldering tool having an internally or
slack quenching. The incomplete hardening of steel also blank. externally heated metal bit usually made of copper.
due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature slugging. The act of adding a separate piece or pieces solid cutters. Cutters made of a singlepiece of material
at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the of material in a joint before or during welding that rather than a composite of two or more materials.
particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or results in a welded joint not complying with design, solidifcation. The change in state from liquid to solid
more transformation products in addition to marten- drawing, or specification requirements. upon cooling through the melting temperature or
site. slush casting. A hollow casting usually made of an melting range.
slag. A nonmetallic product resulting from the mutual alloy with a low but wide melting temperaturerange. solidification range The temperature between the
dissolution of flux and nonmetallic impurities in After the desired thickness of metal has solidified in liquidus and the solidus.
smelting, refining, and certain welding operations the mold, the remaining liquid is poured out. Consid- solidification shrinkage. The reduction in volume of
(see, for example, electroslag welding). In steelmak- ered an obsolete practice. metal from beginning to end of solidification. See
ing operations, the slag serves to protect the molten smelting. Thermal processing wherein chemical reac- also casting shrinkage.
metal from the air and to extract certain impurities. tions take place to produce liquid metal from a bene- solidification shrinkage crack. A crack that forms,
slag inclusion. (1) Slag or dross entrapped in a metal. ficiated ore. usually at elevatedtemperature, because of the inter-
(2) Nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld smith forging. See handforge (smithforge). nal (shrinkage) stresses that develop during solidifi-
metal or between weld metal and base metal. smut. A reaction product sometimes left on the surface cation of a metal casting. Also termed hot crack
slant fracture. A type of fracture in metals, typical of of a metal after pickling, electroplating, or etching. solid lubricant. Any solid used as a powder or thin film
plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of separa- snagging. (1) Heavy stock removal of superfluousma- on a surface to provide protection from damage dur-
tion is inclined at an angle (usually about 45") to the terial from a workpiece by using a portable or swing ing relative movement and to reduce friction and
axis of applied stress. grinder mounted with a coarse grain abrasive wheel. Wear.
slide. The main reciprocating member of a metalform- (2) Offhand grinding on castings and forgings to solid metal embrittlement. The occurrenceof embrit-
ing press, guided in the press frame, to which the remove surplus metal such as gate and riser pads, tlement in a material below the melting point of the
punch or upper die is fastened, sometimes called the fins,and parting lines. embrittling species. See also liquid metal embrinle-
ram. The inner slide of adouble-actionpress is called snake (1) The product formed by twisting and bending ment.
the plunger or punch-holder slide; the outer slide is of hot metal rod prior to its next rolling process. (2) solid solution. A single, solid, homogeneous crystalline
called the blankholder slide. The third slide of a Any crooked surface imperfection in a plate, resem- phase containing two or more chemical species.
triple-action press is called the lower slide, and the bling a snake. (3) A flexible mandrel used in the solid-state sintering. A sintering procedure for com-
slide of a hydraulic press is often called the platen. inside of a shape to prevent flattening or collapse pacts or loose powder aggregates during which no
slime. (1) A material of extremely fine particle size during a bending operation. component melts. Contrast with liquid phase sinter-
encounteredin ore treatment. (2) Amixture of metals snap flask.A foundry flask hinged on one comer so that ing.
and some insoluble compounds that forms on the it can be opened and removed from the mold for solid-state welding. A group of welding processes that
anode in electrolysis. reuse before the metal is poured. join metals at temperatures essentially below the
slip. Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear dis- snap temper. A precautionary interim stress-relieving melting points of the base materials, without the
placement (translation) of one part of a crystal reta- treatment applied to high-hardenabilitysteels imme- addition of a brazing filler metal. Pressure may or
tive to another in a definite crystallographicdirection diately after quenching to prevent cracking because may not be applied to the joint. Examples include
and usually on specific crystallographic plane. of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher cold welding, diffusion welding, f o q e welding, hot
Sometimes called glide. temperature. pressure welding, and mll welding.
slip band. A group of parallel slip lines so closely S-N curve A plot of stress (S) against the number of solidus. (1) The highest temperature at which a metal
spaced as to appear as a single line when observed cycles to failure (N). The stress can be the maximum or alloy is completely solid. (2) In a phase diagram,
under an optical microscope. S e e also slip line. stress (S-) or the alternating stress amplitude (S,). the locus of points representing the temperatures at
54 / Glossary of Terms and Engineering Data

which various compositionsstop freezing upon cool- spheroidal graphite. Graphite of spheroidal shape spot welding. See arc spot weld and resistance spot
ing or begin to melt upon heating. See also liquidus. with a polycrystalline radial structure. This structure welding.
solute. The component of either a liquid or solid solu- can be obtained, for example, by adding cerium or spray quenching. A quenching process using spray
tion that is present to a lesser or minor extent; the magnesium to the melt. See also ductile iron and nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The
component that is dissolved in the solvent. nodular graphite. quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume
solution heat treatment. Heating an alloy to a suitable spheroidite. An aggregate of iron or alloy carbides of of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impinge-
temperature,holding at that temperaturelong enough essentially spherical shape dispersed throughout a ment.
to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid matrix of femte. spray transfer. In consumable-electrodearc welding, a
solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold spheroidized structure. Amicrostructure consisting of type of metal transfer in which the molten filler metal
these constituentsin solution. a matrix containing spheroidal particles of another is propelled across the arc as fine droplets. Compare
solution potential. Electrode potential where half-cell constituent. with globular transfer and short-circuiting transfer.
reaction involvesonly the metal electrode and its ion. spheroidizing. Heating and cooling to produce a springback. (1) The elastic recovery of metal after
solvent. The component of either a liquid or solid spheroidal or globular form of carbide in steel. stressing. (2) The extent to which metal tends to
solution that is present to a greater or major extent; Spheroidizing methods frequently used are: (1) Pro- return to its original shape or contour after underge
the component that dissolves the solute. longed holding at a temperaturejust below Ae,. (2) ing a forming operation. This is compensated for by
solvus. In a phase or equilibrium diagram, the locus of Heating and cooling alternatively between tempera- overbending or by a secondary operation of re-
points representing the temperature at which solid tures that are just above and just below Ae,. (3) striking. (3) In flash, upset, or pressure welding, the
phases with various compositionscoexist with other Heating to a temperature above Ae, or Ae, and then deflection in the welding machine caused by the
solid phases, that is, the limits of solid solubility. cooling very slowly in the furnace or holding at a upset pressure.
sorbite (obsolete). A fine mixture of femte and cemen- temperaturejust below Ae,. (4) Cooling at a suitable spring temper. A temper of nonferrousalloys and some
tite produced either by regulating the rate of cooling rate from the minimum temperature at which all ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and
of steel or by tempering steel after hardening. The carbide is dissolved to prevent the reformation of a hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard
fmt type is very fine pearlite that is difficult to carbide network, and then reheating in accordance to extra spring temper.
resolve under the microscope; the second type is with method 1 or 2 above. (Applicableto hypereutec- sprue. (1) The mold channel that connects the pouring
tempered martensite. toid steel containing a carbide network.) basin with the runner or, in the absence of a pouring
sour gas. A gaseous environment containing hydrogen spiegeleisen(spiegel). Apig iron containing 15 to 30% basin, directly into which molten metal is poured.
sulfide and carbon dioxide in hydrocarbon reser- Mn and 4.5 to 6.5% C. Sometimes referred to as downsprue or downgate.
voirs. Prolonged exposure to sour gas can lead to spindle. (1) Shaft of a machine tool on which a cutter (2) Sometimes used to mean all gates, risers, runners,
hydrogen damage, sulfide-stress cracking, andlor or grinding wheel may be mounted. (2) Metal shaft and similar scrap that are removed from castings
stress-corrosioncracking in ferrous alloys. to which a mounted wheel is cemented. after shakeout.
sow block. A block of heat-treated steel placed between spinning. The forming of a seamless hollow metal part sputtering. The bombardment of a solid surface with a
the anvil of the hammerand the forgingdie to prevent by forcing a rotating blank to conform to a shaped flux of energetic particles (ions) that results in the
undue wear to the anvil. Sow blocks are occasionally mandrel that rotates concentrically with the blank. In ejection of atomic species. The ejected material may
the typical application, a flat-rolled metal blank is
used to hold insert dies. Also called anvil cap. be used as a source for deposition. See also physical
space lattice. A regular, periodic array of points (lattice forced against the mandrel by a blunt, rounded tool;
vapor deposition.
points) in space that represents the locations of atoms however, other stock (notably, welded or seamless square drilling. Making square holes by means of a
tubing) can be formed. A roller is sometimes used as
of the same kind in a perfect crystal. The concept specially constructed drill made to rotate and also to
the working end of the tool.
may be extended, where appropriate, to crystalline oscillate so as to follow accurately the periphery of a
spinodal structure. A fine, homogeneous mixture of
compounds and other substances, in which case the two phases that form by the growth of composition square guide bushing or template.
lattice points often represent locations of groups of squaring shear. A machining tool, used for cutting
waves in a solid solution during suitable heat treat-
atoms of identical composition, arrangement, and sheet metal or plate, consisting essentially of a fixed
ment. The phases of a spinodat structure differ in
orientation. cutting knife (usually mounted on the rear of the bed)
composition from each other and from the parent
spade drill. See preferred termjlat drill. phase, but have the same crystal structure as the
and another cutting knife mounted on the front of a
spalling. (1) Separation of particles from a surface in parent phase. reciprocally moving crosshead, which is guided ver-
the form of flakes. The term spalling is commonly spline. Any of a series of longitudinal, straight projec- tically in side housings. Comer angles are usually
associated with rolling-element bearings and with tions on a shaft that fit into slots on a mating part to 90".
gear teeth. Spalling is usually a result of subsurface transfer rotation to or from the shaft. squeeze casting. A hybrid liquid metal forging process
fatigue and is more extensive than pitting. (2) The split die. A die made of parts that can be separated for in which liquid metal is forced into a permanentmold
spontaneous chipping, fragmentation, or separation ready removal of the workpiece. Also known as seg- by a hydraulic press.
of a surface or surface coating. (3) A chipping or ment die. stabilizing treatment. (1) Before finishing to final
flaking of a surface due to any kind of improper heat split punch. A segmented punch or a set of punches in dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonfer-
treatment or material dissociation. a powder metallurgy forming press that allow(s) a rous part to or slightly above its normal operating
spangle. The characteristic crystalline form in which a separate positioning for different powder fill heights temperature and then cooling to room temperature to
hot dipped zinc coating solidifies on steel strip. and compact levels in dual-step and multistep parts. ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Trans-
spark testing. A method used for the classification of See also stepped compact. forming retained austenite in quenched hardenable
ferrous alloys according to their chemical composi- sponge. A form of metal characterized by a porous steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solu-
tions, by visual examination of the spark pattern or condition that is the result of the decomposition or tion-treated stabilized grade of austenitic stainless
stream that is thrown off when the alloys are held reduction of a compound without fusion. The term is steel to 870 to 900 "C (1600 to 1650 "F) to precipitate
against a grinding wheel rotating at high speed. applied to forms of iron, titanium, zirconium, ura- all carbon as Tic, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization
spatter. The metal particles expelled during arc or gas nium, plutonium, and the platinum-groupmetals. is avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated tem-
welding. They do not form part of the weld. sponge iron. A coherent, porous mass of substantially perature.
spatter loss. The metal lost due to spatter. pure iron produced by solid-state reduction of iron stack cutting. Thermal cutting of stacked metal plates
specific energy. In cutting or grinding, the energy ex- oxide (mill scale or iron ore). arranged so that all the plates are severed by a single
pended or work done in removing a unit volume of spot drilling. Making an initial indentation in a work cut.
material. surface, with a drill, to serve as a centering guide in stack molding. A foundry practice that makes use of
specimen. A test object, often of standard dimensions a subsequentmachining process. both faces of a mold section, one face acting as the
andor configuration, that is used for destructive or spotfacing.Using a rotary, hole-pilotedend-facing tool drag and the other as the cope. Sections, when assem-
nondestructive testing. One or more specimens may to produce a flat surfacenormal to the axis of rotation bled to other similar sections, form several tiers of
be cut from each unit of a sample. of the tool on or slightly below the workpiece sur- mold cavities, all castings being poured together
speed of travel. In welding, the speed with which a face. through a common sprue.
weld is made along its longitudinal axis, usually spot weld. A weld made between or upon overlapping staggered-toothcutters. Milling cutters with alternate
measured in meters per second or inches per minute. members in which coalescence may start and occur flutes of oppositely directed helixes.
speiss. Metallic arsenides and antimonides that result on the faying surfaces or may proceed from the stainless steel. Any of several steels containing at least
from smelting metal ores such as those of cobalt or surface of one member. The weld cross section is 10.5% Cr as the principal alloying element; they
lead. approximately circular. usually exhibit passivity in aqueous environments.
 Glossary of Metallurgicaland MetalworkingTerms / 55

staking. Fastening two parts together permanently by Steel is said to be differentiated from two general sions of an object during a deformation or flow
recessing one part within the other and then causing classes of "irons": the cast irons, on the high-carbon process. See also engineering strain and true strain.
plastic flow at the joint. side and the relatively pure irons such as ingot iron, strain-ageembrittlement. A l a s in ductility accompa-
stamping. The general term used to denote all sheet carbonyl iron, and electrolytic iron, on the low-car- nied by an increase in hardness and strength that
metal pressworking. It includes blanking, shearing, bon side. In some steels containing extremely low occm when low-carbon steel (especially rimmed or
hot or cold forming, drawing, bending, or coining. carbon, the manganese content is the principal differ- capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation.
stand. Apiece of rolling mill equipmentcontaining one entiating factor, steel usually containing at least The degree of embrittlement is a function of aging
set of work rolls. In the usual sense, any pass of a 0.25% and ingot iron considerablyless. time and temperature, occuning in a matter of min-
cold- or hot-rolling mill. See also rolling mills. step aging. Aging of metals at two or more tempera- utes at about 200 "C (400 OF), but requiring a few
standard electrode potential The reversible potential tures, by steps, without cooling to room temperature hours to a year at room temperature.
for an electrode process when all products and reac- after each step. See also aging, and compare with strain aging. (1) Aging following plastic deformation.
tions are at unit activity on a scale in which the interrupted aging and progressive aging. (2) The changes in ductility, hardness, yield point,
potential for the standard hydrogen half-cell is zero. stepped compact. A powder metallurgy compact with and tensile strength that occur when a metal or alloy
standard gold. A gold alloy containing 10% Cu; at one one (dual step) or more (multistep) abrupt cross-sec- that has been cold worked is stored for some time. In
time used for legal coinage in the United States. tional changes, usually obtained by pressing with steel, strain aging is characterizedby a loss of ductil-
standard reference material. A reference material, the split punches, each section of which uses a different ity and a corresponding increase in hardness, yield
composition or properties of which are certified by a pressure and a different rate of compaction. See also point, and tensile strength.
recognized standardizing agency or group. split punch. strainenergy. The potential energy stored in a body by
startingsheet. Athin sheet of metal used as the cathode stepped extrusion. See extrusion. virtue of elastic deformation, equal to the work that
in electrolyte refining. step fracture. Cleavage fractures that initiate on many must be done to produce this deformation.
state of strain. A complete descriptionof the deforma- parallel cleavage planes. strainhardening. An increasein hardness and strength
tion within a homogeneouslydeformed volume or at stereoscopic micrographs. A pair of micrographs (or of metals caused by plastic deformation at tempera-
a point. The description requires, in general, the fractographs)of the same area, but taken from differ- tures below the recrystallization range. Also known
knowledge of the independent components of strain. ent angles so that the two micrographswhen properly as work hardening.
state of stress. A complete description of the stresses mounted and viewed reveal the structures of the strain-hardening co$ricient. See strain-hardening
within a homogeneously stressed volume or at a objects in their three-dimensionalrelationships. exponent.
point. The description requires, in general, the sterling silver. A silver alloy containing at least 92.5% strain-hardening exponent. The value of n in the
knowledge of the independent components of stress. Ag, the remainder being unspecifiedbut usually c o p relationship:
static fatigue. A term sometimesused to identify a form per. Sterling silver is used for flat and hollow table-
of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears ware and for various items of jewelry. Q=KC
to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less stick electrode. A shop term for covered electrode.
than the yield stress. There almost always is a delay stick welding. See preferred term shielded metal arc
between the application of stress (or exposure of the welding. where Q is the true stress, E is the true strain, and K,
stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of crack- sticker breaks. Arc-shapedcoil breaks, usually located which is called the strength coefficient, is equal to
ing. More properly referred to as hydrogen-induced near the center of sheet or strip. the true stress at a true strain of 1.O. The strain-hard-
delayed cracking. stiffness. (1) The rate of stress with respect to strain; the eningexponent, a1socalled"n-value," is equal to the
steadite. A hard structural constituent of cast iron that greater the stress required to produce a given strain, slope of the true stress/true strain curve up to maxi-
consists of a binary eutectic of ferrite, containing the stiffer the material is said to be. (2) The ability of mum load, when plotted on log-log coordinates.The
some phosphorus in solution, and iron phosphide a material or shape to resist elastic deflection. For n-value relates to the ability of a sheet material to be
(Fe3P). The eutectic consists of 10.2% P and 89.8% identical shapes, the stiffness is proportional to the stretched in metalworking operations. The higher
Fe. The melting temperature is 1050 "C (1920 OF). modulus of elasticity. For a given material, the stiff- the n-value, the better the formability (stretchabil-
Stead's brittleness. A condition of brittleness that ness increases with increasing moment of inertia, ity).
causes transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain which is computed from cross-sectional dimensions. strain rate. The time rate of straining for the usual
structure that results from prolonged annealing of stock. A general term used to refer to a supply of metal tensile test. Strain as measured directly on the speci-
thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a in any form or shape and also to an individual piece men gage length is used for determining strain rate.
temperature below about 705 "C (1300 "F). The of metal that is formed, forged, or machined to make Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain
fracture usually occurs at about 45" to the direction Parts. rate are reciprocal time.
stopoff. Amaterial used on the surfaces adjacent to the strain-rate sensitivity (m-value). The increase in
of rolling.
steam hammer. A type of drop hammer in which the joint to limit the spread of soldering or brazing filler stress (0)needed to cause a certain increase in plastic
metal. See also resist. strain rate (E) at a given level of plastic strain (E) and
r a m is raised for each strokeby a double-actionsteam
stopper rod. A device in a bottom-pour ladle for con- a given temperature (7):
cylinder and the energy delivered to the workpiece is
trolling the flow of metal through the nozzle into a
supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and
mold. The stopper rod consists of a steel rod, protec-
attached upper die driven downward by steam pres-
tive refractory sleeves, and a graphite stopper head. Strain-ratesensitivity = rn =
sure. The energy delivered during each stroke can be
stopping off. (1) Applying a resist. (2) Depositing a
varied. metal (copper, for example) in localized areas to ET
steam treatment. The treatment of a sintered ferrous prevent carburization, decarburization, or nitriding
part in steam at temperatures between 510 and 595 in those areas. (3) Filling in a portion of a mold cavity
"C (950 to 1100 "F) in order to produce a layer of strain rods. (1) Rods sometimes used on gapframe
to keep out molten metal. metalforming presses to lessen the frame deflection.
black iron oxide (magnetite, or ferrous-ferric oxide, stradle milling. Face milling a workpiece on both sides (2) Rods used to measure elastic strain and thus
FeO.Fe,O,) on the exposed surface for the purpose at once using two cutters spaced as required. stresses, in frames of metalforming presses.
of increasing hardness and wear resistance. straightening. (1) Any bending, twisting, or stretching strain state. See state ofstrain.
Steckel mill. A cold reducing mill having two working operation to correct any deviation from straightness strand casting. A generic term describing continuous
rolls and two backup rolls, none of which is driven. in bars, tubes, or similar long parts or shapes. This casting of one or more elongated shapes such as
The strip is drawn through the mill by a power reel in deviation can be expressed as either camber (devia- billets, blooms, or slabs; if two or more shapes are
one direction as far as the strip will allow and then tion from a straight line) or as total indicator reading cast simultaneously,they are often of identical cross
reversed by a second power reel, and so on until the (TIR)per unit of length. (2) A finishing operation for section.
desired thickness is attained. correcting misalignment in a forging or between stranded electrode. A composite filler metal electrode
steel. An iron-base alloy, malleable in some tempera- various sections of a forging. See also roll straight- consisting of stranded wires that may mechanically
ture ranges as initially cast, containing manganese, ening. enclose materials to improve properties, stabilize the
usually carbon, and often other alloying elements. In straight polarity. See preferred term direct current arc, or provide shielding.
carbon steel and low-alloy steel, the maximum car- electrode negative (DCEN). stray current. (1) Current flowing through paths other
bon is about 2.0%; in high-alloy steel, about 2.5%. strain. The unit of change in the size or shape of a body than the intended circuit. (2) Current flowing in elec-
The dividing line between low-alloy and high-alloy due to force. Also known as nominal strain. The term trodepositionby way of an unplanned and undesired
steels is generally regarded as being at about 5% is also used in a broader sense to denote a dimension- bipolar electrode that may be the tank itself or a
metallic alloying elements. less number that characterizes the change in dimen- poorly connected electrode.
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56 / Glossary of Terms and Engineering Data

stray-current corrosion. Corrosion resulting from di- stress raisers. Design features (such as sharp corners) strike. (1) A thin electrodeposited film of metal to be
rect current flow through paths other than the in- or mechanical defects (such as notches) that act to overlaid with other plated coatings. (2) A plating
tended circuit. For example, by an extraneouscurrent intensify the stress at these locations. solution of high covering power and low efficiency
in the earth. stress range.See range of stress. designed to electroplate a thin, adherent film of met-
stress. The intensity of the internally distributed forces stress ratio (A or R).The algebraic ratio of two speci- al.
or components of forces that resist a change in the fied stress values in a stress cycle. ' h o commonly striking. Electrodepositing,under special conditions, a
volume or shape of a material that is or has been used stress ratios are: (1) the ratio of the alternating very thin film of metal that will facilitate further
subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in stress amplitude to the mean stress, A = SJS,; and plating with another metal or with the same metal
force per unit area. Stress can be normal (tension or (2)
. , the ratio of the minimum stress to the maxlmum under different conditions.
compression) or shear. See also compressive stress, stress, R = SmhlSmax. striking surface. Those areas on the faces of a set of
engineering stress. mean stress, nomiml stress, nor- stress relaxation. The time-deoendent decrease in metalforming dies that aredesigned to meet when the
mal stress, residual stress. shear stress, tensile stress, stress in a solid under constant constraint at constant upper die and lower die are brought together. The
and true stress. temperature. striking surface helps protect impressions from im-
stress amplitude. One-half the algebraic difference stress-relaxation curve. A plot of the remaining or pact shock and aids in maintaining longer die life.
between the maximum and minimum stresses in one relaxed stress as a functionof time. The relaxed stress stringer. In wrought materials, an elongated configura-
cycle of a repetitively varying stress. equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. tion of microconstituentsor foreign material aligned
stress concentration. On a macromechanicallevel, the Also known as stress-time curve. in the direction of working. The term is commonly
magnification of the level of an applied stress in the stress-relief cracking. Cracking in the heat-affected associated with elongated oxide or sulfideinclusions
region of a notch, void, hole, M inclusion. zone or weld metal that occurs during the exposure in steel.
stress concentration factor (KJ. A multiplying factor of weldments to elevated temperatures during post- stringer bead. A continuous weld bead made without
for applied stress that allows for the presence of a weld heat treatment, in order to reduce residual appreciable transverse oscillation (weaving motion).
structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; K, stresses and improve toughness, or high-temperature Contrast with weave bead.
equals the ratio of the greatest smss in the region of service. strip. (1) A flat-rolled metal product of some maximum
the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire stress-relief heat treatment. Uniform heating of a thickness and width arbitrarily dependent on the type
section. Also called theoretical stress concentration structure or a portion thereof to a sufficient tempera- of metal; narrower than sheet. (2) A roll-compacted
factor. ture to relieve the major portion of the residual metal powder product. See also roll compacting. (3)
stress corrosion. Preferential attack of areas under stresses, followed by uniform cooling. Removal of a powder metallurgy compact from the
stress in a corrosive environment, where such an stress relieving. Heating to a suitable temperature, die. An alternative to ejecting or knockout.
environmentalone would not have caused corrosion. holding long enough to reduce residual stresses, and stripper. A plate designed to remove, or strip, sheet
stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). A cracking process then cooling slowly enough to minimize the develop- metal stock from the punching members during the
that requires the simultaneous action of a corroded ment of new residual stresses. withdrawal cycle. Strippers are also used to guide
and sustained tensile stress. This excludes corrosion- stress-rupture strength. See creep-rupture strength. small precision punches in close-tolerance dies to
reduced sections that fail by fast fracture. It also stress-rupture test. See creep-rupture test. guide scrap away from dies and to assist in the cutting
excludes intercrystalline or transcrystalline corro- stress state. See state of stress. action. Strippers are made in two types: fixed and
sion, which can disintegrate an alloy without applied stress-strain curve. A graph in which corresponding movable.
or residual stress. Stress-corrosioncracking may oc- values of stress and strain from a tension, compres- stripper punch. A punch that serves as the top or
cur in combination with hydrogen embrittlement. sion, or torsion test are plotted against each other. bottom of a metalforming die cavity and later moves
stress-intensity factor. A scaling factor, usually de- Values of stress are usually plotted vertically (ordi- farther into the die to eject the part or compact. See
noted by the symbol K, used in linear-elasticfracture also ejector rod and knockout (3).
nates or y-axis) and values of strain horizontally
mechanics to describe the intensification of applied
stripping. (1) Removing a coating from a metal sur-
(abscissas or x-axis). Also known as deformation
stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. face. (2) Removing a foundry pattern from the mold
curve and stress-strain diagram.
or the core box from the core.
At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any struc- stretcher leveling. The leveling of a piece of sheet
structural shape. A piece of metal of any of several
ture containing a crack the factor is called the critical metal (that is, removing warp and distortion) by
designs accepted as standard by the structuralbranch
stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. gripping it at both ends and subjecting it to a stress of the iron and steel industries.
Various subscripts are used to denote different load- higher than its yield strength. structure. As applied to a crystal, the shape and size of
ing conditions or fracture toughnesses: stretcher straightening. A process for straightening the unit cell and the location of all atoms within the
rod, tubing, and shapes by the application of tension unit cell. As applied to microshucture, the size,
mane-stressfracturetoughness. The value of stress at the ends of the stock. The products are elongated a shape, and arrangement of phases. See also unit cell.
Kc
intensityat whichcrack propagationbxomes definite amount to remove warpage. stud arc welding. An arc weldingprocessthat produces
rapidin sectionsthillnerthanthose in whichplaos stretcher strains. Elongated markings that appear on coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc
strainconditionsprevail the surface of some sheet materials when deformed between a metal stud, or similar part, and the other
KI Stress-intensityfactorfora loading condition that just past the yield point. These markings lie approxi-
displacesthecrackfacesinadirtionnormalto workpiece. When the surfaces to be joined are prop
mately parallel to the direction of maximum shear erly heated, they are brought together under pressure.
thecrack plane (also known as dw.openingmode stress and are the result of localized yielding. See
of deformation). Partial shielding may be obtained by the use of a
planssuain fracturetoughness. Iheminimum value also Liiders lines. ceramic ferrule surrounding the stud. Shielding gas
Kk stretch former. (1) A machine used to perform stretch
ofK,foranygivenmatfflaIandcondition or flux may or may not be used.
Ku Dynamicf r a ~ m ~ ~ U ~ I U K SIhe
S . fracture toughness forming operations. (2) A device adaptable to a con- stud welding. A general term for joining a metal stud
determined underdynamic 1oadingconditions;it ventional press for accomplishingstretch forming. or similar part to a workpiece. Welding may be ac-
is used as an approximationof K I for ~ very tough stretch foming. The shaping of a metal sheet or part, commodated by arc, resistance, friction, or other
marerials. usually of uniform cross section, by fmt applying processes with or without external gas shielding.
Khe 'lhwbold stress-intensityfactorfor stresscorrosion suitable tension or stretch and then wrapping it
cracking.The criticalplane-strain stress intensity
Styrofoam pattern. An expendable pattern of foamed
around a die of the desired shape. plastic, especially expanded polystyrene, used in
at h e onset of stresscorrosioncracking under
specified conditions. stretching. The extension of the surface of a metal manufacturing castings by the lost foam process. See
sheet in all directions. In stretching, the flange of the also lost foam casting.
KQ Provisionalvalue for plane-strain fracture toughness.
K& 'lkshold shess intemityforstlessc-nosion flat blank is securely clamped. Deformation is re- subboundary structure (subgrain structure). A net-
cracking.Ihecritical stressintensity at theonset stricted to the area initially within the die. The work of low-angle boundaries, usually with misori-
of saessconosion crackingunder specified stretchinglimit is the onset of metal failure. entations less than 1' within the main grains of a
conditions. striation. A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in microstructure.
dK Iherangeofthestress-inte~~factorduringa electron micrographs, that indicates the position of subcritical annealing. An annealing treatment in
fatiguecycle. See alsofatigue crackgrowthrate. the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. which a steel is heated toa temperature below the A,
The distance between striations indicates the ad- temperature, then cooled slowly to room tempera-
vance of the crack front across that crystal during one ture. See also transformarion temperature.
stress-intensity factor range (L\K). In fatigue, the vari- stress cycle, and a line normal to the striations indi- subgrain. Aportion of a crystal or grain, with an orien-
ation in the stress-intensity factor in a cycle, that is, cates the direction of local crack propagation. See tation slightly different from the orientation of neigh-
K,, - K - See alsofatigue crack growth rate. also beach marks. boring portions of the same crystal.