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Introduction To COMMS 2 - Part 3 PDF

The document discusses Friis formula which is used to calculate the total noise factor of several cascaded amplifiers. It provides an example of calculating the total noise figure for three cascaded amplifier stages, each with noise figures of 3dB and power gains of 10 dB. It then asks the reader to determine the total noise figure for four cascaded amplifier stages with given noise figures of 3dB, 5dB, 10dB and 2 dB and power gains of 10dB each.

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Chase16
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110 views

Introduction To COMMS 2 - Part 3 PDF

The document discusses Friis formula which is used to calculate the total noise factor of several cascaded amplifiers. It provides an example of calculating the total noise figure for three cascaded amplifier stages, each with noise figures of 3dB and power gains of 10 dB. It then asks the reader to determine the total noise figure for four cascaded amplifier stages with given noise figures of 3dB, 5dB, 10dB and 2 dB and power gains of 10dB each.

Uploaded by

Chase16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

73
Friis formula
▸ When two or more amplifiers are cascaded, the total noise factor is the
accumulation of the individual noise factors. Friiss’ formula is used to
calculate the total noise factor of several cascaded amplifiers.
Mathematically:

𝐹2 −1 𝐹3 −1 𝐹𝑛 −1
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹1 + + +
𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴2 ….. 𝐴𝑛

Example: For three cascaded amplifier stages, each with noise figures of 3dB and
power gains of 10 dB, determine the total noise figure.
Try to solve
▸ Four cascades amplifier stages with noise figures of 3dB, 5dB, 10dB
and 2 dB and power gains of 10dB each respectively. Determine the
total noise figure.

3.75
EQUIVALENT NOISE
TEMPERATURE
Is a hypothetical value that cannot be directly measured. Te is a convenient
parameter often used rather than noise figure in low noise, sophisticated receivers.
It is not necessarily equal to the actual temp, but ma be higher or lower. It is often
found by way of the noise figure.
EXAMPLE
▸ Determine
▹ Noise figure for an equivalent noise temperature of 75K (use 290K
for the reference temperature)
▹ Equivalent noise temperature for a noise figure of 6dB

3.77
PERFORMANCE

One important issue in networking is the


performance of the network—how good is it? We
discuss quality of service, an overall
measurement of network performance. In this
section, we introduce terms that we need for
future chapters.

3.78
Note

In networking, we use the term bandwidth in


two contexts.
▪ The first, bandwidth in hertz, refers to the range

of frequencies in a composite signal or the range


of frequencies that a channel can pass.
▪ The second, bandwidth in bits per second,
refers to the speed of bit transmission in a
channel or link. Often referred to as Capacity.
3.79
Throughput

▸ The throughput is a measure of how fast we can actually send data through a
network. Although, at first glance, bandwidth in bits per second and throughput
seem the same, they are different.
▸ A link may have a bandwidth of B bps, but we can only send T bps through this link
with T always less than B. In other words, the bandwidth is a potential measurement
of a link; the throughput is an actual measurement of how fast we can send data.
▸ For example, we may have a link with a bandwidth of 1 Mbps, but the devices
connected to the end of the link may handle only 200 kbps. This means that we
cannot send more than 200 kbps through this link.
EXAMPLE
▸ A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000
frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits.
What is the throughput of this network?

▸ Solution
▸ We can calculate the throughput as

81
LATENCY

▸ The latency or delay defines how long it takes for an entire message to
completely arrive at the destination from the time the first bit is sent out
from the source. We can say that latency is made of four components:
propagation time, transmission time, queuing time and processing delay.

Latency = Propagation delay + Transmission delay + Queueing time +


Processing time

82
Propagation & Transmission delay

▸ Propagation speed - speed at which a bit travels though the medium


from source to destination.
▸ Transmission speed - the speed at which all the bits in a message arrive
at the destination. (difference in arrival time of first and last bit)

◎ Propagation Delay = Distance/Propagation speed


◎ Transmission Delay = Message size/bandwidth bps

3.83
EXAMPLE

▸ What is the propagation time if the distance between the two points is
12,000 km? Assume the propagation speed to be 2.4 × 108 m/s in cable.

Solution
▸ We can calculate the propagation time as

▸ The example shows that a bit can go over the Atlantic Ocean in only 50
ms if there is a direct cable between the source and the destination. 84
EXAMPLE

▸ What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5-kbyte
message (an e-mail) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Gbps? Assume
that the distance between the sender and the receiver is 12,000 km and
that light travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s.

▸ Note that in this case, because the message is short and the bandwidth is high, the dominant
factor is the propagation time, not the transmission time. The transmission time can be
ignored. 85
TRY TO SOLVE
▸ What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 5-Mbyte message (an
image) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Mbps? Assume that the distance between
the sender and the receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s.

Note that in this case, because the message is very long and the bandwidth is not very high,
the dominant factor is the transmission time, not the propagation time. The propagation
time can be ignored.

86
THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
▸ Messenger
▸ Email: [email protected]

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