Course rules

Score Distribution
•Mid-semester test 20 %
Database Environment •Final Exam 35 %
•Tutorial 20 %
Zaldy Adrianto
[email protected] • Assignment and Quizzes 25 %
Starting time : 01.00 PM
5 minutes late
Do not sign attendance list if you late.

Assignment
Reading Material
requirements
Use Referencing and citation system, FEB use APA Modern Database Management 10th or 11th Edition.
citation System Prentice Hall.
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Fred R.
•https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ McFadden
•https://www.library.cornell.edu/research/citation/apa
•http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/apa Database Processing 12th or 13th edition. Prentice
Plagiarism Hall.
• 100% Mark reduction
David M Kroenke, David Auer.
• Second Plagiarism will get “E”
• No Copy and Paste (Maximum 25% Similarity) Other Management Information System and
• Software to check plagiarism Accounting Information System textbooks.
• No Wikipedia
Score will be reduced by 25% a day for late assignments

Why study DBMS? Definition

Database
Accounting is an information system that : Organized collection of logically related data.
• Identifies
• Records
A database may be of any size and
• Communicates the economic events of an organization
complexity.
to interested users All database are computer based
Information is data that has been processed
in purposeful manner.
Therefore, Data should be managed.
 Definition Definition
Data Information is data that have been processed
Stored representations of objects and to increase knowledge of the person who
events that have meaning and importance uses the data
in the user’s environment
Database today may contain either data or
Structured: numbers, text, dates
Unstructured: images, video, documents
information (or both)
In this course we use the term database without
Today structured and unstructured data are
distinguishing its contents as data or information
often combined together in the same
database to create multimedia environment

Consider the following facts Data in Context

Adapted from : Modern

Database Management
7th Edition Adapted from : Modern
Database Management
7th Edition

Context helps users understand data

Another way to convert data into information is to summarize

them

Graphical displays turn data into useful information that

managers can use for decision making and interpretation
 Example of metadata
Metadata
Metadata: data that describes the
properties and context of user data
Metadata describing data context
including the source of the data, where
the data are stored, ownership, and usage.
Data only become useful when placed in
context Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,
including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context

Differences between Traditional file

data and metadata processing system
Metadata are once removed from data When computer-based data processing
(describe the properties of data but was first available, there were no
separate from the data) databases.
Metadata enables database designers and
users to understand what data exist, what
As business applications became more
the data mean, and the distinctions between complex, it became evident that
similar data. traditional file processing system had a
Data without clear meaning can be confusing
number of limitations
or misinterpreted

Traditional file
processing system
Still widely used, especially for backing
up database systems
Understanding the problems and
limitations inherent in file processing
systems can help us avoid these same
problems when designing database
systems Adapted from :
Modern Database
Management
7th Edition
 Traditional file Disadvantages of file
processing systems processing system

Program-Data Dependence
File descriptions are stored within each
application program that accesses a given file
Any changes to a file structure requires
changes to the file descriptions for all
programs that access the file.
http://entrepreneurs-
utar2010.blogspot.com/
2010/03/evolution-of-data-
management.html

Disadvantages of file Disadvantages of file

processing system (con’t) processing system (con’t)
Duplication of Data Limited Data Sharing
Because applications are often developed Each application has its own privates
independently in file processing system, files and users have little opportunity
unplanned duplicate data files are the rule
rather than exception. to share data outside their applications.
Also known as data redundancy

Disadvantages of file Disadvantages of file

processing system (con’t) processing system (con’t)
Excessive Program Maintenance
Lengthy Development Times
The preceding factors all combine to
Each new application requires that the create a heavy program maintenance
developer essentially start from scratch
by designing new file formats In fact, 80% of total information system
budget may be devoted to program
maintenance
 Problems with Data Dependency Problems with Data Redundancy

• Each application programmer must maintain Waste of space to have duplicate data
their own data
Causes more maintenance headaches
• Each application program needs to include
code for the metadata of each file The biggest problem:
• Each application program must have its own When data changes in one file, could
processing routines for reading, inserting, cause inconsistencies
updating and deleting data Compromises data integrity
• Lack of coordination and central control
• Non-standard file formats

SOLUTION: 
 Database Management

The DATABASE Approach System
Central repository of shared data A software system that is used to create,
Data is managed by a controlling agent maintain, and provide controlled access to
user databases
Stored in a standardized, convenient form
DBMS manages data resources like an
operating system manages hardware
Requires a Database Management System resources
(DBMS)

Database Management Advantages of database

System approach
Program-data Independence
The separation of data descriptions
(metadata) from the application
programs
Minimal Data Redundancy
Each primary fact is recorded (ideally)
in only one place in database
 Advantages of database Advantages of database
approach approach
Improved data consistency Increased productivity of application development

By eliminating (or controlling), it will reduce Greatly reduces the cost and time for developing
new business applications
the opportunities for inconsistency
Enforcement of standards
Improved Data Sharing
When database approach is implemented with full
A database is designed as a shared corporate management support, the database administration
resource. Authorized internal and external function should be granted single-point authority
users are granted permissions to use the for establishing and enforcing data standard
database

Advantages of database Advantages of database

approach approach
Reduced program maintenance
Improved data quality Stored data must be changed frequently for a
variety of reasons.
By specify integrity constraint. Constraint is a
rule that can not be violated by database users. we can change either the data or applications
programs without a change in other factor
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
Improved decision support
End users without programming experience
can often retrieve and display data, even when
it crosses traditional departmental boundaries

Cost and risk of Database Approach

database approach Enterprise Data Model
Graphical model showing high-level
New specialized personnel entities and relationships for the
organization
Installation and Management cost and complexity
Relational Databases
Conversion Costs
Database technology involving tables
Need for explicit backup and recovery (relations) representing entities and
Organizational conflict primary/foreign keys representing
relationship
enterprise data model
One customer may place
many orders, but each
order is placed by a
single customer
 One-to-many
relationship

One product can be in many

order lines, each order line
refers to a single product
One order has many order
lines; each order line is  One-to-many relationship
associated with a single order
 One-to-many relationship

Relational database

Therefore, one order involves

many products and one product
is involved in many orders
 Many-to-many relationship

Relationships established in special columns

that provide links between tables
 Relational database
Database Approach
model
Use of Internet Technology
Networks and telecommunications,
distributed databases, client-server and
3-tier architectures
Database Applications
Application programs used to perform
http://exonous.typepad.com/mis/relat.gif http://www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/
2380220307001.png database activities (create, read, update,
and delete) for database users

Client/server system architecture Components of the 


Database Environment
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
Tools
Automated tools used to design databases
and application programs

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sshots/sde_for_jbuilder__me__for_java_platform_25815.gif

Components of the 
 Components of the 


Database Environment Database Environment (con’t)
Database
Repository Organized collection of logically related data.
Centralized knowledge base for all Application Programs
data definitions, data relationship, Computers programs that are used to create and
screen and report formats and other maintain the database and provide information to
systems components users
User Interface
Database Management System (DBMS)
Text and graphical displays to users
Software for managing the database
 Components of the 
 Components of the 

Database Environment
Database Environment (con’t)
Data Administrators
Personnel responsible for maintaining the
database
System Developers
Personnel responsible for designing databases
and software
End Users
People who use the applications and databases

Q &A