MUFFAKHAM JAH

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PC451EC ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB

(With effect from the academic year 2015-2016)

STUDENT’S MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
AEC LAB MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Vision and Mission of the Institution

Vision
To be part of universal human quest for development and progress by contributing high calibre,
ethical and socially responsible engineers who meet the global challenge of building modern
society in harmony with nature.

Mission
• To attain excellence in imparting technical education from the undergraduate through
doctorate levels by adopting coherent and judiciously coordinated curricular and co-curricular
programs
• To foster partnership with industry and government agencies through collaborative research
and consultancy
• To nurture and strengthen auxiliary soft skills for overall development and improved
employability in a multi-cultural work space
• To develop scientific temper and spirit of enquiry in order to harness the latent innovative
talents
• To develop constructive attitude in students towards the task of nation building and empower
them to become future leaders
• To nourish the entrepreneurial instincts of the students and hone their business acumen.
• To involve the students and the faculty in solving local community problems through
economical and sustainable solutions.
Vision and Mission of ECE Department
Vision
To be recognized as a premier education center providing state of art education and facilitating
research and innovation in the field of Electronics and Communication.

Mission
We are dedicated to providing high quality, holistic education in Electronics and Communication
Engineering that prepares the students for successful pursuit of higher education and challenging
careers in research, R& D and Academics.

Program Educational Objectives of B. E (ECE) Program:

1. Graduates will demonstrate technical competence in their chosen fields of employment by

identifying, formulating, analyzing and providing engineering solutions using current
techniques and tools
2. Graduates will communicate effectively as individuals or team members and demonstrate
leadership skills to be successful in the local and global cross-cultural working environment
3. Graduates will demonstrate lifelong learning through continuing education and professional
development
4. Graduates will be successful in providing viable and sustainable solutions within societal,
professional, environmental and ethical contexts

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AEC LAB MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF ECE

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BANJARA HILLS, ROAD NO-3, TELANGANA

LABORATORY MANUAL

FOR

ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB

Prepared by: Checked by:

Approved by:

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AEC LAB MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF ECE

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

(Name of the Subject/Lab Course): Analog Electronic Circuits

Code: EC281 Programme: UG

Branch: ECE Version No: 1

Year : II Updated on: 20/3/16

Semester :II No. of Pages:

Classification Status(Unrestricted/restricted): Unrestricted

Distribution List :Department, Lab, Library, Lab Incharge

Prepared by: 1) Name : 1) Name :

2) Sign : 2) Sign :

3)Designation : 3) Designation :

4) Date : 4) Date :

Verified by: 1) Name : * For Q.C Only

2) Sign : 1) Name :

3)Designation : 2) Sign :

4) Date : 3) Designation :

4) Date :

Approved by: (HOD) 1) Name:

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3) Date :

EC 281

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ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB

Instructions 3 Periods per week
Duration of University Examination 3 Hours
University Examination 50 Marks
Sessionals 25 Marks
Objectives:

1. Verify frequency response of BJT and FET amplifiers

2. Design different negative feedback amplifiers circuits
3. Design AF and RF oscillator circuits.
4. Design power amplifiers
5. Demonstrate various circuits using PSPICE and verifying functionality.
6. Design passive filters.

Lab Experiments: PART – A

1. Design & frequency response of single stage and multistage RC Coupled amplifier using BJT.
2. Design & frequency response of single stage and multistage RC Coupled amplifier using FET.
3. Voltage series feedback amplifier.
4. Current shunt feedback amplifier.
5. Voltage shunt feedback amplifier.
6. Current series feedback amplifier.
7. RC phase shift, Wein bridge oscillator.
8. Hartley oscillator & Colpitts Oscillator.
9. Design of Class-A power amplifier.
10. Design of Class-B power amplifier.
11. Frequency response of Tuned Amplifiers (Single and Double).
12. Transistor regulator.
13. SPICE Simulation and analysis of BJT and FET amplifier circuits.

PART – B
14. Constant K low pass and high pass filter
15. m-derived low pass and high pass filter

Suggested Reading:

1. Paul B. Zbar, Albert P.Malvino, Michael Miller, Basic Electronics, A Text- Lab Manual,7th ed.,
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,2001.
2. David Bell A, Laboratory Manual for Electrical Circuits, PHI-New Delhi, 2009.
3. Hayt W H Kemmerly J.E and Durbin SM, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8th ed., McGraw Hill
Education (India) Private Limited, 2013.

Note:
1. A total of not less than 12 experiments must be carried out during the semester. (Where ever
possible, more than 1 lab experiment should be carried out in one lab session of 3 periods per
week.)
2. The experiments should be performed on bread board using discrete components.
3. There should not be more than 2 students per batch while performing any of the lab experiment.

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ANALOG ELECTRONICS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

GENERAL GUIDELINES AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

1. Sign in the log register as soon as you enter the lab and strictly observe your lab timings.
2. Strictly follow the written and verbal instructions given by the teacher / Lab Instructor. If
you do not understand the instructions, the handouts and the procedures, ask the
instructor or teacher.
3. Never work alone! You should be accompanied by your laboratory partner and / or the
instructors / teaching assistants all the time.
4. It is mandatory to come to lab in a formal dress and wear your ID cards.
5. Do not wear loose-fitting clothing or jewellery in the lab. Rings and necklaces are usual
excellent conductors of electricity.
6. Mobile phones should be switched off in the lab. Keep bags in the bag rack.
7. Keep the labs clean at all times, no food and drinks allowed inside the lab.
8. Intentional misconduct will lead to expulsion from the lab.
9. Do not handle any equipment without reading the safety instructions. Read the handout
and procedures in the Lab Manual before starting the experiments.
10. Do your wiring, setup, and a careful circuit checkout before applying power. Do not
make circuit changes or perform any wiring when power is on.
11. Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits.
12. Do not insert connectors forcefully into the sockets.
13. NEVER try to experiment with the power from the wall plug.
14. Immediately report dangerous or exceptional conditions to the Lab instructor / teacher:
Equipment that is not working as expected, wires or connectors are broken, the
equipment that smells or “smokes”. If you are not sure what the problem is or what's
going on, switch off the Emergency shutdown.
15. Never use damaged instruments, wires or connectors. Hand over these parts to the Lab
instructor/Teacher.
16. Be sure of location of fire extinguishers and first aid kits in the laboratory.
17. After completion of Experiment, return the bread board, trainer kits, wires, CRO probes
and other components to lab staff. Do not take any item from the lab without permission.
18. Observation book and lab record should be carried to each lab. Readings of current lab
experiment are to be entered in Observation book and previous lab experiment should be
written in Lab record book. Both the books should be corrected by the faculty in each lab.
19. Handling of Semiconductor Components:Sensitive electronic circuits and electronic
components have to be handled with great care. The inappropriate handling of electronic
component can damage or destroy the devices. The devices can be destroyed by driving
to high currents through the device, by overheating the device, by mixing up the polarity,
or by electrostatic discharge (ESD). Therefore, always handle the electronic devices as
indicated by the handout, the specifications in the data sheet or other documentation.
20. Special Precautions during soldering practice
a. Hold the soldering iron away from your body. Don't point the iron towards you.
b. Don't use a spread solder on the board as it may cause short circuit.
c. Do not overheat the components as excess heat may damage the components/board.
d. In case of burn or injury seek first aid available in the lab or at the college dispensary

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List of Experiments Page

1) Single Stage R-C Coupled CE BJT Amplifier………………………….…………...…...08

2) Single Stage R-C Coupled CS JFET Amplifier…………………………….….………...13

3) Two Stage R-C Coupled CE BJT Amplifier ….………………………….….…….…….17

4) Two Stage R-C Coupled CS FET Amplifier…………………………….……………….22

5) Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier…………….………………………..……….………27

6) Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier…………………………………….………….….….31

7) RC Phase-Shift Oscillator……………………………………….……….…….…..…….35

8) Colpitts Oscillator………………………………………………………….….…....……39

9) Hartley Oscillator ………………………………………………………….…….....……42

10) Single Tuned Amplifier………………………………………………………….….…..45

11) Double Tuned Amplifier…………………………………………………………....…..49

12) Constant K Low Pass Filter..………………………….…………………………..…....53

13) m-Derived High Pass Filter……………………………………………………...……..56

14)Appendix………………………………………………………………………………..59

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EXPERIMENT NO: 1
SINGLE STAGE R-C COUPLED CE BJT AMPLIFIER
Aim:-
1. To design a single stage R-C coupled Common Emitter BJT amplifier and plot its
frequency response.
2. To calculate the gain and find the cut off frequencies and Bandwidth.

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BC547 1
Resistor 74K , 15K , 4.7K , 1K , 2.2K , 8.2K 1,1,1,1,1,1
Capacitor 10µF,100µF, 1 KPF 2, 1,1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BC 547:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:

An amplifier is an electronic circuit that can increase the strength of a weak input signal without
distorting its shape. A BJT can be used as an amplifier in the active region. The factor by which
the input signal gets multiplied after passing through the amplifier circuit is called the gain of the
amplifier. It is given by the ratio of the output and input signals.

Gain = output signal / input signal

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A self bias circuit is used in the amplifier circuit because it provides highest Q-point stability
among all the biasing circuits ie, its stability factor is the least of all. A plot of the gain of the
amplifier and frequency is called the frequency response curve. The frequencies at which the
gain of the amplifier is 1/√2 times the maximum value of gain are called the cutoff frequencies
or 3 dB frequencies. The difference of these cutoff frequencies is called the bandwidth of the
amplifier.
Bandwidth = fH - fL
Where fL is called the lower cutoff frequency and fH is called the higher cutoff frequency.

Design:
Q: Design a single stage RC coupled amplifier using a BJT in CE configuration to provide a gain
of 100, lower cutoff frequency 55 Hz and an upper cutoff frequency of 55 KHz. Use BJT BC547
for which β = 200, hfe = 50, hie = 1.5 KΩ and VBE(active) = 0.65V. The biasing conditions are as
follows.VCC = 12V, IC = 1mA, VCE = 6V and Stability factor is S = 10. Use RC = 4.7KΩ.
Solution:
Use, I C    I B Divide RB with VB:
V  RB
 R1  CC  73.5K
 I B  5A VB
Apply KVL to the output loop: R  R2
 VCC  I C  RC  VCE  I C  RE  0 Also, RB  1  R2  14.8K
R R 1 2
 RE  1.3K Design of RL:-
Apply Thevenin‟s theorem to the base  h fe  RL'
circuit, then We know that, gain AV 
hie
V  R2 R  R2
VB  CC And RB  1  RL'  3K
R1  R2 R1  R2
RL  RC
We know that the stability factor for a self But, RL' 
bias circuit is given by, RL  RC
1   RL  8.3K
S
  RE Design of CE and Csh:-
1
RB  RE 1  h fe
We know that fL 
 RB  12.31K 2hie C E
Apply KVL to the input loop, then  C E  100F
 VB  I B  RB  VBE  I E  RE  0 1
Also, f H   C sh  1KPF
 VB  2.01 V 2RL' C sh
Assume, Cb = Cc = 10μF and RS = 2.2KΩ

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Circuit diagram:

Fig(1) DC bias for the BJT

Fig(2) RC Coupled CE BJT Amplifier

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1 and obtain the DC bias conditions VBE, IB, VCE, IC.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 2, Set source voltage as 30mV P-P at 1 KHz
frequency using the function generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage as constant, vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 1 MHz in
regular steps and note down the corresponding output P-P voltage.
4. Plot the graph for gain in (dB) verses Frequency on a semi log graph sheet.
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Observations:

VS = 30mV

DC conditions:

VBE = ……………. VCE = ………………

IB = ……………… IC = ………………..

Frequency Response:

Frequency Vs (Volts) Vo(Volts) Gain = Vo/Vs Gain(dB) = 20 log(Vo/Vs)

Expected graph:

Fig(3) frequency response of RC Coupled CE BJT Amplifier

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Result:

1. The frequency response curve of the amplifier is plotted.

2. Mid band gain, Am = ………………
3. Lower cutoff frequency, fL = ………………..
Higher cutoff frequency, fH = ……………….

Bandwidth = fH – fL = ………….……

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EXPERIMENT NO: 2

SINGLE STAGE R-C COUPLED CS JFET AMPLIFIER

Aim:

1. To design a single stage R-C coupled Common Source JFET amplifier and plot its frequency
response.
2. To find the cut off frequencies, Bandwidth and calculate its gain.

Components:

Name Quantity
JFET BFW 11 1
Resistor 4.7K , 27K , 1K , 1M 1, 1, 1, 1
Capacitor 1µF, 10µF, 1KPF 2,1,1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual power supply 0-30V 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For FET BFW11:

Gate Source Voltage VGS = -30V

Forward Gain Current IGF = 10mA

Maximum Power Dissipation PD = 300mW

Theory:

An amplifier is an electronic circuit that can increase the strength of a weak input signal without
distorting its shape. A JFET can be used as an amplifier in the pinch-off region. The factor by which the
input signal gets multiplied after passing through the amplifier circuit is called the gain of the amplifier. It
is given by the ratio of the output and input signals.

Gain = output signal / input signal

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A source self bias circuit is used in the amplifier circuit. A plot of the gain of the amplifier and frequency
is called the frequency response curve. The frequencies at which the gain of the amplifier is 1/√2 times
the maximum value of gain are called the cutoff frequencies or 3 dB frequencies. The difference of these
cutoff frequencies is called the bandwidth of the amplifier.
Bandwidth = fH - fL
Where fL is called the lower cutoff frequency and fH is called the higher cutoff frequency.
This amplifier is commonly used in buffering applications where the demand is for higher input
impedance and gain is not of prime importance.
Design:

Q: Design a single stage JFET amplifier to provide a voltage gain of 10, lower cutoff frequency 50 Hz
and an upper cutoff frequency of 50 KHz. Use JFET BFW10 for which IDSS = 13mA, VP = -4V, gm =
3mS, and rd = 20KΩ. The biasing conditions are as follows. VDD = 25V, VDS = 10V, ID = 2.5mA.

Solution:
 V 
2
 VDD  I D  RD  VDS  I D  RS  0
Using I D  I DSS  1  GS 
 VP   RD  5K  4.7 K
We know that the voltage gain of a FET
 ID 
 VGS  VP  1    2.25V

amplifier is given by,
 I DSS   rd  RL' 
Assume that Rg = 1MΩ AV   g m    RL  27 K
' 
 rd  RL 
Apply KVL to input loop:
 I G  Rg  VGS  I D  RS  0 g
To find CS: C S  m  10F
2f L
But IG = 0.
To find CSh:
 VGS
 RS   0.9 K  1K 1
ID C Sh   1nF  1KPF
2RL'' f H

Apply KVL to the output loop:

Circuit diagram:

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Fig(1)- DC bias of CS JFET

Fig(2)- RC Coupled CS JFET Amplifier

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1 and obtain the DC bias conditions VGS, IG, VDS, ID.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 2, Set source voltage as 50mV P-P at 1 KHz
frequency using the function generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage as constant, vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 1 MHz in
regular steps and note down the corresponding output P-P voltage.
4. Plot the graph for gain in (dB) verses Frequency on a semi log graph sheet.
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Observations:

VS = 50mV

DC conditions:-

VGS = ……………. VDS = ………………

IG = ……………… ID = ………………..

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Frequency Response:

Frequency Vs (Volts) Vo(Volts) Gain = Vo/Vs Gain(dB) = 20 log(Vo/Vs)

Expected graph:

Fig(3)- Frequency response of RC Coupled CS JFET Amplifier

Result:

1. The frequency response curve of the amplifier is plotted.

2. Mid band gain, Am = ………………
3. Lower cutoff frequency, fL = ………………..
Higher cutoff frequency, fH = ……………….
Bandwidth, fH – fL = ……………

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EXPERIMENT NO: 3

TWO STAGE R-C COUPLED CE BJT AMPLIFIER

Aim:-
1. To design a two stage R-C coupled Common Emitter BJT amplifier and plot its
frequency response.
2. To see the effect of cascading upon gain and bandwidth,

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BC547 2
Resistor 100K , 8.2K , 820 , 680 , 120 , 4.7K , 2.2K , 2,4,1,1,1,1,1
Capacitor 10µF,100µF, 1 KPF 3, 2,1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BC 547:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:

Cascading in amplifiers is a process of connecting the output of one amplifier to the input of the
next and so on so forth. Cascading is used to increase the gain of the amplifier, but due to
cascading bandwidth gets reduced.

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In a multistage amplifier the overall voltage gain is the product of individual voltage gains. But
the bandwidth of a multistage amplifier is always smaller than the bandwidth of individual
stages.

Design:
Design a two stage amplifier to provide an overall mid band gain of 900, and a bandwidth of 55
KHz. Use BJT BC547 for which β = 250, hfe = 60, hie = 1.5KΩ and VBE(active) = 0.65 V. The
biasing conditions are VCC = 20V, IC = 1mA, VCE = 11V and stability factor S = 10. Use
RC = 8.2K, RS = 2.2K and Cb = Cc = 10μF.
Design:-
But, Re1  Re1  Re1
Apply KVL to output loop: ' ''

 VCC  I C  RC  VCE  I C  Re  0
 Re''1  700  680
 Re  800
We know that the stability factor is given by An overall gain of 900 is desired from the
1  amplifier of which 7.5 is provided by first
S
  Re stage. Therefore the second stage must
1 provide a gain of 120.
Rb  Re  Rb  7.69K
We know that,
Applying KVL to the input loop:
 Vb  I B  Rb  VBE  I E  Re  0  h fe  RL' 2
AV 2 
 Vb  1.5V hie  RL' 2  3K
VCC  Rb RC 2  RL 2
R1   100 K RL' 2 
Now, Vb But, RC 2  RL 2  RL 2  4.7 K
R  R2 Overall bandwidth is given as 55 KHz. As
Rb  1
Also, R1  R2  R2  8.2K the shunt capacitor is placed in the second
Design of RL : To reduce the gain of first stage, the bandwidth for first stage will be
stage, split its emitter resistance into two very high in comparison with that for the
resistors and leave one resistor un-bypassed. second stage. Therefore the overall
Assume that a gain of 7.5 is desired from the bandwidth will be equal to the bandwidth of
first stage. Also, the load resistor for this the second stage.
stage is a parallel combination of RC1, RB2  BW   BW 2  f H 2  55KHz
and Ri2, which is equal to 1.08KΩ. 1
C Sh   1nF  1KPF
 h fe  R '
Now, 2R f H 2
''

AV 1 
L1 L2

hie  1  h fe  R '
e1 Assume the emitter bypass capacitor to be
Then,
100μF for each stage.
 Re' 1  120

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Circuit diagram:

Fig(1) DC bias for the BJT

Fig(2) Two stage RC Coupled CE BJT Amplifier

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure1.

2) Note the DC conditions i.e, the values of base, collector currents and base to emitter,
collector to emitter voltages for each stage.

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3) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2, Adjust the input signal frequency to 1 KHz and
the peak to peak value of Vi1 to 2 or 3mV. Note the peak to peak value of output voltage
Vo1 and Vo2. Calculate the voltage gain of each stage.

VO1 VO 2
AV 1  AV 2 
For stage-1, Vi1 For stage-2, VO1

And overall voltage gain is, AV  AV 1  AV 2

4) Vary the frequency of the input signal from 30 Hz to 500 KHz in appropriate steps,
maintain the Vi1 constant at 2mV and note the output voltages in each step.

5) Calculate the gains AV1, AV2, and AV for each value of frequency. Plot a graph between
gain and frequency for each stage and the overall stage

6) Calculate bandwidth of each stage and the overall stage from the graph.

Observations:

DC conditions:

For stage-1, VBE1 = ……………. VCE1 = ………………

IB1 = ……………… IC1 = ………………..

For stage-2, VBE2 = ……………. VCE2 = ………………

IB2 = ……………… IC2 = ………………..

Frequency Response:

Sl.No. Frequency Vi1 VO1 VO2 (V) VO1 VO 2 AV  AV 1  AV 2

AV 1  AV 2 
Vi1 VO1
(mV) (mV)

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Expected graph:

Fig(3) frequency response of Two stage RC Coupled CE BJT Amplifier

Result:

1) The frequency response of individual and overall stages is plotted.

2) Mid frequency gains are,

AVm1 = ……………. AVm2 = …………… AVm = ………………

3) Bandwidths are,

BW1 = …………… BW2 = ………….. BW = …………..

4) It is observed that cascading in amplifiers increases the voltage gain but decreases the
bandwidth.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 4

TWO STAGE R-C COUPLED CS JFET AMPLIFIER

Aim:

1. To design a two stage R-C coupled Common Source JFET amplifier and plot its frequency
response.
2. To see the effect of cascading upon gain and bandwidth

Components:

Name Quantity
JFET BFW 11 2
Resistor 4.7K , 12K , 1K , 1M 2, 1, 2, 2
Capacitor 1µF, 10µF, 1KPF 3,2,1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual power supply 0-30V 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For FET BFW11:

Gate Source Voltage VGS = -30V

Forward Gain Current IGF = 10mA

Maximum Power Dissipation PD = 300mW

Theory:

Cascading in amplifiers is a process of connecting the output of one amplifier to the input of the
next and so on so forth. Cascading is used to increase the gain of the amplifiers and also to get
desired values of input and output impedances.

In a multistage amplifier the overall voltage gain is the product of individual voltage gains. But
the bandwidth of a multistage amplifier is always smaller than the bandwidth of individual
stages.

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Design:

Design a two stage FET amplifier to provide an overall gain of 100, lower cutoff frequency of 75
Hz and 55 KHz. Use FET BFW10 for which gm = 3 mS, rd = 20 KΩ, IDSS = 14 mA, and VP = -4
V. The DC conditions are as follows. ID = 2.5 mA, VDS = 10 V and VDD = 24 V.

SOL:
Using

 V 
2 Again,
I D  I DSS  1  GS   rd  RL' 2 
 VP  AV 2   g m   ' 
  RL' 2  3.44 K
 rd  RL 2 
 ID   RL  12 K
 VGS  VP  1    2.3V

 I DSS  Design of capacitors:
Assume that Rg = 1MΩ
Given f L  75Hz
*

Apply KVL to input loop:

And individual cutoff frequency is
 I G  Rg  VGS  I D  RS  0 1
f L  f L*  2 n
1
But IG = 0.
 f L  48.3Hz
 VGS
 RS   0.92 K  1K gm
ID CS   10F
Now, 2f L
Apply KVL to the output loop:
Overall higher cutoff frequency is given as
 VDD  I D  RD  VDS  I D  RS  0 55KHz. The higher cutoff frequency for first
stage will be very high in comparison with
 RD  5K  4.7 K that for the second stage. Therefore the
overall higher cutoff frequency will be equal
For stage-1: Gain,
to that of the second stage.
 r  RL' 1 
AV 1   g m   d ' 
  11.37
 rd  R L1   f H 2  f H*  55KHz

Hence the gain for second stage is given by, 1

C Sh   1nF  1KPF
Now, 2R f H 2 ''
L2
A
AV 2  V  8.8
AV 1

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Circuit diagram:

Fig(1)- DC bias of CS JFET

Fig(2)- Two stage RC Coupled CS JFET Amplifier

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure1 .

2) Note the DC conditions i.e, the values of base, collector currents and base to emitter,
collector to emitter voltages for each stage.

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3) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2, Adjust the input signal frequency to 1 KHz and
the peak to peak value of Vi1 to 10 mV. Note the peak to peak value of output voltage Vo1
and Vo2. Calculate the voltage gain of each stage.

VO1 VO 2
AV 1  AV 2 
For stage-1, Vi1 For stage-2, VO1

And overall voltage gain is, AV  AV 1  AV 2

4) Vary the frequency of the input signal from 30 Hz to 500 KHz in appropriate steps,
maintain the Vi1 constant at 2mV and note the output voltages in each step.

5) Calculate the gains AV1, AV2, and AV for each value of frequency. Plot a graph between
gain and frequency for each stage and the overall stage

6) Calculate bandwidth of each stage and the overall stage from the graph.

Observations:

DC conditions:

For stage-1, VGS1 = ……………. VDS1 = ………………

ID1 = ………………

For stage-2, VGS2 = ……………. VDS2 = ………………

ID2 = ………………

Frequency Response:

Sl.No. Frequency Vi1 VO1 VO2 (V) VO1 VO 2 AV  AV 1  AV 2

AV 1  AV 2 
Vi1 VO1
(mV) (mV)

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Expected graph:

Fig(3)- Frequency response of Two stage RC Coupled CS JFET Amplifier

Result:

1) The frequency response of individual and overall stages is plotted.

2) Mid frequency gains are,

AVm1 = ……………. AVm2 = …………… AVm = ………………

3) Bandwidths are,

BW1 = …………… BW2 = ………….. BW = …………..

4) It is observed that cascading in amplifiers increases the voltage gain but decreases the
bandwidth.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 5

VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Aim:
1. To plot the frequency response of a voltage series feedback amplifier
2. To see the effect of feed back upon gain and bandwidth,

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BC547 2
Resistor 100K , 8.2K , 820 , 680 , 120 , 4.7K , 2.2K , 2,4,1,1,1,1,1
Capacitor 10µF,100µF, 1 KPF 3, 2,1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BC 547:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:

Negative feedback is defined as a process of returning a part of the output signal to the input out
of phase with the input signal. It reduces gain and increases bandwidth. Negative feedback is
employed in amplifier circuits to improve the stability of the gain, reduce distortion and the
effect of noise. It also helps in obtaining desired values of input and output resistances.

A voltage series feedback amplifier samples output voltage and returns the feedback signal to the
input in series opposing. Feedback signal is a voltage signal.

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V f  VO

Voltage series feedback increases input resistance and decreases output resistance.

Circuit diagram:

Fig(1) DC bias for the BJT

Fig(2) Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. Note the DC conditions.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2. The switch must be open circuit, Then the
circuit does not has feedback.

3. Adjust the input signal frequency to 1 KHz and the peak to peak amplitude to 3mV. Note
the output voltage and calculate the gain.

4. Vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 500 KHz in appropriate steps and note VS and VO in
V
Av  O
each case. Calculate the gain without feedback as VS .

5. Plot a graph between gain and frequency. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.

6. Now connect the switch as short circuit. This will introduce voltage series feedback in the
circuit. Repeat steps 3 to 5. in this case vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 2 MHz.

7. Compare the gain and bandwidth with and without feedback

Observations:

DC conditions:-

For stage-1, VBE1 = ……………. VCE1 = ………………

IB1 = ……………… IC1 = ………………..

For stage-2, VBE2 = ……………. VCE2 = ………………

IB2 = ……………… IC2 = ………………..

Frequency Response:-

Frequency Response:
Sl.No. Frequency Vi VO VO f VO VO f
AV  AV 
(mV) (V) (V) Vi f
Vi

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Expected graph:

Fig(3) Frequency response of Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier

Result:

Gain without feedback = -----------

Bandwidth without feedback = ----------

Gain with feedback = -----------

Bandwidth with feedback = ----------

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EXPERIMENT NO: 6

CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Aim:
1. To plot the frequency response of a current shunt feedback amplifier
2. To see the effect of feed back upon gain and bandwidth,

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BC547 2
Resistor 100K , 8.2K , 820 , 680 , 120 , 4.7K , 2.2K , 2,4,1,1,1,1,1
Capacitor 10µF,100µF, 1 KPF 3, 2,1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BC 547:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:

Negative feedback is defined as a process of returning a part of the output signal to the input out
of phase with the input signal. It reduces gain and increases bandwidth. Negative feedback is
employed in amplifier circuits to improve the stability of the gain, reduce distortion and the
effect of noise. It also helps in obtaining desired values of input and output resistances.

A current shunt feedback amplifier samples output current and returns the feedback signal to the
input in shunt. Feedback signal is a voltage signal.

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I f  I L

Current shunt feedback increases output resistance and decreases input resistance.

Circuit diagram:

Fig(1) DC bias for the BJT

Fig(2) Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. Note the DC conditions.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2. The switch must be open circuit, Then the
circuit does not has feedback.

3. Adjust the input signal frequency to 1 KHz and the peak to peak amplitude to 3mV. Note
the output voltage and calculate the gain.

4. Vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 500 KHz in appropriate steps and note VS and VO in
V
Av  O
each case. Calculate the gain without feedback as VS .

5. Plot a graph between gain and frequency. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.

6. Now connect the switch as short circuit. This will introduce current shunt feedback in the
circuit. Repeat steps 3 to 5. in this case vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 2 MHz.

7. Compare the gain and bandwidth with and without feedback

Observations:

DC conditions:

For stage-1, VBE1 = ……………. VCE1 = ………………

IB1 = ……………… IC1 = ………………..

For stage-2, VBE2 = ……………. VCE2 = ………………

IB2 = ……………… IC2 = ………………..

Frequency Response:
Sl.No. Frequency Vi VO VO f VO VO f
AV  AV 
(mV) (V) (V) Vi f
Vi

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Expected graph:

Fig(3) frequency response of Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier

Result:

Gain without feedback = -----------

Bandwidth without feedback = ----------

Gain with feedback = -----------

Bandwidth with feedback = ----------

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EXPERIMENT NO : 7

RC PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR

Aim:
To design and study the operation of RC Phase-shift Oscillator using BJT and verify
Barkhausen‟s criterion.

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BC547 1
Resistor 74K , 15K , 4.7K , 1K , 6.8K,2.2K 1,1,2,1,2,1
Capacitor 10µF,100µF, 1 KPF 2, 1,3

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BC 547:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:-

An oscillator is an electronic circuit that provides an AC output without using any AC input. All
Sinusoidal oscillator circuits use the concept of positive feedback to produce oscillations. An
oscillator circuit must satisfy the Barkhausen‟s criterion of unity loop gain to produce
oscillations.

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The Common Emitter amplifier provides a phase shift of 180˚. Additional 180˚ of phase shift
required to satisfy the Barkhausen‟s criterion of phase shift is provided by the RC phase-shifting
network. RC Phase-shift oscillator is used at Audio Frequencies.

Design:
Q: Design RC Phase-shift oscillator circuit to provide oscillations at a frequency of 8 KHz. Use
BJT BC547 for which β = 200, hfe = 50, hie = 1.5 KΩ and VBE(active) = 0.65V. The biasing
conditions are as follows.VCC = 12V, IC = 1mA, VCE = 6V and Stability factor is S = 10.
Use RC = 4.7KΩ.

Solution:

Use, I C    I B Apply KVL to the input loop, then

 I B  5A  VB  I B  RB  VBE  I E  RE  0

Apply KVL to the output loop:  VB  2.01 V

 VCC  I C  RC  VCE  I C  RE  0 Divide RB with VB:

 RE  1.3K VCC  RB
 R1   73.5K
VB
Apply Thevenin‟s theorem to the base
circuit, then R1  R2
Also, RB   R2  14.8K
R1  R2
VCC  R2 R  R2
VB  And RB  1
R1  R2 R1  R2 1
fo 
We know that 2  RC 6  4 K
We know that the stability factor for a self
R
bias circuit is given by, K C
where R

Assume that R  6.8K . Then C  1KPF .

1 
S
  RE R3  hie  R  R3  4.7 K
1 Also
RB  RE

 RB  12.31K

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Circuit diagram:-
For Part-I:

Fig (1) : RC Phase shift oscillator

For Part-II:

Fig (2): Amplifier Circuit diagram

AEC LAB MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Fig (3): Feedback network

Procedure:-

Part-I: Study of operation

1) Connect the self bias circuit and check the DC conditions.

2) Connect other components of the oscillator circuit as shown in figure. Observe the output
voltage waveform on CRO screen. Note down its peak to peak amplitude and frequency.

Part-II: Verification of Barkhausen’s criterion

1) Connect only the amplifier circuit and find its gain at the frequency of oscillations. Apply
an input of 30mV. Also observe the phase shift between input and output voltages.

2) Connect only the feedback network as shown and compute the feedback factor β as
Vf

VS .

3) Compute the loop gain as A   . This product should be greater than or equal to unity.

4) Observe the phase shift between Vf and VS.

5) Add the phase shift provided by the amplifier and feedback network. The sum should be
equal to 360˚.

Observations: -

Draw the output waveform; mark its peak-to-peak amplitude and time period.

Result:-

Frequency of oscillations, fo = ------------

Peak to peak amplitude of output = -------------------

Loop gain = --------------------

Phase shift = ---------------------------

Hence Barkhausen‟s criterion is satisfied.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 8

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

Aim:
To design and study the operation of colpitts Oscillator using BJT and determine the frequency
of oscillation.

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BC547 1
Resistor 74K , 15 K , 4.7K , 1K , 1,1,1,1
Capacitor 4.7µF, 1 KPF 2, 1
Inductor 70 μH 1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BC 547:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:-

An oscillator is an electronic circuit that provides an AC output without using any AC input. All
Sinusoidal oscillator circuits use the concept of positive feedback to produce oscillations. An

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oscillator circuit must satisfy the Barkhausen‟s criterion of unity loop gain to produce
oscillations.
Colpitt‟s oscillator is a popular LC Oscillator circuit used at Radio Frequencies.

Design:
Q: Design Colpitt‟s oscillator circuit to provide oscillations at a frequency of 850 KHz. Use BJT
BC547 for which β = 200, hfe = 50, hie = 1.5 KΩ and VBE(active) = 0.65V. The biasing conditions
are as follows.VCC = 12V, IC = 1mA, VCE = 6V and Stability factor is S = 10. Use RC = 4.7KΩ.
Solution:
Use, I C    I B Apply KVL to the input loop, then
 I  5A  VB  I B  RB  VBE  I E  RE  0
B

Apply KVL to the output loop:  VB  2.01 V

 VCC  I C  RC  VCE  I C  RE  0
Divide RB with VB:
 RE  1.3K
V  RB
Apply Thevenin‟s theorem to the base  R1  CC  73.5K
circuit, then VB
V  R2 R  R2 R1  R2
VB  CC And RB  1 Also, RB   R2  14.8K
R1  R2 R1  R2 R1  R2
We know that the stability factor for a self 1 1 1 1
fo   (  )
bias circuit is given by, 2 L C1 C 2
We know that
1 
S
  RE Assume that C1  C2  1KPF . Then
1
RB  RE L  70H
 RB  12.31K

Circuit diagram:-

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Fig (1): Colpitts Oscillator

Procedure:-

1) Connect the self bias circuit and check the DC conditions.

2) Connect other components of the oscillator circuit as shown in figure 1. Adjust the
capacitance to 800 PF.

3) Observe the output voltage waveform on CRO screen. Note down its peak to peak
amplitude and frequency.

4) Vary the inductance in appropriate steps and record the frequency in each case.

5) Calculate the frequency theoretically and record it in the table. Compare the theoretical
and practical values.

Observations:-

DC conditions:-

VBE = ……………. VCE = ………………

IB = ……………… IC = ………………..

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Sl. No. Inductance Frequency Frequency

(μH) (Practically) 1 1 1 1
fo   (  )
(KHz) 2 L C1 C 2

Result:-

Colpitts oscillator circuit is designed for the given specifications and its operation is studied.

EXPERIMENT NO: 9

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

Aim:
To design and study the operation of Hartley Oscillator using BJT and determine the frequency
of oscillation.

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BC547 1
Resistor 74K , 15 K , 4.7K , 1K , 1,1,1,1
Capacitor 4.7µF, 100 PF 2, 1
Inductor 70 μH 2

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1

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Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1

CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BC 547:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:-

An oscillator is an electronic circuit that provides an AC output without using any AC input. All
Sinusoidal oscillator circuits use the concept of positive feedback to produce oscillations. An
oscillator circuit must satisfy the Barkhausen‟s criterion of unity loop gain to produce
oscillations.

Hartley‟s oscillator is a popular LC Oscillator circuit used at Radio Frequencies.

Design:
Q: Design Hartley‟s oscillator circuit to provide oscillations at a frequency of 850 KHz. Use BJT
BC547 for which β = 200, hfe = 50, hie = 1.5 KΩ and VBE(active) = 0.65V. The biasing conditions
are as follows.VCC = 12V, IC = 1mA, VCE = 6V and Stability factor is S = 10. Use RC = 4.7KΩ.
Solution:
Use, I C    I B 1 
S
 I B  5A   RE
1
Apply KVL to the output loop: RB  RE
 VCC  I C  RC  VCE  I C  RE  0  RB  12.31K
 RE  1.3K
Apply KVL to the input loop, then
Apply Thevenin‟s theorem to the base
circuit, then  VB  I B  RB  VBE  I E  RE  0
V  R2 R  R2  VB  2.01 V
VB  CC And RB  1
R1  R2 R1  R2
We know that the stability factor for a self Divide RB with VB:
V  RB
bias circuit is given by,  R1  CC  73.5K
VB

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Also, RB 
R1  R2
 R2  14.8K Assume that L1  L2  70H and
R1  R2 M  45H . Then C  100 PF.
1
fo 
2 ( L1  L2  2M )C
We know that
Circuit diagram:-

Fig (1): Hartley‟s Oscillator

Procedure:-

1) Connect the self bias circuit and check the DC conditions.

2) Connect other components of the oscillator circuit as shown in figure. Adjust the
capacitance to 800 PF.

3) Observe the output voltage waveform on CRO screen. Note down its peak to peak
amplitude and frequency.

4) Vary the capacitance in appropriate steps and record the frequency in each case.

5) Calculate the frequency theoretically also and record it in the table. Compare the
theoretical and practical values.

Observations:-

DC conditions:-

VBE = ……………. VCE = ………………

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IB = ……………… IC = ………………..

Sl. No. Capacitance Frequency Frequency

(PF) (Practically) 1
fo 
2 ( L1  L2  2M )C
(MHz)

Result:-

Hartley oscillator circuit is designed for the given specifications and its operation is studied.

EXPERIMENT NO: 10

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

Aim:-
To design and plot the frequency response of a single tuned amplifier.

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BF194 1
Resistor 94K , 68K , 3.9K , 2.2K 1,1,1,1
Capacitor 10µF,100µF, 3.18 ηF 2, 1,1
Inductor 39 µH 1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

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Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BF 194:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:-

Tuned amplifier circuit uses parallel LC resonant circuit as the load impedance, They have a very
narrow bandwidth, hence they select a particular frequency and rejects other, they are used in
radio receivers.

A single tuned amplifier consists of only one LC section as a load.

Design: -

Design a single tuned amplifier to provide a gain of 100 at a frequency of 455 KHZ and provide
a bandwidth of 20 KHZ. Use transistor BF194 for which β = 90, gm = 40mS. The biasing
conditions are as follows. VCC = 12V, VCE = 8V, IC = 1mA and S = 10.

Sol:

IC    I B  I B  11.11A Apply Thevenin‟s theorem to the base

Use, ,
circuit, then
Apply KVL to the output loop:
VCC  R2 R  R2
VB  RB  1
 VCC  VCE  I C  RE  0 R1  R2 And R1  R2

 RE  4K  3.9K We know that the stability factor for a self

bias circuit is given by,

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1  Design of tuned circuit:-

S
  RE
1 Effective quality factor is given by
RB  RE
f
Qe  o  22.75
 RB  39.43K BW

We know that the gain of a single tuned

Apply KVL to the input loop, then
amplifier at resonant frequency is given by,
 VB  I B  RB  VBE  I E  RE  0
Ares  g m o LQe
 VB  5V
 L  38.44H
Divide RB with VB:
Also the resonant frequency of the single
VCC  RB tuned amplifier is given by,
 R1   94.63K
VB
1
o 
R1  R2 LC
RB 
Also, R1  R2  R2  68K
1
C   3.183nF
 L 2
o

Circuit diagram:-

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Fig (1): Single tuned amplifier

Procedure:-

1) Connect the self bias circuit and check the DC conditions.

2) Connect the other components and set the generator frequency at 455KHZ. Adjust the
peak to peak amplitude of the input voltage to 30mV. Observe the output voltage
waveform on the CRO screen and note the peak to peak value of the output voltage.
Calculate the gain.

3) Vary the frequency from 400 to 600KHZ in appropriate steps.

4) Calculate the gain for each frequency.

5) Plot a graph between gain and frequency. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.

Observations:-

DC conditions:-

VBE = ……………. VCE = ………………

IB = ……………… IC = ………………..

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Frequency Response:-

Sl. No. Frequency Vi (mV) Vo (V) Vo

Gain = Vi

Expected Graph:-

Fig (2): Frequency response of single tuned amplifier

Result:-

Resonant frequency = -------------

Gain at resonance = --------------

Bandwidth = ---------------

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EXPERIMENT NO: 11

DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

Aim:-
To design and plot the frequency response of a double tuned amplifier.

Components:

Name Quantity
Transistor BF194 1
Resistor 94K , 68K , 3.9K , 2.2K 1,1,1,1
Capacitor 10µF,100µF, Capacitance box 2, 1,1
Inductance box 1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Dual DC power supply 0-30V 1
Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Specifications:

For Transistor BF 194:

 Max Collector Current= 0.1A
 Vceo max= 50V
 VEB0 = 6V
 VCB0 = 50V
 Collector power dissipation = 500mW
0
 Temperature Range = -65 to +150 C
 hfe = 110 - 220

Theory:-

Tuned amplifier circuit uses parallel LC resonant circuit as the load impedance, They have a very
narrow bandwidth, hence they select a particular frequency and rejects other, they are used in
radio receivers.

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A double tuned amplifier consists of two LC sections as a load.

Design:-

Design a double tuned amplifier to provide maximum gain at a frequency of 350KHz. Use
transistor BF194 for which β = 90, gm = 40mS.

The biasing conditions are as follows. VCC = 12V, VCE = 8V, IC = 1mA and S = 10.

Sol:-

I    IB  I B  11.11A
Use, C ,
Apply KVL to the input loop, then
Apply KVL to the output loop:
 VB  I B  RB  VBE  I E  RE  0
 VCC  VCE  I C  RE  0
 VB  5V
 RE  4K  3.9K
Divide RB with VB:
Apply Thevenin‟s theorem to the base
V  RB
circuit, then  R1  CC  94.63K
V  R2 R  R2 VB
VB  CC RB  1 R1  R2
R1  R2 And R1  R2 RB 
Also, R1  R2  R2  68K
We know that the stability factor for a self
bias circuit is given by,
1 
S
  RE
1
RB  RE
 RB  39.43K
Design of tuned circuit:-
An Intermediate Frequency Transformer with a centre frequency of 350 KHz is used.

Circuit diagram:-

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Fig (1): Double tuned amplifier

Procedure:-

1) Connect the self bias circuit and check the DC conditions.

2) Connect the other components and set the generator frequency at 350KHZ. Adjust the
peak to peak amplitude of the input voltage to 30mV. Observe the output voltage
waveform on the CRO screen and note the peak to peak value of the output voltage.
Calculate the gain.

3) Vary the frequency from 250 to 500KHZ in steps of 10KHz and record Vi, Vo in every
step.

4) Calculate the gain for each frequency.

5) Plot a graph between gain and frequency. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.

Observations:-

DC conditions:-

VBE = ……………. VCE = ………………

IB = ……………… IC = ………………..

Frequency Response:-

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Sl. No. Frequency Vi (mV) Vo (V) Vo

Gain = Vi

Expected Graph:-

Fig (2): Frequency response of double tuned amplifier

Result:-

Resonant frequency = -------------

Gain at resonance = --------------

Bandwidth = ---------------

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Experiment no: 12

Constant K Low Pass Filter.

Aim:-

1) To design a T-section constant K Low Pass Filter with a cut-off frequency of 2 KHz
and a characteristic load impedance of 600Ω.

2) To obtain the output characteristics of the above filter.

Components:

Name Quantity
Resistor 600 1
Capacitance box 1
Inductance box 2

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Function Generator (0-2)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1
CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Theory:-

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Low pass filter is a circuit which passes low frequency signals and attenuates high frequency
signals,

The frequency at which the gain is 70% of the maximum value is called as cut off frequency.

Design:-

We know that the cut off frequency is given by,

1
fC 
 LC

L
RK 
and the characteristic load impedance is, C

then the design equations for L and C will be

RK 600
L   48mH
fC   2000

1 1
C   0.26F
RK fC   600  2000

Circuit Diagram:-

Fig (1): Low pass filter

Procedure:-

1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Adjust Vi = 4V (peak-to-peak) and keep it constant throughout the experiment.

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3) Vary the input frequency from 100 Hz to 20 Khz in steps of 200 Hz and note down the
peak-to-peak voltage across RL i.e., VO.

Note: Take more readings between 1.8KHz and 2.2KHz.

4) Plot the variation of Gain Versus frequency

5) From the graph find out f C .

Expected Graphs:-

Fig(2): Frequency response of low pass filter

Observations:-

Sl. Frequency Vi VO V 
No. A=
𝑽𝑶   ln  i 
(Hz) (Volt) (Volt) 𝑽𝒊  VO 

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Results:-

From the attenuation characteristics curve,

fC  ......................Hz

Experiment no: 13

m-Derived High Pass Filter

Aim:-

1) To design an m-derived high pass T-section filter with a cut-off frequency of 1.2 KHz,
characteristic load impedance of 600 Ω and f  1.1KHz

2) To obtain output characteristics of the above filter.

Components:

Name Quantity
Resistor 600 1
Capacitance box 3
Inductance box 1

Equipment:

Name Range Quantity

Bread Board 1
Function Generator (0-2)MHz 1
Digital Ammeter, Voltmeter [0-200µA/200mA], [0-20V] 1

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CRO (0-20)MHz 1
CRO probes, Connecting Wires

Theory:-

High pass filter is a circuit which passes high frequency signals and attenuates low frequency
signals,

The frequency at which the gain is 70% of the maximum value is called as cut off frequency.

m-derived filters have a very sharp cut off frequency

Design:-

a) Design of prototype High Pass T-section

RO 600
L   39.78mH
4fC 4  1200

1 1
C   0.11F
4RO fC 4  600  1200

Value of m for m-derived section to give infinite attenuation at 1100 Hz is given by,

2
f 
2
 1100 
m  1      1     0.4
 fC   1200 

b) for the m-derived T-section

2C 0.22
   0.55F
Each series arm m 0.4

L 39.78
   99.45mH
Shunt arm m 0.4

4mC 4  0.4  0.11

  0.21F
And, 1  m 2
1  0.4 2

Circuit Diagram:-

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Fig (1): High pass filter

Procedure:-

1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Adjust Vi = 4V (peak-to-peak) and keep it constant throughout the experiment.

3) Vary the input frequency from 100 Hz to 20 Khz in steps of 200 Hz and note down the
peak-to-peak voltage across RL i.e., VO.

Note: Take more readings between 1.1KHz and 1.2KHz.

4) Plot the variation of Gain Versus frequency

fC
5) From the graph find out and f  .

Observations:-

Sl. Frequency Vi VO V 
No. A=
𝑽𝑶   ln  i 
(Hz) (Volt) (Volt) 𝑽𝒊  VO 

Expected Graphs:-

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Fig(2): Frequency response of high pass filter

Results:-

From the attenuation characteristics curve,

fC  ......................Hz

f  ......................Hz

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APPENDIX
LABORATORY COURSE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES

i. The number of experiments in each laboratory course shall be as per the curriculum in the
scheme of instructions provided by OU. Mostly the number of experiments is 10 in each
laboratory course under semester scheme and 18 under year wise scheme.
ii. The students will maintain a separate note book for observations in each laboratory
course.
iii. In each session the students will conduct the allotted experiment and enter the data in the
observation table.
iv. The students will then complete the calculations and obtain the results. The course
coordinator will certify the result in the same session.
v. The students will submit the record in the next class. The evaluation will be continuous
and not cycle-wise or at semester end.
vi. The internal marks of 25 are awarded in the following manner:
a. Laboratory record - Maximum Marks 15
b. Test and Viva Voce - Maximum Marks 10
vii. Laboratory Record: Each experimental record is evaluated for a score of 50. The rubric
parameters are as follows:
a. Write up format - Maximum Score 15
b. Experimentation Observations & Calculations - Maximum Score 20
c. Results and Graphs - Maximum Score 10
d. Discussion of results - Maximum Score 5
While (a), (c) and (d) are assessed at the time of record submission, (b) is assessed during the
session based on the observations and calculations. Hence if a student is absent for an experiment
but completes it in another session and subsequently submits the record, it shall be evaluated for
a score of 30 and not 50.
viii. The experiment evaluation rubric is therefore as follows:

Parameter Max Score Outstanding Accomplished Developing Beginner Points

Observations
and 20
Calculations
Write up
format 15
Results and
graphs 10
Discussion of
Results 5

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LABORATORY EXPERIMENT EVALUATION RUBRIC

OUTSTANDING ACCOMPLISHED DEVELOPING BEGINNER
CATEGORY
(Up to 100%) (Up to 75%) (Up to 50%) (Up to 25%)
Write up Aim, Apparatus, The write up follows The report follows The write up
format material requirement, the specified format the specified format does not follow
theoretical basis, but a couple of the but a few of the the specified
procedure of specified parameters formats are missing format and the
experiment, sketch of are missing. and the experimental presentation is
the experimental sketch is not shabby.
setup etc. is included in the
demarcated and report
presented in clearly
labeled and neatly
organized sections.
Observations The experimental The experimental The experimental The experimental
and observations and observations and observations and observations and
Calculations calculations are calculations are calculations are results are
recorded in neatly recorded in neatly recorded neatly but recorded
prepared table with prepared table with correct units and carelessly.
correct units and correct units and significant figures Correct units
significant figures. significant figures are not used. Sample significant
One sample but sample calculation is also figures are not
calculation is calculation is not not shown followed and
explained by shown sample
substitution of values calculations not
shown
Results and Results obtained are Results obtained are Results obtained are Results obtained
Graphs correct within correct within correct within are not correct
reasonable limits. reasonable limits. reasonable limits. within reasonable
Graphs are drawn Graphs are drawn Graphs are not limits. Graphs
neatly with labeling neatly with labeling drawn neatly and or are not drawn
of the axes. Relevant of the axes. Relevant labeling is not neatly and or
calculations are calculations from the proper. No labeling is not
performed from the graphs are calculations are proper. No
graphs. Equations are incomplete and done from the calculations are
obtained by equations are not graphs and done from the
regression analysis or obtained by equations are not graphs and
curve fitting if regression analysis or obtained by equations are not
relevant curve fitting regression analysis obtained by
or curve fitting regression
analysis or curve
fitting
Discussion of All relevant points of Results are discussed Discussion of results Neither relevant
results the result are but no theoretical is incomplete and points of the
discussed and reference is divergent results are results are
justified in light of mentioned. Divergent not identified. discussed nor
theoretical results are identified divergent results
expectations. but no satisfactory identified
Reasons for divergent reasoning is given for
results are identified the same.
and corrective
measures discussed.

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ix. The first page of the record will contain the following title sheet:

SAMPLE ASSESSMENT SHEET

NAME: ROLL NO.

Date Observations Results and Discussion

Exp. Date Submitted Write up Total Score
&Calculations Graphs of Results
No. conducted (Max 15) (Max 50)
(Max 20) (Max 10) (Max 5)

10

11

12

x. The 15 marks of laboratory record will be scaled down from the TOTAL of the
assessment sheet.
xi. The test and viva voce will be scored for 10 marks as follows:
Internal Test - 6 marks
Viva Voce / Quiz - 4 marks
xii. Each laboratory course shall have 5 course outcomes.

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The proposed course outcomes are as follows:

On successful completion of the course, the student will acquire the ability to:

1. Conduct experiments, take measurements and analyze the data through hands-on
experience in order to demonstrate understanding of the theoretical concepts of
_______________________, while working in small groups.

2. Demonstrate writing skills through clear laboratory reports.

3. Employ graphics packages for drawing of graphs and use computational software for
statistical analysis of data.

4. Compare the experimental results with those introduced in lecture, draw relevant
conclusions and substantiate them satisfactorily.

5. Transfer group experience to individual performance of experiments and demonstrate

effective oral communication skills.

xiii. The Course coordinators would prepare the assessment matrix in accordance with the
guidelines provided above for the five course outcomes. The scores to be entered against
each of the course outcome would be the sum of the following as obtained from the
assessment sheet in the record:

a. Course Outcome 1: Sum of the scores under „Observations and Calculations‟.

b. Course Outcome 2: Sum of the scores under „Write up‟.
c. Course Outcome 3: Sum of the scores under „Results and Graphs‟.
d. Course Outcome 4: Sum of the scores under „Discussion of Results‟.
e. Course Outcome 5: Marks for „Internal Test and Viva voce‟.

xiv. Soft copy of the assessment matrix would be provided to the course coordinators.

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MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Program Outcomes of B.E (ECE) Program:
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal
and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,
and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects
and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO 12: Life-long learning: Recognise the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) of ECE Department, MJCET

PSO1: The ECE Graduates will acquire state of art analysis and design skills in the areas of digital and analog VLSI
Design using modern CAD tools.

PSO2: The ECE Graduates will develop preliminary skills and capabilities necessary for embedded system design
and demonstrate understanding of its societal impact.

PSO3: The ECE Graduates will obtain the knowledge of the working principles of modern communication systems
and be able to develop simulation models of components of a communication system.

PSO4: The ECE Graduates will develop soft skills, aptitude and programming skills to be employable in IT sector.

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