GD & T

GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) is a particular way of communicating dimensions and tolerances
for size, location, orientation, and form. In North America, the current standard is ASME Y14.5-2009, which is very
similar to ISO, DIN, JIS, and other standards used outside of the US.

Geometric: A way of thinking about and communicating dimensions and tolerances for a product.

Dimensioning: Calculating, recording, and communicating desired values for size, location, orientation, and form.

Tolerancing: Calculating, recording, and communicating acceptable ranges for size, location, orientation, and form.

In theory, every physical feature on a part is a surface. Surfaces can be flat, cylindrical, round, conical – any
conceivable shape. The controls in this half of the map are defined by Y14.5 to apply to surfaces, each control
delineating a tolerance zone to control (i.e., contain) the points that comprise the surface.

Some older GD&T books use the terms “feature” and “feature of size” in place of “surface” and “feature of size.” The
map is a venn diagram of all features, with surfaces being represented in the top half and derived features in the
bottom. It’s conceptually important to note that there is no physical axis, for example, on a part – there is only the
cylindrical surface that gives rise to a theoretical axis, only the physical surface from which a CMM or inspector may
derive, calculate, or find.Some older GD&T books use the terms “feature” and “feature of size” in place of “surface”
and “feature of size.” The map is a venn diagram of all features, with surfaces being represented in the top half and
derived features in the bottom. It’s conceptually important to note that there is no physical axis, for example, on a part
– there is only the cylindrical surface that gives rise to a theoretical axis, only the physical surface from which a CMM
or inspector may derive, calculate, or find.

Form :

Category of control symbols that control (in this case) surface form.

Form controls (applied to surfaces) create zones within which all points of the controlled surface or line section must
lay. Flatness and cylindricity create 3-D zones that apply to the entire surface, while straightness and circularity
create 2-D zones that apply to any given cross-sectional line element. None of the four form controls ever reference
datums.

Straightness :

Straightness is defined as the condition in which all points comprising a straight line segment are colinear. The
control defines a tolerance zone consisting of two parallel opposed lines, separated by the distance indicated in the
feature control frame. It must be applied to one individual surface and not related to a datum.

EXAMPLE

Things to Remember :
FLOW CHART
 About straightness applied to surface line elements:

1. It never references a datum; it is intended to control individual line elements

2. The tolerance is not a plus/minus; but the total deviation

3. In a drawing, the reader can tell that it is applied to the surface when it points to the surface

4. The tolerance value must be less than the size tolerance, unless the independency symbol has been applied to
the size tolerance

5. No size-related modifiers (MMC, LMC, the diameter symbol) are allowed

6. It can be applied on a unit basis.

FLATNESS :

Flatness is defined as the condition in which all points comprising a surface are coplanar. The control defines a
tolerance zone consisting of two parallel opposed planes, separated by the distance indicated in the feature control
frame. It must be applied to one individual surface and not related to a datum.
FLOW CHART

EXAMPLE Flow Chart

Things to remember about flatness applied to a surface :

1. It never references a datum; it is intended to control an individual surface.

2. The tolerance is not plus/minus, it’s the total distance between two parallel planes comprising a 3-dimensional
zone within which the surface points must fall.

3. The tolerance value must be less than the size tolerance, unless the independency symbol has been applied to
the size tolerance.

4. No size-related modifiers (MMC, LMC, the diameter symbol) are allowed.

5. It is different than surface roughness/surface finish: it does not require any machine pattern or differentiate
between roughness or waviness. It’s simply a 3-D zone that all surface points must fall within.

6. It may be applied on a per unit basis

 CIRCULARITY :

Circularity is defined as the condition in which all points comprising a line element are circular. The control defines a
tolerance zone consisting of two coaxial circles, radially separated by the distance indicated in the feature control
frame. It must be applied to one individual cross-sectional line element and not related to a datum

EXAMPLE

Things to remember about circularity :

1. It never references a datum or uses MMC or LMC FLOW CHART

2. It must be applied to a surface of revolution (e.g., cylinder, cone, sphere, or other shape with 2-D circular cross
sections)

3. The tolerance is not plus/minus, it is the radial (total) distance between two coaxial circles

4. It applies individual cross-sections

5. Rule #1 still applies to control the straightness

6. The tolerance value must be less than the diameter tolerance

CYLINDRICITY :

Cylindricity is defined as the condition in which all points comprising a surface are cylindrical. The control defines a
tolerance zone consisting of two coaxial cylinders, radially separated by the distance indicated in the feature control
frame. It must be applied to one individual surface and not related to a datum.

Example Flow Chart

 Things to remember about cylindricity :

1. It never references a datum or uses MMC or LMC

2. It must be applied to a cylindrical surface

3. The tolerance is not plus/minus, it is the radial (total) distance between two coaxial cylinders

4. It covers the entire length, so surface straightness and taper are controlled

5. Rule #1 still applies to control the axis straightness

6. The tolerance value must be less than the diameter tolerance.

Profile

Category of control symbols that control surface profile. They are similar to form controls when they do not reference
datums, and they are similar to orientation controls when they do reference datums.

Profile controls, which may only be applied to surfaces, create zones within which all points of a controlled surface or
line section must lay. Like the form category controls, they can create 3-D zones or 2-D: profile of a surface creates a
3-D zone that applies to a designated surface and profile of a line creates a 2-D zone that applies to any given line
profile. Unlike form category controls, profile controls can reference datums.

PROFILE : (2-D)

The tolerance zone for profile of a line is a 2-D zone (an area) extending along the entire length of the controlled line
element. It may or may not be related to a datum reference frame.

Example
Interpretation
Flow Chart
 Things to remember about profile of a line :

1. It only applies to 2-D cross-sections; each is measured independently

2. The desired profile must be dimensioned with basic dimensions

3. The tolerance is assumed to be equal bilateral, but may be unequal bilateral or even unilateral if indicated by
phantom lines on the drawing or by using the U (unequal) symbol

4. It may or may not reference a datum, depending on the degree of control needed

5. No MMC or LMC modifiers are to be used on the tolerance value (however, MMB or LMB may be used on datum
references)

PROFILE : (3-D)

The tolerance zone for profile of a surface is a 3-D zone (a volume) extending along the entire shape of the
controlled surface. It may or may not be related to a datum reference frame.
Flow Chart
Example Interpretation

Flow Chart
A modifier for describing an unequally disposed profile tolerance. The default for profile tolerances is equal bilateral,
unless otherwise specified. These two examples create the same unequal bilateral tolerance zone, one using the
symbol, one using phantom lines.

Format Eg -Using Symbol

 Eg -Using Phantom Lines
Drawing

Interpretation

A circle at the knee of a leader line indicates that the profile tolerance applies all around
the true profile of the designated features of the part in the view where it is specified.
Below are the Examples.

Drawing
 Interpretation

A double circle at the knee of a leader line indicates that the profile tolerance applies all over the 3-D true profile of
the designated part. (An alternate method is to place the words “ALL OVER” below the feature control frame). Below
are some Examples
Drawing
Interpretation
Interpretation

Runout

Runout tolerances control surfaces constructed around a datum axis or at right angles to a datum axis. They control
location, orientation, and form, and imply an inspection method using an indicator.

CIRCULAR RUN OUT : (2-D)

The tolerance zone for circular runout is a 2-D circular zone (an area) centered on a datum axis, thereby controlling
circularity and coaxiality of a cylindrical, conical, or other surface of rotation. It can also be applied to circular
elements of a plane that is at a right angle to a datum axis, thereby controlling wobble.

Flow Chart

Drawing
Interpretation
Flow Chart
Things to remember about circular runout :

1. It must reference a datum axis RMB

2. It must be used on surfaces that are constructed around or intersect the datum axis at 90°

3. It does not control longitudinal variation (i.e., does not control straightness)

4. No modifiers are allowed

5. It controls orientation and form (wobble) when used on surfaces that intersect the datum axis at 90°

6. It controls location, orientation, and form (circularity) when used on surfaces constructed around the datum axis

7. Although circular runout is a surface control, it indirectly controls the axis and can be placed on a drawing under
the size dimension (as if it applied to a feature of size)

CIRCULAR RUN OUT : (3-D)

The tolerance zone for total runout is a 3-D cylindrical zone (a volume) centered on a datum axis, thereby controlling
cylindricity and coaxiality of a cylindrical surface. It can also be applied to all elements of a plane that is at a right
angle to a datum axis, thereby controlling perpendicularity

Flow Chart
Drawing Interpretation
About total runout :

1. It must reference a datum axis RMB

2. Must be used on surfaces that are constructed around or intersect the datum axis at 90°

3. It does control longitudinal variation (i.e., does control straightness)

4. No modifiers are allowed

5. It controls orientation and form (perpendicularity and flatness) when used on surfaces that intersect the datum axis
at 90°

6. It controls location, orientation, and form (cylindricity) when used on surfaces constructed around the datum axis

7. Unlike profile of a surface, it does not control size

8. Although total runout is a surface control, it indirectly controls the axis and can be placed on a drawing under the
size dimension (as if it applied to a feature of size)

Orientation :

Category of control symbols that control (in this case) surface orientation

Orientation controls (applied to surfaces) create zones similar to flatness (two parallel planes separated by the linear
tolerance value), except that the tolerance zones are required to be at a theoretical angle to a datum reference.

In other words, if you want the side of an object to be perpendicular to the bottom, the bottom is identified as a datum
feature using the datum feature identification symbol, and then the side of the object is controlled with respect to the
bottom. The part would be set on the bottom, while the side was checked, not vice-versa

Angularity :

Symbol used to control the angular relationship, typically defined by a theoretically exact basic dimension Basic
dimension: [A theoretically exact dimension (indicated by a rectangular box around the dimension) used to dimension
a true position, true profile, true angle, or gage/fixture dimension.

Title block tolerances do not

apply to basic dimensions. (i.e.,
the true angle desired).] May be
used to control any angle,
including perpendicular or parallel
relationships.

Example
Things to remember about angularity applied to a surface :

1. It must reference a datum

2. The tolerance is in millimeters (or inches)

3. The specified angle must be a basic dimension

4. It does not affect the size dimensions

5. When applied to a surface, the default interpretation is that it also controls flatness

6. It can be applied to EACH ELEMENT

7. No MMC or LMC modifiers are to be used on the tolerance value (however, MMB or LMB may be used on datum
references)

Parallelism

Symbol used to control a parallel relationship.

About parallelism applied to a surface:

1. It must reference a datum

2. The tolerance is in millimeters (or inches)

3. The tolerance value must be less than any size tolerance that may indirectly be controlling the surface through
rule #1

4. When applied to a surface, the default interpretation is that it also controls flatness

5. It can be applied to EACH ELEMENT

 6. No MMC or LMC modifiers are to be used on the tolerance value (however, MMB or LMB may be used on datum
references)

7. Alternate practice allows the use of the angularity symbol to indicate parallelism

Perpendicularity

Symbol used to control a 90° angular relationship. There is no need to specify the 90° angle as basic, as
it is implied by fundamental rule j.( "A 90° basic angle applies where center lines of features in a pattern
or surfaces shown at right angles on a 2D orthographic drawing are located or defined by basic
dimensions and no angle is specified.")
Example

Things to remember about perpendicularity applied to a surface :

1. It must reference a datum

2. The tolerance is in millimeters (or inches)

3. The 90º angle is understood to be basic, so any general tolerance for angles (title block, for example)
do not apply

4. Perpendicularity does not affect the size dimensions

5. When applied to a surface, the default interpretation is that it also controls flatness

6. It can be applied to EACH ELEMENT

7. No MMC or LMC modifiers are to be used on the tolerance value (however, MMB or LMB may be
used on datum references)

8. Alternate practice allows the use of the angularity symbol to indicate perpendicularity

: When applied to a surface, each orientation control

applies to the entire surface, with one 3-D zone, like
flatness (except, of course, it relates the zone to a datum
which flatness doesn’t do). There are no orientation
 symbols that imply that only 2-D zones apply to any given cross-sectional line element, so the words "EACH
ELEMENT" can be added to create a 2-D tolerance zone.

Example

Free State Modifiers :

For “nonrigid” parts, typically a part that experiences elastic deformation under its own weight,
such as large sheet metal parts, there can be confusion about the conditions under which
drawing requirements apply to the part. For example, does a profile tolerance apply to a sheet
metal part after the part is restrained, or does it apply to the part in its free state?

The default condition is that unless otherwise specified, all drawing requirements apply when the part is in its free
state. (See paragraph 5.5 of Y14.5.)

Quite often, parts are restrained using a general note that reads something like, “All requirements apply to the part in
the restrained state.” The drawing then goes on to list how the part is to be restrained.

In the case of a drawing with a general restraint note, a part may still need to meet some requirement in the free
state, perhaps to ensure that the part is reasonably close to meeting the requirement in the free state and to avoid
inducing residual stresses into a part during the restraining process.

In such cases, the free-state modifier may be placed in the feature control frame after the tolerance and any other
modifers.

Example
Features of Size :

Any surface or set of surfaces from which a plane, line, or point may be derived.

Distinctions between different features of size can be made in several ways, including internal vs. external or round
vs. square, but an important distinction is the difference between Distinctions between different features of size can
be made in several ways, including internal vs. external or round vs. square, but an important distinction is the
difference between regular and irregular.

Internal/External :

Internal and external are terms used to indicate female and male, respectively. Used to denote the relative positioning
of two parts or features of parts that assemble. Holes and IDs (internal diameters) are internal, while shafts and ODs
(outer diameters) are external.

Round

"Round" is a term referring to features of size consisting of a single cylindrical (or spherical) surface, including holes,
dowels, shafts, etc. Diametral and diametrical are terms sometimes used to describe round features of size. The
diameter symbol precedes all diametral values

Square

"Square" is a term referring to features of size consisting of two parallel opposed planes, including keys, keyways,
slots, tabs, and widths. Like square pizzas, a “square” feature of size is usually rectangular.

MMC

MMC (maximum material condition) is the condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of
material within the stated limits of size. For example, the minimum allowable hole diameter or keyway width, or the
maximum allowable shaft diameter or tab width.

LMC

LMC (least material condition) is the condition

in which a feature of size contains the least
amount of material within the stated limits of
 size. For example, the maximum allowable hole diameter or keyway width, or the minimum allowable shaft diameter
or tab width.

Virtual Condition : Defined as a constant boundary generated by the collective effects of the “worst case” size and
geometric tolerance for a considered feature of size. For example, the inner boundary created by the smallest sized
hole and the maximum location tolerance.

Example The virtual condition of an internal feature of size is

calculated as: VC = MMC – geometric tolerance

Example
The virtual condition of an external feature of size is
calculated as: VC = MMC + geometric tolerance

Location : Category of control symbols that control the locations of features of size, such as the center distances
between holes, or slots; the location of a pattern of holes from datum planes; coaxiality between two diametral
features; symmetry; or the concentricity of features distributed about a datum plane.

Position controls (applied to features of size) usually create tolerance zones consisting of two parallel planes (for
square features of size), cylinders (for round features of size), or spheres (for spherical features of size) within which
the center plane, axis, or center (respectively) of the controlled feature must lay.

Concentricity creates a tolerance zone consisting of a cylinder within which the median points of all diametrically
opposed elements of a surface of revolution must lay.
Symmetry creates a tolerance zone consisting of two parallel planes within which the median points of all opposed
elements of two or more feature surfaces must lay.

Concentricity : Concentricity can only be applied to round (diametral) features of size. Concentricity is similar to
position, but unlike position, it doesn’t apply to the axis of the controlled feature. Instead, concentricity controls the
median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a surface of revolution

Flow Chart
Example
 Things to Remember :

1. It must always reference a planar feature of size (square) datum RMB

2. It must always reference a diametral (round) datum

3. It is only used on diametral (round) features of size that are coaxial to the datum

4. It always requires a diameter symbol

5. No MMC/LMC modifiers are allowed on the tolerance

6. No MMB/LMB modifiers are allowed on the datum reference

7. It is difficult to measure, but it is included in both circular and total runout

8. Concentricity includes position control; the reverse is not true

9. Most applications will use runout or position instead

10. It is defined differently in ISO, JIS, DIN, and in older versions of the Y14.5 standard

Symmetry :

Symmetry can only be applied to square features of size. Symmetry is similar to position, but unlike position, it doesn’t apply to the
center plane of the controlled feature. Instead, symmetry controls the median points of all opposed elements of two feature surfaces.

Example Flow Chart

Things to remember about symmetry :

1. It must always reference a planar feature of size (square) datum RMB

2. It is only used on planar (square) features of size that are centered to the datum
 3. It never uses a diameter symbol

4. No MMC/LMC modifiers are allowed on the tolerance

5. No MMB/LMB modifiers are allowed on the datum reference

6. It is difficult to measure

7. Symmetry includes position control; the reverse is not true

8. Most applications will use position instead

9. It is defined differently in ISO, JIS, DIN, and in older versions of the Y14.5 standard

Note : Concentricity and symmetry may correctly be applied to only round and square features of size, respectively.

Position : Position is one of the most useful geometric control symbols, and may be applied to internal, external,
round, square, spherical, or bounded feature of size. Position may also use the MMC or LMC modifiers or the
projected tolerance zone modifier.

When using position, the location of the controlled feature to any referenced datums must be defined using stated or
implied basic dimensions Basic dimension [A theoretically exact dimension (indicated by a rectangular box around
the dimension) used to dimension a true position, true profile, true angle, or gage/fixture dimension. Title block
tolerances do not apply to basic dimensions.]. Any right-angle (90°) relationship (for angles), or centered relationship
(for coaxial diameters or coplanar center planes) are implied as basic for purposes of locating features.

Flow Chart

Example
Features of Size :

Any surface or set of surfaces from which a plane, line, or point may be derived.

Angularity applied to Feature of Size :

When applied to a feature of size, the angularity control applies to the axis or center plane of the feature being
controlled.

Things to Remember :

1. It must reference a datum

2. The tolerance is in millimeters (or inches)

3. When applied to an axis, the diameter symbol is required to describe a cylindrical tolerance zone

4. Tangent plane modifier is not allowed

5. Material condition modifiers (MMC & LMC) are allowed

6. The specified angle must be a basic dimension

7. It does not affect the size dimensions Parallelism

Parallelism :

When parallelism is applied to a feature of size, it is the axis (or center plane) that is being controlled.

Things to Remember :

1. It must reference a datum

2. The tolerance is in millimeters (or inches)

 3. When applied to an axis, the diameter symbol is required to describe a cylindrical tolerance zone

4. Tangent plane modifier is not allowed

5. Material condition modifiers (MMC & LMC) are allowed

6. The controlled feature must be parallel to the referenced datum

7. It does not affect the size dimensions

8. Alternate practice allows the use of the angularity symbol to indicate perpendicularity (added 2009)
Perpendicularity

Perpendicularity when applied to Feature of Size :

When perpendicularity is applied to a feature of size, it is the axis (or center plane) that is being controlled.

Example

Things to Remember :

1. It must reference a datum

2. The tolerance is in millimeters (or inches)

3. The 90º angle is understood to be basic, so any

general tolerance for angles (title block tolerances, for example) do not apply

4. Perpendicularity does not affect the size dimensions

5. When applied to an axis, the diameter symbol is required when indicating a cylindrical tolerance zone

6. Tangent plane modifier is not allowed

7. Material condition modifiers (MMC & LMC) are allowed

8. Alternate practice allows the use of the angularity symbol to

indicate perpendicularity (added 2009) These modifiers

Straightness applied to Feature of Size : Straightness applied

to a feature of size creates a cylindrical tolerance zone within which the
feature’s axis (derived median line) must lie.
 Flow Chart

Example

About straightness applied to a feature of size :

1. Straightness never references a datum; it is intended to control individual features of size

2. The tolerance is not a plus/minus; but a total allowable deviation

3. It is only correctly applied to an axis, and the tolerance zone is a cylinder (and requires the diameter symbol)

4. It needs to be associated with the feature’s size dimension

5. When straightness is applied to an FOS, size-related modifiers (MMC, LMC, the diameter symbol) are allowed

6. It can be applied on a unit basis

Flatness applied to Feature of Size :

Flatness applied to a feature of size creates a tolerance zone consisting of two parallel planes within which the
feature’s center plane (derived median plane) must lie.

Prior to the 2009 revision, Y14.5 used straightness to create the same tolerance zone for center plane control, which
was often a source of confusion: Why use straightness to control flatness? With the 2009 update, the practice of
using straightness as a center plane control has been discontinued

Drawing Interpretation
 Things to remember about flatness applied to a
feature of size :

1. Flatness never references a datum; it is intended

to control individual features of size

2. Flatness can be applied to a center plane3; the

tolerance zone is two parallel planes

3. Flatness needs to be associated with the

feature’s size dimension

Flow Chart

4. When flatness is applied to an FOS, size-related modifiers (MMC, LMC) are allowed

5. Flatness of a center plane may be applied on a unit basis

Independency Symbol :

Used to exempt a size dimension from Rule #1.

Rule #1: sometimes called the envelope principle or Taylor principle, is a idea that says size tolerances automatically
limit the shape (form) of the toleranced feature. It is essentially a formal description of the widely recognized GO/NO-
GO gage concept for checking sizes.

Rule #1 officially states, “The form of an individual regular feature of size is controlled by its limits of size,” but can be
simply stated in just a few words: “size controls form.”

Exceptions to Rule #1 :

Rule #1 does NOT automatically apply to flexible parts, like rubber hoses and the like.

Also, it does NOT automatically apply to stock sizes, which are typically governed by industry or manufacturers
standard tolerances.

The independency symbol (circled I) can exempt a feature from the form control implied by Rule #1. However, using
the independency symbol without a supplementary form control (such as flatness or straightness) will leave the
feature’s form uncontrolled. Rule #1 states that size controls form...

Rule#1 Example
 Rule#1 Overridden Example

The ASME standard assumes that geometric tolerances apply to the full length (or depth) of the
toleranced feature; the projected tolerance zone modifier clarifies that the tolerance zone
applies a specified length outside of the toleranced feature.

These modifiers are used with features of size. They either follow the specified geometric
tolerance to indicate that the specified tolerance applies at a particular feature size, or they
follow a datum reference to indicate a particular material boundary interpretation for simulating
the datum.

Every control symbol inside this dashed line – and only those inside – can have the MMC or LMC symbols applied to
the geometric tolerance. Under no other circumstances is it “legal” per Y14.5 for a geometric control to have an MMC
or LMC modifier follow the tolerance value

When a geometric tolerance is applied to a feature of size without any size modifier (i.e., without an MMC or
LMC in the feature control frame), it applies regardless of feature size (RFS) meaning that the geometric
tolerance does not vary regardless of the size the feature happens to be; the geometric tolerance is
constant and applies equally at all sizes, from LMC to MMC.
MMB :

When a tolerance applied to a feature of size has an MMC modifier, it is interpreted as applying to the feature at
MMC only. As a feature’s actual size increases from MMC (for an internal feature) or decreases from MMC (for an
external feature), the difference between the actual size and MMC is used as additional geometric tolerance.

The idea of using an MMC modifier is to make sure that parts assemble, without over controlling geometric attributes.
Inspection can be made with a fixed attribute gage, a pass/fail or go/no-go gage. It is usually better to think of the
boundary created by the additive effects of size and geometric tolerance, which together create a fixed, or static,
boundary than it is to focus too much on the tolerance zone, which changes in size as the feature’s size changes.
The amount of geometric tolerance that is allowed as the size varies is called “bonus” tolerance: the maximum
amount of bonus is always the difference between the feature’s MMC and LMC limits.

When placed on a datum reference, an actual part may shift on a fixed-sized datum simulator and the circled M is
called an MMB modifier. Virtual condition is simply the term used to refer to the fixed-sized boundary that results from
the accumulation of size and geometric tolerance.

LMB :

When a tolerance applied to a feature of size has an LMC modifier, it is interpreted as applying to the feature at LMC
only. As a feature’s actual size increases from LMC (for an external feature) or decreases from LMC (for an internal
feature), the difference between the actual size and LMC is used as additional geometric tolerance

The idea of using an LMC modifier is to protect wall thickness and not to ensure assembly. If a hole’s function is to
provide mass reduction, not accept a mating part, then the location of the hole is most critical when the hole is
produced at it’s largest diameter: that’s when it is most likely to remove too much material near an edge, for example.

When placed on a datum reference, an actual part’s axis may shift relative to a datum simulator and the circled M is
called an LMB modifier, for least material boundary.

RMB :

When a tolerance applied to a feature of size has no MMC or LMC modifier, it is interpreted as applying to the feature
regardless of the feature's size (RFS, Rule #2).

The idea is to better control symmetrical relationships, alignments, etc., and inspection typically requires variable
measurements, NOT pass/fail or go/no-go. It is usually better to think of the tolerance zone, which is fixed, or static,
than it is to focus on the outer or inner boundary created by the geometric tolerance, since the boundary (actual
mating envelope) will vary with the part’s size.

There is no additional “bonus” tolerance available from the size variation, and if a datum feature of size is referenced
without an MMB or LMB, then there is no datum shift and the datum is referenced RMB, regardless of material
boundary (this is part of Rule #2).

Regular FOS

Any feature (or pair of features) with a size dimension that can be derived from directly opposing surface elements,
including:
One cylindrical surface (axis)
One spherical surface (center point)
A circular element (center point)
Two opposed, parallel surfaces (center plane)
Two opposed, parallel line elements (center line)
A cylindrical hole is a good example of an internal, regular feature of size:

Irregular FOS

A set of features that may contain (or be contained) by an actual mating envelope that is either a cylinder, a sphere,
or a pair of parallel planes.

For example, the following “hole” is actually 16 separate surfaces, but the four surfaces nearest the center constitute
a minor diameter, and can be contained by a cylindrical surface with a maximum and minimum size. Likewise, the
four surfaces farthest from the center constitute a major diameter, and can be contained by a cylindrical surface, so
both sets of surfaces can be considered separate, coaxial, irregular features of size.

The standard also says that an irregular feature of size can be a set of features that may contain or be contained by
an actual mating envelope other than a cylinder, a sphere, or a pair of parallel planes. This twelve-sided hole isn’t
really a cylindrical surface, but it does have a large size and a small size:

Likewise, an enclosed surface can be considered an irregular feature of size:

So the key to an irregular feature of size is “may be contained in an actual mating envelope.”

The ASME standard assumes that geometric tolerances apply to the full length (or depth) of the toleranced feature;
the projected tolerance zone modifier clarifies that the tolerance zone applies a specified length outside of the
toleranced feature.

Un-projected Example

Consider the case of a threaded or press-fit hole that lines up with a clearance hole

Technically, the part meets the positional requirement of its detail drawing, but the mating component cannot
assemble because the bolt meets interference at the top corner of the clearance hole:
Projected Example

The projected tolerance modifier was created to indicate that the threaded hole's position tolerance is projected
beyond the hole. It is actually a “borrowed” tolerance zone: it’s the same tolerance zone as the clearance hole of the
mating part.

Notice that the tolerance is related to the datums, so the direction of projection is dependent on where datum A is.

Also notice that the number after the projected modifier indicates the length of projection is determined by the
thickness of the mating part (or parts), which in this case is 14 mm.
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