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Thermodynamics: Physical Pharmacy Report

Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relationships between various forms of energy, such as mechanical, chemical, electric, and radiant energy. A system is a defined part of the universe being studied, separated from its surroundings by boundaries. Work and heat have precise thermodynamic meanings - work is a transfer of energy that changes height, while heat is a transfer due to a temperature difference. Thermodynamics is based on three laws: the first law states that energy is conserved, the second law refers to the tendency of systems to reach equilibrium, and the third law states that entropy is zero at absolute zero.

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245 views7 pages

Thermodynamics: Physical Pharmacy Report

Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relationships between various forms of energy, such as mechanical, chemical, electric, and radiant energy. A system is a defined part of the universe being studied, separated from its surroundings by boundaries. Work and heat have precise thermodynamic meanings - work is a transfer of energy that changes height, while heat is a transfer due to a temperature difference. Thermodynamics is based on three laws: the first law states that energy is conserved, the second law refers to the tendency of systems to reach equilibrium, and the third law states that entropy is zero at absolute zero.

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thermodynamics

PHYSICAL PHARMACY REPORT


‫ﺣ ﺴ ﻨﯿﻦ ﺻ ﻨ ﺎﺑﮓ‬. ‫اﺷ ﺮ اف د‬
‫ﻓﯿﺪ ﺻ ﺒﺎح ﻧﻮر ي‬
B2

What is thermodynamics?
Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relationships of interconversion of the
various forms of energy, including mechanical, chemical, electric, and radiant
energy. Although thermodynamics was originally developed by physicists and
engineers interested in the efficiencies of steam engines, the concepts formulated
from it have proven to be extremely useful in the chemical sciences and related
disciplines like pharmacy.

A system in thermodynamics is a well-defined part of the universe that is interested


in studying

The system is separated from surroundings, the rest of the universe and from which
the observations are made, by physical (or virtual) barriers defined as boundaries

*Work (W) and heat (Q) also have precise thermodynamic meanings.
*Work is a transfer of energy that can be used to change the height of a weight
somewhere somewhere in the surroundings.
*Heat is a transfer of energy resulting from a temperature difference between the
system and the surroundings.

system and surrounding :

In order to alleviate confusion, scientists discuss thermodynamic values


in reference to a system or the surroundings. Everything that is not a part
of the system constitutes the surroundings. The system and surroundings
are separated by a boundary. For example, if the system is one mole of a
gas in a container, then the boundary is simply the inner wall of the
container itself. Everything outside of the boundary is considered the
surroundings, which would include the container itself.
Types of systems:
Open system: The system across the boundary of which transfer of both mass as
well as energy can take place across the boundary is called as open system. An
example is an air compressor.

Closed system: The system of fixed mass across the boundary of which no mass
transfer can take place is called as closed system. However, across the closed system
the energy transfer may take place. An example is fluid being compressed by the
piston in cylinder.

Isolated system: The system in which both the mass as well as energy content
remains constant is called an isolated system. In this system no mass or energy
transfer takes place across the boundary.

What is the difference between thermal energy and temp?


Thermal Energy is kinetic energy in transit from one object to another due to
temperature difference. (Joules)
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of particles in an object not the total
amount of kinetic energy particles. (Degrees)

What are the laws of thermodynamics?


Thermodynamics is based on three “laws” or facts of experience that have never been
proven in a direct way, in part due to the ideal conditions for which they were
derived. Various conclusions, usually expressed in the form of mathematical
equations, however, may be deduced from these three principles, and the results
consistently agree with observations. Consequently, the laws of thermodynamics,
from which these equations are obtained, are accepted as valid for systems involving
large numbers of molecules.

*consistently agree with observations. Consequently, the laws of thermodynamics,


from which these equations are obtained, are accepted as valid for systems involving
large numbers of molecules.

*When the temperature is kept constant during a process, the reaction is said to be
conducted isothermally

*An isothermal reaction may be carried out by placing the system in a large
constant-temperature bath so that heat is drawn from or returned to it without
affecting the temperature significantly

*When heat is neither lost nor gained during a process, the reaction is said to occur
adiabatically.

*A reaction carried on inside a sealed flask or “vacuum bottle” is adiabatic because


the system is thermally insulated from its surroundings. In thermodynamic terms, it
can be said that an adiabatic process is one in which q = 0,

The First Law of Thermodynamics :


The first law is a statement of the conservation of energy. It states that, although
energy can be transformed from one kind into another, it cannot be created or
destroyed. Put in another way, the total energy of a system and its immediate
surroundings remains constant during any operation. This statement follows from
the fact that the various forms of energy are equivalent, and when one kind is formed,
an equal amount of another kind must disappear. The relativistic picture of the
universe
expressed by Einstein's equation

suggests that matter can be considered as another form of energy, 1 g being


13
equivalent to 9 ×10 joules. These enormous quantities of energy are involved in
nuclear transformations but are not important in ordinary chemical reactions.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics :


In ordinary experience, most natural phenomena are observed as occurring only in
one direction. For instance, heat flows spontaneously only from hotter to colder
bodies, whereas two bodies having the same temperature do not evolve into two
bodies having different temperatures, even though the first law of thermodynamics
does not prohibit such a possibility. Similarly, gases expand naturally from higher to
lower pressures, and solute molecules diffuse from a region of higher to one of lower
concentration. These spontaneous processes will not proceed in reverse without the
intervention of some external force to facilitate their occurrence. Although
spontaneous processes are not thermodynamically reversible, they can be carried out
in a nearly reversible manner by an outside force. Maximum work is obtained by
conducting a spontaneous process reversibly; however, the frictional
losses and the necessity of carrying out the process at an infinitely slow rate preclude
the possibility of complete reversibility in real processes.
The first law of thermodynamics simply observes that energy must be conserved
when it is converted from one form to another. It has nothing to say about the
probability that a process will occur. The second law refers to the probability of the
occurrence of a process based on the observed tendency of a system to approach a
state of energy equilibrium.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics :


The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a pure crystalline
substance is zero at absolute zero because the crystal arrangement must show the
greatest orderliness at this temperature. In other words, a pure perfect crystal has
only one possible configuration, and according to equation (3- 46), its entropy is zero
[i.e., S = k ln(1) = 0]. As a consequence of the third law, the temperature of absolute
zero (0 K) is not possible to reach even though sophisticated processes that use the
orientation of electron spins and nuclear spins can reach very low temperatures of 2
-3 -5
× 10 and 10 K, respectively. The third law makes it possible to calculate the
absolute entropies of pure substances from equation (3- 44) rearranged as

Sources:
• Martins physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences sixth edition
• Dr. hassanien sagban thermodynamics lecture

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