Lecture Lattice Vectors
Lecture Lattice Vectors
Advanced Electromagnetics:
21st Century Electromagnetics
Lattice Vectors
Lecture Outline
• Direct lattice vectors
• Reciprocal lattice vectors
• Converting between direct and reciprocal lattice
vectors
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Direct Lattice
Vectors
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Direct Lattice Vectors
Axis vectors most intuitively define the shape and orientation of the unit cell. They cannot uniquely describe all 14 Bravais
lattices, but they do uniquely identify the 7 crystal systems.
Translation vectors connect adjacent points in the lattice and can uniquely describe all 14
Bravais lattices. They are less intuitive to interpret.
Primitive lattice vectors are the smallest possible vectors that still describe the unit cell.
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Calculating Translation Vectors From Axis Vectors
t1 1 0 0 a1
Simple t2 0 1 0 a2
t3 0 0 1 a3
t1 1 2 1 2 1 2 a1
Body‐Centered t2 1 2 1 2 1 2 a2
t3 1 2 1 2 1 2 a3
t1 0 1 2 1 2 a1
Face‐Centered t2 1 2 0 1 2 a2
t3 1 2 1 2 0 a3
t1 1 2 1 2 0 a1
Base‐Centered t2 1 2 1 2 0 a2
t3 0 0 1 2 a3
t1 1 1 3 1 3 a1
Trigonal t2 1 3 1 3 1 3 a2
t3 1 3 1 1 3 a3
Slide 5
Non‐Primitive Lattice Vectors
Almost always, the label “lattice vector” refers to the translation vectors, not the axis vectors.
A translation vector is any vector that connects two points in a lattice. They must be an
integer combination of the primitive translation vectors.
t pqr pt1 qt2 rt3
p , 2, 1, 0,1, 2,
q , 2, 1, 0,1, 2,
r , 2, 1, 0,1, 2,
Primitive
translation t2
vectors
t1
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Reciprocal
Lattice Vectors
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The Reciprocal Lattice (1 of 8)
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The Reciprocal Lattice (2 of 8)
Direct lattice vectors 𝑡⃗ and 𝑡⃗ define a
plane.
This plane repeats itself through the
lattice with a spacing of Λ .
Reciprocal lattice vector 𝑇 is defined to
be perpendicular to these planes with
magnitude Λ .
2
T3
3
Slide 9
The Reciprocal Lattice (3 of 8)
Direct lattice vectors 𝑡⃗ and 𝑡⃗ define a
plane.
This plane repeats itself through the
lattice with a spacing of Λ .
Reciprocal lattice vector 𝑇 is defined to
be perpendicular to these planes with
magnitude Λ .
2
T2
2
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The Reciprocal Lattice (4 of 8)
Direct lattice vectors 𝑡⃗ and 𝑡⃗ define a
plane.
This plane repeats itself through the
lattice with a spacing of Λ .
Reciprocal lattice vector 𝑇 is defined to
be perpendicular to these planes with
magnitude Λ .
2
T1
1
Slide 11
The Reciprocal Lattice (5 of 8)
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The Reciprocal Lattice (6 of 8)
Reciprocal lattice vectors 𝑇 and 𝑇
define a plane.
This plane repeats itself through the
lattice with a spacing of 𝑎 .
Direct lattice vector 𝑡⃗ is defined to be
perpendicular to these planes with
magnitude 𝑎 .
2
t3
a3
Slide 13
The Reciprocal Lattice (7 of 8)
Reciprocal lattice vectors 𝑇 and 𝑇
define a plane.
This plane repeats itself through the
lattice with a spacing of 𝑎 .
Direct lattice vector 𝑡⃗ is defined to be
perpendicular to these planes with
magnitude 𝑎 .
2
t2
a2
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The Reciprocal Lattice (8 of 8)
Reciprocal lattice vectors 𝑇 and 𝑇
define a plane.
This plane repeats itself through the
lattice with a spacing of 𝑎 .
Direct lattice vector 𝑡⃗ is defined to be
perpendicular to these planes with
magnitude 𝑎 .
2
t1
a1
Slide 15
Direct & Reciprocal Lattices
Direct Lattice Reciprocal Lattice
Each direct lattice has a unique reciprocal lattice so
knowledge of one implies knowledge of the other.
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Direct & Reciprocal Lattice Pairs
Direct Lattice Reciprocal Lattice
Simple Cubic Simple Cubic
Body‐Centered Cubic Face‐Centered Cubic
Face‐Centered Cubic Body‐Centered Cubic
Hexagonal Hexagonal
Slide 17
Converting
Between Direct &
Reciprocal
Lattice Vectors
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Calculating the Reciprocal Lattice Vectors (1 of 4)
The area of this parallelogram is calculated from
the magnitude of the cross product…
A t2 t3
Slide 19
Calculating the Reciprocal Lattice Vectors (2 of 4)
The volume of this parallelpiped is calculated
using the scalar triple product.
V t1 t2 t3
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Calculating the Reciprocal Lattice Vectors (3 of 4)
The distance between the planes is
V t1 t2 t3
A t2 t3
Slide 21
Calculating the Reciprocal Lattice Vectors (4 of 4)
The reciprocal lattice vector has a magnitude of
2
T1
and direction of
T1 t2 t3
T1 t2 t3
t2 t3 2 t2 t3 2 t2 t3 t2 t3
T1 T1 2
t2 t3 t2 t3 t1 t2 t3 t2 t3 t1 t2 t3
t2 t3
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Summary of Reciprocal Equations for 3D Lattices
The reciprocal lattice vectors can be calculated from the direct lattice vectors (and the other
way around) as follows:
t2 t3 t3 t1 t1 t2
T1 2 T2 2 T3 2
t1 t2 t3 t1 t2 t3 t1 t2 t3
T T T T T1 T2
t1 2 2 3 t2 2 3 1 t3 2
T1 T2 T3
T1 T2 T3
T1 T2 T3
Slide 23
Summary of Reciprocal Equations for 3D Lattices
The reciprocal lattice vectors can be calculated from the direct lattice vectors (and the other
way around) as follows:
2 t2, y 2 t1, y
T1 t T2
t1 t2 2, x t1 t2 t1, x
2 T2, y 2 T1, y
t1 T t2 T
T1 T2 2, x T1 T2 1, x
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Primitive Reciprocal Lattice Vectors
There also exists primitive reciprocal lattice vectors. All reciprocal lattice vectors must be an
integer combination of the primitive reciprocal lattice vectors.
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