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Lecture 31-Greens' Theorem

This document discusses Greens' Theorem and provides examples of using it to evaluate line integrals. [1] Greens' Theorem relates a line integral around a closed curve C to a double integral over the region R bounded by C, under certain conditions. [2] It states that if functions f and g have continuous first partial derivatives over R, then the line integral of f dx + g dy around C equals the double integral over R of (∂g/∂x - ∂f/∂y) dx dy. [3] Greens' Theorem is also known as the First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Vector Calculus.

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Mohammad Shahban Hashmi
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92 views11 pages

Lecture 31-Greens' Theorem

This document discusses Greens' Theorem and provides examples of using it to evaluate line integrals. [1] Greens' Theorem relates a line integral around a closed curve C to a double integral over the region R bounded by C, under certain conditions. [2] It states that if functions f and g have continuous first partial derivatives over R, then the line integral of f dx + g dy around C equals the double integral over R of (∂g/∂x - ∂f/∂y) dx dy. [3] Greens' Theorem is also known as the First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Vector Calculus.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Shahban Hashmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTH 166

Lecture-31

Greens’ Theorem
Statement:

Let C be a piecewise smooth simple closed curve bounding a region R


traced in anticlockwise direction. If f and g are two scalar functions
which are continuous and have continuous first order partial derivatives
on R, then:
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓
‫𝑥 𝑓 𝐶ׯ‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ‫𝑅׭‬ 𝜕𝑥
−
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA


Important Results for MCQ Practice:

𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓
1. By Greens’ theorem: ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑓 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑔𝑑𝑦 = ‫𝑅׭‬ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2. Greens’ theorem is a relationship between double integral and line
integral.
3. Greens’ theorem is also called as First fundamental theorem of
integral vector calculus.
1
4. Area of region R = ‫ = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬− ‫= 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐶ׯ‬ ‫ׯ‬ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 𝐶
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓
5. If = , then by Greens’ theorem ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑓 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑔𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Problem: Use Greens’ theorem to evaluate: ‫ 𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦, where C is a
triangle with the vertices (0,0),(2,0) and (2,4) taken in the order.
Solution: Here the given integral is: ‫ 𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
Comparing it with: ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑓 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑔𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
𝑓 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) implies = 1 , 𝑔 = 𝑥 2 implies = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
By Greens’ theorem:
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓
‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑓 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑔𝑑𝑦 = ‫𝑅׭‬ 𝜕𝑥
−
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

‫ 𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑅׭‬2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦


Now we are to get the limits of x and y for the evaluation of double integral.
Let us first draw the figure and find limits
0≤𝑥≤2
In the given figure: 𝑅:
0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥
Now, Let us evaluate the integral:
‫ 𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑅׭‬2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2𝑥
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 𝑦=2𝑥
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑦=0 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=2
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8
= 4 −4
3

20
= Answer
3
Problem: Use Greens’ theorem to evaluate:‫ 𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬3 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥, where C is a the
circle: 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 .

Solution: Here the given integral is: ‫ 𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬3 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥


Comparing it with: ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑓 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑔𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
𝑓 = −𝑦 3 implies = −3𝑦 2 , 𝑔 = 𝑥 3 implies = 3𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
By Greens’ theorem:
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓
‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑓 𝐶ׯ‬+ 𝑔𝑑𝑦 = ‫𝑅׭‬ 𝜕𝑥
−
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

‫ 𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬3 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ‫ 𝑥 𝑅׭‬2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦


Here limits of x and y are in polar coordinates:
𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
In the given region R: 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
‫ 𝑥 𝐶ׯ‬3 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ‫ 𝑥 𝑅׭‬2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2𝜋
= 3 ‫=𝑟׬‬0 ‫=𝜃׬‬0 𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2 3 2𝜋
= 3 ‫=𝑟׬‬0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ‫=𝜃׬‬0 𝑑𝜃
2
𝑟4
= 3 𝜃 2𝜋
𝜃=0
4 𝑟=0
= 3 4 2𝜋
= 24𝜋 Answer
Line Integral Independent of Path of Integration
𝑄
An integral of the form: ‫𝑥(𝑓 𝑃׬‬, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is independent of path of
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
integration if and only if: =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑄
Problem: Show that the integral ‫ 𝑃׬‬2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 is independent of
path of integration.
𝑄
Solution: Compare the given integral with: ‫𝑥(𝑓 𝑃׬‬, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Here 𝑓 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 and 𝑔 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
This implies: = 4𝑥𝑦 and = 4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
Since, = = 4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the given integral is independent of path of integration.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

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