Review Lecture 5

1) Isotopes are named after their masses?

2) How many neutrons does potassium K-39 have? K-40?
3) Which of the following statements is true of a neutral magnesium atom (#12)? It has:
a) 12 p, 12 e, 12 n b) 12 p, 12 e, 6 n c) 6 p, 6 e, no neutrons d) 6 p, 6 e, 6 n.
4) Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?
a) hydrogen bond b) ionic bond c) covalent bond d) polar covalent bond
5) An isotope of sodium (Na) has a mass number of 22. How many neutrons does it have?
a) 11 b) 12 c) 22 d) 44
6) Which of the following statements is FALSE. Water is?
a) polar b) stabilizes temperature c) essential for life d) most abundant atom in atm
7) You find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe this solution?
a) weakly acidic b) strongly acidic c) weakly basic d) strongly basic
8) The pH of lemon juice is about 2.0 and tomato juice is 4.0. Approximately how much of an
increase in [H+] is there? a) 2 times b) 10 times c) 100 times d) 1000 times
9) An example of a monosaccharide is ________. a) fructose b) glucose c) galactose d) all
10) Cellulose/starch are ________. a) monosaccharides b) disaccharides c) lipids d) polysaccharides
11) Phospholipids are important components of __________. a) cell plasma membrane b) ring
structure of steroids c) waxy covering on leaves d) double bond in hydrocarbon chains
12) Monomers of proteins are _________. a) nucleotides b) disaccharides c) amino acids
13) Why can some insects walk on water even though they are heavier than water?
14) Why is water an excellent solvent?
 Review Lecture 5
1) Isotopes are named after their masses? TRUE
2) How many neutrons does potassium K-39 have? (20) K-40? (21)
3) Magnesium (atomic number 12). Which of the following statements is true of a neutral magnesium atom? It
has:
a. 12 p, 12 e, 12 n b. 12 p, 12 e, 6 n c. 6 p, 6 e, no neutrons d. 6 p, 6 e, 6 n.
4) Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?
a. hydrogen bond b. ionic bond c. covalent bond d. polar covalent bond
5) An isotope of sodium (Na) has a mass number of 22. How many neutrons does it have? a. 11 b. 12 c. 22 d. 44
6) Which of the following statements is FALSE. Water is? a. polar b. stabilizes temperature c. essential for life d.
most abundant atom in Earth’s atmosphere.
7) Using a pH meter, you find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe this solution?
a. weakly acidic b. strongly acidic c. weakly basic d. strongly basic
8) The pH of lemon juice is about 2.0, whereas tomato juice is about 4.0. Approximately how much of an increase
in [H+] is there between tomato juice and lemon juice? a. 2 x b. 10 x c. 100 x d. 1000 x
9) An example of a monosaccharide is ________. a. fructose b. glucose c. galactose d. all of the above
10) Cellulose and starch are examples of ________. a. monosaccharides b. disaccharides c. lipids d. polysaccharides
11) Phospholipids are important components of __________. a. the plasma membrane of cells b. the ring structure
of steroids c. the waxy covering on leaves d. the double bond in hydrocarbon chains
12) The monomers that make up proteins are called _________. a. nucleotides b. disaccharides c. amino acids d.
chaperones
13) Why can some insects walk on water even though they are heavier than water? surface tension of water
14) Why is water an excellent solvent. Water is polar
Elements
The Periodic Table of the Elements
2 Period (row) – same numer of atomic orbitals
Group (column) – same number of e- in outer orbitals
8

18

18

32

32
Lecture 6: Overview of Cellular Energy
 Outline
I. ATP
II. Metabolism
III. Redox
IV. Photosynthesis
A. Introduction
B. Reactions
V. Cellular Respiration
A. Introduction
B. Reactions
Visit the link
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
This diagram of the fast carbon cycle shows the movement of
carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans. Yellow numbers
are natural fluxes, and red are human contributions in gigatons of
carbon per year.

White numbers indicate stored carbon. (Diagram adapted from U.S.

DOE, Biological and Environmental Research Information System.)

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle
 Digress: When was a lot of C sequestered?
End Devonian Period (358.9 Mya) - Begin Permian Period (298.9 Mya)

Visit the link

Organic debris from Carboniferous
swamps eventually becomes coal

Peat accumulated under a swamp is Coal in sedimentary beds interlayered

buried and becomes lignite w/sandstone, shale, & limestone strata
 Visit the link

Why are
complex
polysaccharides
so hard to break
down?

Required multiple
novel enzymes to
break molecular
bonds
 Brief Descriptions/Functions of
Domain Genus,Species
Microbes
Swim freely in the gut or attached to the
Bacteria Treponema protist; acetogenic, carry out
acetogenesis
Bacteroides, Bacteroides Fermentative, acidogenic; increase N
termitidis source by recycling uric acid waste
Sulfate-reducing bacteria; transfer
Desulfovibrio
hydrogen as H₂ donor
Citrobacter, Citrobacter freundii,
Enterobacter, Enterobacter Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
agglomerans
Enterococcus, Lactococcus Lactic acid bacteria
Metanogens, associated with protists as
Archaea Methanobrevibacter symbionts; carry out metanogenesis and
produce methane
Degrade endocytosed cellulose and
Trichonympha, Mixotricha,
Protists produce H₂ plus CO₂. Anaerobic, occur
Dinenympha, Euconomympha
on mitochondria in the cells
Is this a food web? Is this an ecosystem?
  Adenosine Triphospate
 Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphate groups
 Principle carriers of energy in the cell
 Used to STORE and RELEASE energy

I. What
is ATP?

Adenine

Phosphate groups

Ribose
 Storing
Energy
 ADP (Adenine
diphosphate)
 Only 2 phosphates (“di”)
 STORES chemical energy!
 When energy is available,
the cell stores it by adding
a phosphate to ADP
 ATP = battery ready to
power cell
Low energy High energy

ADP + Pi = ATP
 Releasing
Energy
 ATP (Adenine triphosphate)
 3 phosphates (“tri”)
 RELEASES energy by breaking
the bond between the 2nd
and 3rd phosphate groups
 Phosphate released = energy
release
 ATP provides energy for a
variety of cellular activities!
 Ex: active transport across cell
membranes, protein synthesis,
and muscle contraction

ATP - Pi = ADP
 All chemical reactions in the cell
- Catabolism: breakdown of food for energy
ADP + P + energy → ATP
- Anabolism: synthesis of molecules
ATP → ADP + P + energy
Enzymes frequently catalyze reactions

II. What is
Metabolism?
 III: Oxidation & Reduction (Redox)
Electron transfer process
Oxidation and reduction
 Involves two half reactions: always occur together
so that there is no net loss or
oxidation – loss of electrons gain of electrons overall

reduction – gain of electrons

 Earth’s primitive atmosphere was reducing 5 min

Visit the links

How do we know this? BIF’s
Visit the links
 Visit the link

How did the Earth’s atmosphere form?

 Leo the Lion
Overview of
Cellular Respiration: Goes Ger
A Redox Reaction Oxidation: C atoms gain bonds to oxygen

 Oxidation: loss of electrons

 Reduction: gain of electrons

Reduction: C atoms lose bonds to oxygen

IV. What is
Photosynthesis?
 Autotrophs convert
light energy into
chemical energy used
by cells
 Occurs in chloroplasts
in eukaryotes and the
cytoplasm in
prokaryotes
 Common light
absorbing pigment is
chlorophyll
 Uses energy from
sunlight to store
chemical energy in
organic compounds

Visit the link

4 min
 Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)
“Greatest historical science figure”
English Scientist & Mathematician
 Universal theory of gravity
 Invention of the reflecting
telescope
 Calculus
 Spectrum of colors
 Speed of sound
 Origin of stars
 Three laws of motion
 Principia most significant
work of science literature
A bit about light – the electromagnetic spectrum
Radiation type

Wavelength (m)

Approximate
scale of
wavelength

Frequency (Hz)

Visit the link

So why are leaves green?
The Overall
Photosynthetic
Reaction
Stage 1: Light is captured and
water is split
Stage 2: Captured light is used to
make ATP and reduce NADP+ to
NADPH 6CO2 + 12 H2O + light →
Stage 3: Energy from ATP and the
reducing power of NADPH are C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
used to make glucose and release
oxygen
 12 H2O molecules required, 6
H2O molecules made
 Water is split, electrons from
hydrogen atoms releasing O2

Reactants: CO2 and H2O

Products: C6H12O6 , H2O, and O2
  Light Reactions: convert light energy
Light-dependent into chemical energy
and (ATP and NADPH); producing O2
Dark Reactions: make sugar from CO2
Light-independent 
(C source) and energy-rich products
(Dark) Reactions of the light-reactions (ATP and NADPH)
via the Calvin Cycle

Light
Reactions Dark
Reactions

Visit the link

Calvin Glucose
Cycle
Photosynthesis

5 min
Photosystem I (PS-I) and photosystem II (PS-II) are two multi-subunit
membrane-protein complexes involved in oxygenic photosynthesis. The main
differences are that PS-II absorbs shorter wavelengths of light (<680 nm) and PS-I
absorbs longer wavelengths of light (> 680 nm).

cyanobacteria, red
and green algae,
higher plants

Net-reaction of light-dependent reaction in oxygenic photosynthesis is:

2H2O + 2NADP + H+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP
 Final e- acceptor: NADP+

Initial e- donor: water

 Different absorbance profiles for different organisms
 Purple Sulphur bacteria – hot springs or stagnant water, do not split H2O so do not
produce O2
 Oxygenic phototrophs - initial e- donor is H2O so O2 is liberated. When H2O
serves as e- donor two photosynthetic reaction centers are required
 Green sulfur bacteria - anoxygenic photosynthesis reduces CO2 to carbohydrates
using H2S instead of H2O. Absorbs longer wavelengths of light.
 Harvesting
Chemical
Energy
 Energy enters food webs from
autotrophs and heterotrophs
use that energy as fuel
 Plants and animals both use
glucose for metabolic fuel
 Heterotrophs: take in energy
from outside sources
 When organisms take in
glucose, proteins, and fats -
these compounds do not
come in a form cells can use
 They must be respired/oxidized
so…
 V. Cellular Respiration and Mitochondria
• Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell
• Produces energy (ATP) by respiration
What is cellular C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O
respiration?
 Transformation of chemical
energy in food into chemical
energy cells can use: ATP
 Energy comes from breaking
bonds
 Reactions proceed the same
way in plants and animals

Overall Reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

 Reactants: C6H12O6 + O2
 Products: CO2 + H2O
 Two types of Cellular Respiration
Respiration is a metabolic pathway of redox reactions
Respiration oxidizes carbohydrates and transfers the energy to produce ATP
The type of molecule that is reduced determines the type of respiration
The energy produced is in the form of ATP
Evolved later, starts with glycolysis Evolved first, starts with glycolysis

oxygen oxygen

mitochondria cytoplasm

36 2

Some unicellular organisms, Only unicellular organisms

all protists, fungi, plants and animals bacteria, yeast
 Stage 1: Glycolysis Reactions
5 min

Glycolysis - series of
reactions which break
a 6-C glucose down
into two 3-carbon
molecules; pyruvate
Ancient process - all
organisms from simple
bacteria to humans
perform it the same
way
Yields 2 ATPs for every
glucose molecule
Stage 2: Kreb’s Cycle/
Citric Acid Cycle

 Completes glucose
breakdown
 Takes 3-C pyruvate and
breaks it down; C & O
atoms end up in CO2
and H2O
 Production of only 2 more
ATP but loads up coenzymes
with H+ and e- which move
to the 3rd stage – the ETC
 Still not using O2
Stage 3: Electron
Transport Chain
 Carriers loaded with e-
and protons from the
citric acid cycle (Kreb’s)
enter a chain-like series of
steps through protein
complexes
 As e- fall down stairs, the
energy released form a
total of 32 ATP
 O2 waits at the bottom of
staircase, picks up e- and
protons and becomes
H2O
 Respiration is a redox
reaction that transfers H
from sugar (oxidation) to
O (reduction).
Electron Transport Chain with Chemiosmosis

Final e- acceptor
ETC
How Mitochondria Produce Energy
Mitochondria: the cell’s powerhouse
 Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane,
down their concentration gradient; the generation of ATP by the movement
of H+ across a membrane during photosynthesis…or cellular respiration.

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes
Coupling of
Photosynthesis &
Respiration:

Byproduct
inputs
&
outputs
 Relationship Between Mitochondrion & Chloroplast
The Pathway Between Mitochondrion and Chloroplast

▪ The light reaction produces O2

needed in the ETC.
▪ ETC produces H2O which is
split in the light reaction.
▪ ATP and NADPH produced in the
light reaction is used in the
Calvin cycle producing glucose.
▪ Glucose is converted to pyruvate
which is used in the Krebs cycle.
▪ Krebs cycle releases CO2
needed for the Calvin cycle.
▪ ETC produces NAD+ used in
the Krebs cycle
▪ Krebs cycle produces NADH
needed in the ETC.
 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
vs. Cellular Respiration

ENERGY Energy is stored Energy is released

Cellular Respiration
CO2 & O2 Uses CO ; Produces O
2 Uses O ; Produces CO
2 2 2

Water Uses water Produces Water

Glucose Produces Burns

glucose glucose
Location: Chloroplasts Glycolysis:
green plants, algae Cytoplasm of eukaryotic &
Where does prokaryotic cells
it Cytoplasm
take place? cyanobacteria, and some Aerobic respiration:
other microorganisms Mitochondria of ALL
eukaryotes
Plasma membrane in
prokaryotes
Light Requires light
(light-dependent reaction; Occurs in dark and light
Calvin Cycle can occur in
light or dark)