PROJECTREPORTONCRI

MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

TABLEOFCONTENTS

SYNOPSI
S 2

CRI
MEMAPPI
NG 3

I
ntr
oduct
ion 3

Hi
stor
ical
Backgr
ound 4

Appl
i
cat
ionofCr
imeMappi
ng 5

Cr
imeMappi
ngv
is-
a-v
iscr
imeAnal
ysi
s 5

Geogr
aphi
cInf
ormat
ionSy
stem (
GIS) 7

Whati
sGI
S? 7

HowdoesGI
Shel
pincr
imemappi
ng? 7

Ty
pesofCr
imeMappi
ng 9

Cr
imeMappi
ngi
nIndi
a 11

I
nadequaci
esoft
hePr
esentSy
stem 12

CRI
MESTATI
STI
CSANDREPORTS 15

CRI
MESTATI
STI
CSI
NINDI
A 18

Col
l
ect
ionofI
nfor
mat
ion 18

Fact
orsaf
fect
ingCr
imeSt
ati
sti
csi
nIndi
a 19

COMMI
TTEEONCRI
MESTATI
STI
CSI
NINDI
A 20

AREASOFREFORMS 21

CRI
MEANDCRI
MINALTRACKI
NGNETWORK&SYSTEMS(
CCTNS) 22

Mer
it
sofCCTNS 23

Cur
rentSt
atusofCCTNS 23

CONCLUSI
ON 24

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY 25

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PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

SYNOPSI
S

Abst
ract

Cr
imi
nol
ogi
calr
esear
ch suggest
sthatcer
tai
n psy
chol
ogi
cal
,soci
al,or
economi
c char
act
eri
sti
cs ar
e associ
ated wi
th hi
gher l
evel
s of cr
imi
nal
i
nvol
vement
.Cr
imemappi
ng 
i
sbasi
cal
l
yat
echni
queused byanal
yst
sin 
l
aw
enf
orcementagenci
es 
to map,v
isual
i
ze,and anal
yzecr
imei
nci
dentpat
ter
ns.
Cr
ime 
mappi
ngi
sthepr
ocesst
hroughwhi
chcr
imeanal
yst
sandr
esear
cher
suse
l
ocat
ioni
nfor
mat
ionaboutcr
imeev
ent
stodet
ectspat
ialpat
ter
nsi
ncr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ty.Fur
ther
,geogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ionsy
stem (
GIS)put
stoget
herhar
dwar
e,
sof
twar
e,anddat
aforcapt
uri
ng,
managi
ng,
anal
ysi
ng,
anddi
spl
ayi
ngal
lfor
msof
geogr
aphi
cal
l
yref
erencedi
nfor
mat
ion.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
hisdat
aisusedwi
del
yby
cr
imer
ecor
dbur
eaust
osuppr
esscr
ime.

Resear
chQuest
ions

1.Whati
sCr
imeMappi
ngandGeogr
aphi
cInf
ormat
ionSy
stem (
GIS)
?

2.Descr
ibeCr
imeSt
ati
sti
csandr
epor
tsandt
hei
rrel
evance.

Resear
chMet
hodol
ogy

Adescr
ipt
iveanddoct
ri
nal
resear
chmet
hodol
ogywasusedf
ort
hispr
oject
.
Concer
nedst
atut
eandbooksofr
enownedaut
hor
swer
elookedi
ntof
ort
he
compi
l
ati
on oft
he pr
esentst
udy
.Sev
eralwebsi
tes wer
elooked i
ntof
or
under
standi
ngt
heconceptofpr
esentst
udy
.Mor
eov
erv
ari
ousar
ti
clesandcase
l
awswer
eref
err
edi
nor
dert
ocl
eart
hel
awpoi
ntatt
hepr
esentt
ime.Ref
err
ingt
o
al
lthepr
imar
yandsecondar
ymat
eri
alment
ionedabov
e,t
hepr
esentst
udyhas
beencompi
l
edandpr
esent
edt
otheconcer
ned.

Topi
cScheme

Topi
c1–Cr
imeMappi
ngandGeogr
aphi
cInf
ormat
ionSy
stem (
GIS)

Topi
c2–Cr
imeSt
ati
sti
csandRepor
ts

CRI
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PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
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MESTATI
STI
CS

Topi
c3–Cr
imeandCr
imi
nal
Tracki
ngNet
wor
kandSy
stems(
CCTNS)

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MESTATI
STI
CS

CRI
MEMAPPI
NG

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Cr
imei
snotar
andom ev
ent
.Cr
imi
nol
ogi
calr
esear
chsuggest
sthatcer
tai
n
psy
chol
ogi
cal
,soci
al,oreconomi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csar
eassoci
ated wi
th hi
gher
l
evel
sofcr
imi
nali
nvol
vement
.Fur
ther
mor
e,par
ti
cul
arl
i
fest
ylesandpat
ter
nsof
act
ivi
typl
acei
ndi
vi
dual
satahei
ght
enedr
iskf
or 
vi
cti
mizat
ion.Ther
ateofcr
ime
ev
ent
sisi
ncr
easi
ngi
nal
ldev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esduet
otr
ansf
orm ofcapabi
l
ityand
maj
est
icl
i
fest
yle and al
so due t
o poorsoci
o,pol
i
tical
,and env
ironment
al
condi
ti
ons.Sev
eralf
act
ors,i
ncl
udi
ngt
heat
tractofpot
ent
ialt
arget
sandsi
mpl
e
geogr
aphi
cconv
eni
encef
oranof
fender
,inf
luencewher
epeopl
esel
ectt
obr
eak
t
hel
aw.Nat
ural
l
ycr
imedoesnotdi
sappearbyi
tsel
f.Pol
i
cedepar
tment
sar
eon
t
hedut
yofdef
endi
ngt
heci
ti
zen’
ssaf
etyandt
aki
ngpr
ecaut
ionst
omi
nimi
zet
he
r
iskofcr
ime.I
t'
slongbeencommonpr
act
icef
ort
hepol
i
cet
oident
if
ylocat
ions
and t
imes t
hatar
e mor
eli
abl
eto cr
imi
nalact
ivi
tyand such i
nfor
mat
ion i
s
col
l
ect
edbyCr
imeMappi
ng.

Cr
ime mappi
ng 
i
s basi
cal
l
y a t
echni
que used by anal
yst
s i
n l
aw
enf
orcementagenci
es 
to map,v
isual
i
ze,and anal
yzecr
imei
nci
dentpat
ter
ns.
Cr
ime 
mappi
ngi
sthepr
ocesst
hroughwhi
chcr
imeanal
yst
sandr
esear
cher
suse
l
ocat
ioni
nfor
mat
ionaboutcr
imeev
ent
stodet
ectspat
ialpat
ter
nsi
ncr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ty.Ear
lycr
imemappi
ngef
for
tst
ypi
cal
l
yinv
olv
edpl
aci
ngphy
sicalmar
ker
s,
suchaspi
ns,
onmapst
odesi
gnat
ethel
ocat
ionswher
ecr
imesoccur
red.Pat
ter
ns
ofcr
imi
nalact
ivi
tywer
edet
ermi
nedpr
imar
il
ythr
oughv
isuali
nspect
ionoft
hese
1
maps.

Fr
om t
hedawnofhumanki
nd,manhassket
chedcr
udeabst
ract
ionsof
geogr
aphy on cav
e wal
l
s and r
ocks.These ear
ly maps document
ed and
communi
cat
edi
mpor
tantgeogr
aphi
cknowl
edgeourancest
orsneededt
osur
viv
e.
Ourancest
orsf
acedcr
it
icalchoi
cest
hatdet
ermi
nedt
hei
rsur
viv
alordemi
se,and
t
heyusedgeogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ionst
oredi
nmapf
ormt
ohel
pthem makebet
ter

1
Cr
“ i
meMappi ng”,<ht
tp:
//cri
minal
-j
ust
ice.
ir
esear
chnet
.com/
cri
minol
ogy
/resear
ch-
met
hods/
cri
me
-
mapping>assessedon24/ 03/16

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MEMAPPI
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MESTATI
STI
CS

deci
si
ons.Howev
er,
nowt
hewor
ldhasbecomesi
gni
fi
cant
lymor
ecompl
ext
hani
t
wasf
orourear
lyancest
ors.

Hi
stor
icalBackgr
ound

Mappi
ngi
tsel
fhas 
alonghi
stor
y, 
butcr
imemappi
ngspeci
fi
cal
l
y canbe
t
racedbackt
otheear
ly1800s.Anumberofst
udi
esexami
nedt
hedi
str
ibut
ionof
cr
imei
nFr
anceandEngl
and.Geogr
apherBor
denDent
,inhi
sar
ti
cl Br
e“ i
efHi
stor
y
ofCr
imeMappi
ng,
”tr
acest
heor
igi
noft
hemappi
ngofcr
imet
oFr
ance,wher
ein
1829Adr
iano Bal
biandAndr
eMi
chelGuer
rycr
eat
edmapst
hatshowedt
he
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenv
iol
entandpr
oper
tycr
imesandeducat
ionall
evel
s.Wi
thi
na
f
ew decadest
hisappr
oachspr
eadt
oEngl
andandI
rel
and.Theear
lymapswer
e
chor
opl
eth 
mapst
hatdi
spl
ayedquant
it
iesoft
hingsi
nar
eas.

Soci
ologi
sts,par
ti
cul
arl
ythoseassoci
atedwi
tht
heUni
ver
sit
yofChi
cago,
beganusi
ngmappi
ngi
nthef
ir
stf
ew decadesoft
he1900s.Per
hapst
hebest
knownmapsi
ncr
imi
nol
ogywer
ecr
eat
edbyt
heChi
cagoSchoolsoci
ologi
sts
Cl
i
ffor
d Shaw and Henr
y McKay
,who const
ruct
ed a chor
opl
eth map usi
ng
aggr
egat
ionsofaddr
essesofcl
oset
o3,
000mal
edel
i
nquent
sinChi
cagof
ort
he
per
iod1927t
o1933.

Accompany
ingt
hese,
ear
lyef
for
tsi
ncr
imemappi
ngwer
edev
elopment
sin
t
he pr
ofessi
on ofpol
i
cing t
hatpr
ovi
ded addi
ti
onaloppor
tuni
ti
es f
orcr
ime
mappi
ng.Oneoft
hef
ir
st 
pol
i
cedepar
tment
stousemappi
ngwasNewYor
kCi
ty
i
nthe1900s.
 Themapsconsi
sted ofsi
mpl
ewal
lmapsi
n whi
ch “
push pi
ns”
wer
e usedt
oindi
cat
ecr
imes 
thathadoccur
red.I
nthel
ate19t
handear
ly20t
h
cent
uri
es, t
he pr
ofessi
onal
i
zat
ion mov
ement i
n pol
i
cing
encour
aged 
pol
i
ce 
organi
zat
ionst
ocompi
l
est
ati
sti
csdocument
ingt
heext
entof
cr
imei
nthei
rjur
isdi
cti
ons.I
nfact
,oneoft
hemai
njust
if
icat
ionsf
ort
hecr
eat
ionof
Feder
alBur
eauofI
nvest
igat
ionwasf
ort
heexpl
i
citpur
poseofdocument
ingt
he
ext
entofcr
imei
ntheUni
tedSt
atest
hrought
heUni
for
m Cr
imeRepor
ti
ngpr
ogr
am.

I
tiswor
thnot
ingt
hatal
lthemapsdescr
ibedabov
ewer
emadewi
thhands
r
athert
hancomput
ers.I
nonesense,cr
imemappi
ngwasani
deat
hatar
ose
bef
orei
tst
ime,bef
oret
he r
equi
sit
etechnol
ogywasav
ail
abl
e.I
nthe 1960s

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MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

and 
1970s,t
hef
ir
stcomput
er-
gener
ated mapsofcr
imewer
ecr
eat
ed.I
nthe
1980s,
mor
eadv
ancedt
echnol
ogyanddeskt
opcomput
ersbecameav
ail
abl
e,and
mor
ewi
del
y 
used.
 Howev
er,
thequal
i
ty 
ofcomput
eri
zedmappi
ngatt
hat
 t
imewas
l
i
mit
edbecauseofsl
owpr
ocessi
ngspeedsandpoorpr
int
ingqual
i
ty.I
nthe1990s,
deskt
op geogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ion sy
stems(
GIS)became wi
del
yav
ail
abl
e,and
i
n t
hel
ate1990s,t
heybegant
obegener
all
yusedbyl
aw enf
orcementagenci
es
2
andcr
imi
nol
ogi
sts.

Appl
icat
ionofCr
imeMappi
ng

Cr
imeanal
yst
susecr
imemappi
ngandanal
ysi
stohel
plaw enf
orcement
management(
e.g.t
hepol
i
cechi
ef)t
omakebet
terdeci
sions,t
argetr
esour
ces,
and f
ormul
ate st
rat
egi
es, as wel
l as f
or t
act
ical anal
ysi
s (
e.g. cr
ime
f
orecast
ing,
 
geogr
aphi
c pr
ofi
l
ing)
. 
New Yor
k Ci
ty 
does t
his t
hrough
t
he 
CompSt
at 
appr
oach,t
hought
hatwayoft
hinki
ngdeal
smor
ewi
tht
heshor
t
t
erm.Ther
ear
eot
her
,rel
atedappr
oacheswi
tht
ermsi
ncl
udi
ngI
nfor
mat
ion-
led
pol
i
cing,
 
Int
ell
i
gence-
led pol
i
cing,
 
Probl
em-
ori
ent
ed pol
i
cing, and 
Communi
ty
pol
i
cing.I
n some l
aw enf
orcementagenci
es,cr
ime anal
yst
swor
kin ci
vi
li
an
posi
ti
ons,
whi
l
einot
heragenci
es,
cri
meanal
yst
sar
eswor
nof
fi
cer
s.

Fr
om a r
esear
ch and 
pol
i
cy 
per
spect
ive,cr
ime mappi
ng i
s used t
o
under
standpat
ter
nsof
 i
ncar
cer
ati
on 
and 
reci
div
ism,hel
ptar
getr
esour
cesand
pr
ogr
ams,ev
aluat
e cr
imepr
event
ion 
orcr
imer
educt
ionpr
ogr
ams(
e.g.Pr
oject
Saf
eNei
ghbor
hoods,Weed&Seedandaspr
oposedi
n Fi
xi
ngBr
okenWi
ndows)
,
andf
urt
herunder
standi
ngofcausesofcr
ime.Theboom ofi
nter
nett
echnol
ogi
es,
par
ti
cul
arl
yweb-
based geogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ion sy
stem (
GIS)t
echnol
ogi
es,i
s
openi
ngnewoppor
tuni
ti
esf
oruseofcr
imemappi
ngt
osuppor
tcr
imepr
event
ion.
Resear
ch 
i
ndi
cat
est
hatt
hef
unct
ionspr
ovi
dedi
nweb-
basedcr
imemappi
ngar
e
l
esst
hani
nmostt
radi
ti
onalcr
imemappi
ngsof
twar
e.I
nconcl
usi
on,exi
sti
ng
wor
ksofweb-
basedcr
imemappi
ngf
ocusonsuppor
ti
ngcommuni
typol
i
cing
r
athert
hananal
yti
cal
funct
ionssuchaspat
ter
nanal
ysi
sandpr
edi
cti
on.

2
<ht
tp:
//geospat
ial
wor
ld.
net
/Paper
/Appl
i
cat
ion>asassessedon24/
03/
16

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Cr
imeMappi
ngv
is-
a-v
iscr
imeAnal
ysi
s

Cr
imemappi
ngi
scompl
ement
aryt
oal
lfor
msofcr
imeanal
ysi
sint
hati
tpl
aysan
i
mpor
tantpar
tinal
mostev
eryanal
ysi
s.AsFi
gur
eil
l
ust
rat
es,
cri
memappi
ngdoes
notst
andal
one;r
ather
,iti
sapr
ocesst
hatoccur
swi
thi
nthel
argerpr
ocessof
3
cr
imeanal
ysi
s.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeexampl
esofhowcr
imemappi
ngi
susedwi
thi
nthe
t
hreet
ypesofcr
imeanal
ysi
s:

•I
ntact
icalcr
imeanal
ysi
s,cr
imemappi
ngi
susedt
oident
if
yimmedi
atepat
ter
ns
f
orcr
imessuchasr
esi
dent
ialandcommer
cialbur
glar
y,aut
othef
t,andt
hef
tfr
om
v
ehi
cl
es.Forexampl
e,spat
ialanal
ysi
sofaut
othef
tinci
dent
smayr
evealcl
ust
ers
ofact
ivi
tyatspeci
fi
clocat
ionst
hatmi
ghti
ndi
cat
eacr
imepat
ter
n.

•I
nst
rat
egi
ccr
imeanal
ysi
s,cr
imemappi
ngi
sut
il
izedi
nlong-
ter
m appl
i
cat
ionst
o
anal
yzet
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencr
imi
nalact
ivi
tyandi
ndi
cat
orsofdi
sor
der
,such
asahi
ghv
olumeofv
acantpr
oper
tyordi
sor
dercal
l
sforser
vice;t
oassi
sti
n
geogr
aphi
c and t
empor
alal
l
ocat
ion of r
esour
ces,such as pat
rolof
fi
cer
schedul
i
nganddet
ermi
nat
ionofpat
rolar
eas;t
oexami
nepat
ter
nsofcr
imeator
ar
oundspeci
fi
clocat
ions,suchasschool
s,bar
s,ordr
ugt
reat
mentcent
ers;t
o
cal
cul
atecr
imer
atei
nfor
mat
ion,suchasnumber
sofr
esi
dent
ialbur
glar
iesper
3
Shannon Rei d, 
Geor ge Ti t
a, “The Mappi ng and Spat i
al Analysi
s of Cr
ime”
,
<ht
tp:/
/www.oxfordbibli
ographi
es.com/
view/
document/
obo-
9780195396607/
obo-
9780195396607-0123.xml>asassessedon24/03/
2016.

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househol
d;andt
oincor
por
atecr
imedat
awi
thqual
i
tat
ivegeogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ion,
suchasi
nfor
mat
ionont
eenagehangout
s,st
udentpat
hway
stoschool
,ordr
ug
andpr
ost
it
uti
onmar
ket
s.

•I
nadmi
nist
rat
ivecr
imeanal
ysi
s,cr
imemappi
ngi
sav
aluabl
etoolusedbypol
i
ce,
r
esear
cher
s,andmedi
aor
gani
zat
ionst
oconv
eycr
imi
nalact
ivi
tyi
nfor
mat
iont
o
t
hepubl
i
c.Websi
tesoper
atedbypol
i
cedepar
tment
sandnewsor
gani
zat
ion
r
out
inel
ypostmapst
hatdepi
ctar
easofcr
ime,al
ongwi
thcor
respondi
ngt
abl
es
anddef
ini
ti
ons.Forexampl
e,apol
i
ceagencycanr
educeci
ti
zenr
equest
sfor
nei
ghbor
hoodcr
imei
nfor
mat
ionbypl
aci
ngmont
hlyorweekl
ycr
imemapsona
Websi
tet
hatmember
soft
hepubl
i
ccanaccessusi
ngcomput
ersi
nthei
rhomes
oratt
hel
ocal
li
brar
y.

Geogr
aphi
cInf
ormat
ionSy
stem (
GIS)

The1960swer
ethedawnofenv
ironment
alawar
eness,andi
tseemeda
nat
uralf
itt
o appl
y power
fulnew comput
ing t
echnol
ogy t
othe ser
ious
env
ironment
alandgeogr
aphi
cpr
obl
emswewer
efaci
ng.Andsot
hegeogr
aphi
c
i
nfor
mat
ionsy
stem (
GIS)wasbor
n.Theer
aofcomput
ati
onalgeogr
aphywasl
ed
byt
hegr
oundbr
eaki
ngwor
kofDr
.RogerToml
i
nson,whodev
elopedt
heCanada
Geogr
aphi
cInf
ormat
ionSy
stem i
n1967.Si
mil
aref
for
tst
ookpl
aceatHar
var
d's
Labor
ator
yofComput
erGr
aphi
csandSpat
ialAnal
ysi
sint
he1960sandbey
ond.
Comput
ati
onalgeogr
aphyf
orev
erchangedt
hewaywev
iewgeogr
aphyandpl
ace.
GI
Sbenef
it
sor
gani
zat
ionsofal
lsi
zesandi
nal
mostev
eryi
ndust
ry.Ther
eisa
4
gr
owi
ngawar
enessoft
heeconomi
candst
rat
egi
cval
ueofGI
S.

Whati
sGI
S?

A geogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ionsy
stem (
GIS)put
stoget
herhar
dwar
e,sof
twar
e,and
dat
aforcapt
uri
ng,
managi
ng,
anal
ysi
ng,
anddi
spl
ayi
ngal
lfor
msofgeogr
aphi
cal
l
y
r
efer
encedi
nfor
mat
ion.TheuseofGI
Spr
ogr
amsf
ormappi
nghasbeent
hemost
i
mpor
tantadv
ancei
nthef
iel
dofcr
imemappi
ng.Ther
ear
esev
erali
mpor
tant
adv
ant
agesi
nusi
ngv
irt
ual
mapsi
nst
eadofphy
sical
maps.

<htt
p:/
/geospat
ial
wor
ld.net
/Paper
/Appl
i
cat
ion/
Art
icl
eVi
ew.
aspx?
aid=31097#st
hash.
kXHt
3beC.
dp
uf>asassessedon26/03/2016

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HowdoesGI
Shel
pincr
imemappi
ng?

GI
Spl
aysacr
it
ical
rol
einal
lphasesofl
awenf
orcementi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 GI
Smapsar
ethequi
ckestmeansofv
isual
i
zingt
heent
ir
ecr
imescenar
io.
Thel
ocat
ionsofcr
imeev
ent
s,ar
rest
s,et
c.canber
out
inel
ydi
spl
ayedon
maps.

 GI
SMapscanal
sobeusedt
oconv
eymor
ethanonet
ypeofi
nfor
mat
ionat
at
ime.

 I
ntegr
ati
onofcommuni
tychar
act
eri
sti
cs:Communi
tychar
act
eri
sti
cs(
for
e.
g.,
Slums,
mar
ket
s,col
l
eges,
par
ks,
alcohol
per
mitl
ocat
ions,
redl
i
ghtar
ea,
et
c.)canber
out
inel
ydi
spl
ayedonmapswhi
l
eananal
ysi
ngcr
imepat
ter
ns
t
oint
erpr
etr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hesechar
act
eri
sti
csandt
hecr
ime.For
exampl
e,t
he l
ocat
ions ofaggr
avat
ed assaul
ts,r
obber
ies and al
cohol
per
mit
scanbedi
spl
ayedt
oseei
fcr
imei
scl
ust
eri
ngar
oundl
ocat
ionst
hat
sel
lal
cohol
.Ot
hermappi
ngdat
asuchasbusr
out
esandpubl
i
chousi
ng
canal
sobedi
spl
ayedatt
hesamet
imet
oanal
yzer
elat
ionshi
psbet
ween
nei
ghbor
hoodchar
act
eri
sti
csandcr
ime.

 Pr
oduct
ionoft
hemat
icmaps:Mapscanbepr
oducedatanygeogr
aphi
c
l
evel(
e.g.Pol
i
cest
ati
ons,
div
isi
ons,
orzones)t
oai
dint
heanal
ysi
sofcr
ime
pat
ter
ns.Eachr
esponsear
eacanbeshadedt
orepr
esentt
henumberof
cr
imest
hatoccur
redi
nthatar
eadur
ingaspeci
fi
cti
mef
rame.These
t
hemat
icmapscanal
sobeusedt
oshowt
hechangei
nanar
ea'
scr
imer
ate.
Theper
centchangei
nthenumberofcr
imei
nci
dent
scanbedi
spl
ayedby
shadi
ngeachar
eaaccor
dingt
owhet
hert
her
ewasani
ncr
ease,
decr
easeor
nochange.

 El
i
minat
ion ofexcess i
nfor
mat
ion:GI
S al
l
ows an anal
ystt
o qui
ckl
y
el
i
minat
eexcessi
nfor
mat
ion.I
naddi
ti
ont
ofocusi
ngonasi
ngl
elocat
ion,
GI
Scanal
sobeusedt
oexami
neev
ent
sthatoccur
redwi
thi
nacer
tai
n
di
stanceofmul
ti
plel
ocat
ions.

 I
dent
if
icat
ionofHot
spot
s:GI
Sident
if
iesar
east
hatcont
aindensecl
ust
erof

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MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

ev
ent
s orhot
spot
s.These hi
gh concent
rat
ion ar
eas usual
l
y demand
speci
alpol
i
ceat
tent
ion.Forexampl
e,GI
Sal
l
owsananal
ystt
oident
if
yal
lof
t
hear
easi
napol
i
cest
ati
onar
eawher
eatl
east5r
obber
iesoccur
redwi
thi
n
a1km r
adi
us.Thesear
easar
ethenout
li
nedont
hemap.Usi
ngGI
Sto
i
dent
if
yhot
spot
spr
ovi
desaconsi
stentmet
hodt
omeasur
econcent
rat
ions
ofcr
imi
nalev
ent
sov
ert
ime.Hot
spot
sofv
iol
entcr
ime,
robber
y,r
esi
dent
ial
bur
glar
y,commer
cialbur
glar
y,aut
othef
t,r
ape,
etc.canbecal
cul
atedev
ery
mont
hforeachpol
i
cest
ati
onar
ea.

 I
nvest
igat
eser
ialof
fences:Thehomeaddr
esses,wor
kaddr
esses,and
pl
acesf
requent
ed byv
ict
imsand suspect
sofser
ialof
fencescan be
di
spl
ayed.Whendet
ail
sofbot
hsuspect
sandv
ict
imsar
evi
ewedi
nthi
s
manner
,int
ersect
ionsbet
weent
het
wocanbeseen.Thespat
ialpat
ter
nsof
l
essser
iousof
fencest
hatof
tenl
eadupt
omor
eser
iouscr
imescanbe
exami
ned.Thi
sisespeci
all
yimpor
tantsi
nceser
ialr
api
stsof
tenbegi
nthei
r
cr
imi
nalcar
eer
scommi
tt
ingot
herof
fencessuchaspeepi
ngt
om i
nci
dent
s,
i
ndecentexposur
es,
orr
esi
dent
ial
bur
glar
ies.

 Pr
edi
ctbehav
iour
:Basedont
hecr
imehi
stor
y,model
scanbedev
elopedt
o
pr
edi
ctbehav
iourofcr
imi
nal
s.Usi
ngt
hesemodel
s,t
hepr
obabl
elocat
ion
ofanof
fender
'shomecanbei
dent
if
ied.Thegeogr
aphi
car
eawher
ethe
nextcr
imei
smostl
i
kel
ytooccurcanal
sobepr
edi
cted.

 I
dent
if
y suspect
s:Cr
ime dat
a consi
sti
ng ofspat
ialpat
ter
ns,suspect
i
nfor
mat
ionandmet
hodofoper
ati
onchar
act
eri
sti
cscanbecombi
nedwi
th
ar
restl
ocat
ions t
o pr
ovi
de i
nvest
igat
orsat
oolt
oident
if
y pot
ent
ial
suspect
s.I
nvest
igat
orscanqui
ckl
yseehot
spotl
ocat
ionsandt
hepeopl
e
whohav
ebeenpr
evi
ousl
yar
rest
edf
ort
hepar
ti
cul
arcr
imear
oundt
hese
l
ocat
ions

Ty
pesofCr
imeMappi
ng

Sev
eralt
ypesofmappi
ngar
eusedr
out
inel
yincr
imeanal
ysi
s.Thi
ssect
ion
pr
ovi
desabr
iefi
ntr
oduct
iont
othev
ari
oust
ypesofcr
imemappi
ngasf
oll
ows:

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MESTATI
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CS

1.Si
ngl
e-Sy
mbolMappi
ng -I
n si
ngl
e-sy
mbolmaps,i
ndi
vi
dual
,uni
for
m
sy
mbol
srepr
esentf
eat
uressuchast
hel
ocat
ionsofst
ores,r
oads,or
st
ates.Ani
mpor
tantt
hingt
okeepi
nmi
ndaboutsi
ngl
e-sy
mbolmapsi
s
t
hataGI
Spl
acesal
lpoi
ntsonsuchamapt
hatshar
ethesameaddr
ess
di
rect
lyont
opofoneanot
her
,maki
ngi
timpossi
blef
ort
hemapt
oshow
howmanypoi
ntst
her
ereal
l
yar
e.Thi
sdr
awbackofsi
ngl
e-sy
mbolmappi
ng
i
spar
ti
cul
arl
yrel
evantf
ort
hemappi
ngofcr
imeandot
herpol
i
cedat
a,
becausecr
imeandot
herpol
i
ce-
rel
atedi
nci
dent
sof
tenoccurr
epeat
edl
yat
par
ti
cul
arl
ocat
ions.Becauseoft
his,cr
imeanal
yst
susesi
ngl
e-sy
mbol
mappi
ngpr
imar
il
ytodi
spl
aygeogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ioni
nwhi
cht
her
eisno
ov
erl
ap;t
heyempl
oyot
hert
ypesofmapst
oconv
eyi
nfor
mat
ionabout
mul
ti
plei
nci
dent
satpar
ti
cul
arl
ocat
ions.I
naddi
ti
on,si
ngl
e-sy
mbolmaps
ar
enotusef
ulwhenanal
yst
sar
edeal
i
ngwi
thl
argeamount
sofdat
a.The
poi
ntswoul
dov
erl
ap,
andt
hemapwoul
dbedi
ff
icul
ttor
ead.Thusanal
yst
s
usesi
ngl
e-sy
mbolmapspr
imar
il
ywhent
heyar
ewor
kingwi
thr
elat
ivel
y
smal
lamount
sofdat
athatdonotov
erl
ap.Pol
i
ceagenci
esal
soof
tenuse
si
ngl
e-sy
mbolmaps t
o communi
cat
ethe l
ocat
ions ofcr
imes wi
thi
n
pat
ter
nst
opol
i
ceper
sonnel
.

2.Buf
fer
s-Abuf
feri
saspeci
fi
edar
eaar
oundaf
eat
ureonamap.Buf
fer
s
canbesetatsmal
ldi
stances,
suchas50f
eet
,orl
argerdi
stances,
suchas
500mi
l
es,
dependi
ngont
hepur
poseandscal
eoft
hemap.Buf
fer
shel
pin
cr
imeanal
ysi
sbyi
l
lust
rat
ingt
her
elat
ivedi
stancesbet
weenf
eat
uresona
map.Buf
fer
scanal
so beusedaspol
ygonsf
ordat
aaggr
egat
ionand
compar
ison.

3.Gr
aduat
edMappi
ng-Cr
imeanal
yst
sof
tenusegr
aduat
edmapsi
.e.maps
i
nwhi
chdi
ff
erentsi
zesorcol
orsoff
eat
uresr
epr
esentpar
ti
cul
arv
aluesof
v
ari
abl
es.I
nagr
aduat
edsi
zemap,
thesi
zesoft
hesy
mbol
susedf
orpoi
nt
andl
i
nef
eat
uresr
efl
ectt
hei
rval
ue.Asnot
edabov
e,si
ngl
e-sy
mbolmaps
ar
enotappr
opr
iat
efordi
spl
ayi
ngdat
aaboutcr
imest
hatoccuratt
hesame
l
ocat
ionsr
epeat
edl
y.Anal
yst
susegr
aduat
edsi
zemapsf
ort
hispur
pose,
because t
hese maps can accountf
ormul
ti
plei
nci
dent
s att
he same
l
ocat
ions.Howev
er,l
i
kesi
ngl
e-sy
mbolmaps,gr
aduat
ed si
zemapsar
e

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subj
ectt
oov
erl
appi
ngpoi
ntsi
ftoomanydat
aar
eanal
yzedatonce.I
na
gr
aduat
edcol
ormap,
thecol
orsoft
hesy
mbol
sref
lectt
hei
rval
ues.

4.Char
tMappi
ng-Char
tmappi
ngal
l
owst
hecr
imeanal
ystt
odi
spl
aysev
eral
v
alueswi
thi
napar
ti
cul
arv
ari
abl
eatt
hesamet
ime(
e.g.
,var
iabl
e=cr
ime,
v
alues=r
obber
y,assaul
t,andr
ape)
.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofchar
tmappi
ng:
pi
eandbar
.Inpi
echar
tmappi
ng,t
her
elat
iveper
cent
ages(
repr
esent
edby
sl
i
cesofapi
e)ofv
alueswi
thi
nav
ari
abl
ear
edi
spl
ayed.I
nbarchar
t
mappi
ng,t
her
elat
ivef
requenci
es(
repr
esent
edbybar
s)ofv
alueswi
thi
n
v
ari
abl
esar
edi
spl
ayed.

5.Densi
tyMappi
ng-I
ndensi
tymappi
ng,anal
yst
susepoi
ntdat
atoshade
sur
faces t
hatar
e notl
i
mit
ed t
o ar
ea boundar
ies (
as i
sthe case i
n
gr
aduat
edcol
ormappi
ng)
.Int
hei
rmostbasi
cfor
m,densi
tymapsar
e
shadedaccor
dingt
otheconcent
rat
ionofi
nci
dent
sinpar
ti
cul
arar
eas.
Suchmapsar
eusedt
ocompar
esmal
lvar
iat
ionsi
ncr
imel
evel
sfr
om one
ar
eat
oanot
herr
athert
hant
ocompar
elev
elsofcr
imewi
thi
nfi
xedar
ti
fi
cial
geogr
aphi
cboundar
ies.

6.I
nter
act
iveCr
imeMappi
ng -Rat
hert
hanat
ypeofmappi
ng,t
het
erm
i
nter
act
ive cr
ime mappi
ng r
efer
sto si
mpl
i
fied geogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ion
sy
stemsmadeav
ail
abl
etonov
iceuser
sov
ert
heI
nter
net
.Manypol
i
ce
depar
tment
shav
eint
eract
iveWebsi
teswher
eci
ti
zensandpol
i
ceof
fi
cer
s
canconductbasi
ccr
imemappi
ngt
hemsel
ves.Theseappl
i
cat
ionst
ypi
cal
l
y
ar
enotf
lexi
bleorsophi
sti
cat
edenought
obeusef
ult
ocr
imeanal
yst
s.The
usercanmani
pul
atet
hemapwi
thl
i
mit
edf
unct
ions,quer
ydi
ff
erentdat
a,
andpr
intmapsandr
epor
ts.

Cr
imeMappi
ngi
nIndi
a

Oneoft
hekeysecur
it
yissuesconf
ront
ingI
ndi
atodayi
spubl
i
csaf
ety
,bot
h
i
nur
banandr
uralar
eas.Cr
imei
ngener
alandspeci
fi
cal
l
yagai
nstwomeni
s
gr
owi
ng.I
ndi
arecei
vedwor
ldwi
demedi
aat
tent
ionduet
othe2012Del
higang
r
apecase,i
nvol
vi
ngay
oungwomanwhowassev
erel
ybeat
enandgangr
aped
af
terboar
dingabuswi
thamal
ecompani
on.I
tal
sor
emai
nshi
ghl
yvul
ner
abl
eto

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MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

act
s of domest
ict
err
ori
sm.Law enf
orcement agenci
es,howev
er,r
emai
n
const
rai
nedwi
tht
her
esour
cesav
ail
abl
etot
hem.St
udi
esi
ndi
cat
ethatI
ndi
ahas
onanav
erage129pol
i
ceof
fi
cer
sper100,
000peopl
e.Thi
sranksI
ndi
aassecond
l
owestamong50count
ri
esr
ankedbyt
heUni
tedNat
ionsOf
fi
ceonDr
ugsand
Cr
ime(
UNODC)i
n2010wher
ethegl
obalav
eragei
sappr
oxi
mat
ely350.Vi
olent
cr
imeshav
eincr
easedmani
fol
dsaccor
dingt
other
ecentNCRBst
ati
sti
cs.Thus,
t
heGov
ernmenthasaher
cul
eant
askt
obr
idget
hei
ncr
easi
nggapbet
weent
he
gr
owt
h and cont
rolof i
nter
nalsecur
it
y chal
l
enges i
n a sust
ainabl
e way
.
Lev
eragi
ngt
echnol
ogyadv
ancement
sist
hewayf
orwar
dtoensur
epubl
i
csaf
ety
andi
ncr
easel
aw enf
orcementef
fect
ivenesswi
thf
ini
ter
esour
ces.Geogr
aphi
c
I
nfor
mat
ionSy
stem (
GIS)t
echnol
ogyi
sbei
ngusedgl
obal
l
yasapower
fulcr
ime
pr
event
ionandi
nvest
igat
iont
ool
formanagi
ngcr
imei
nav
eryef
fect
iveway
.

Thet
radi
ti
onalst
rat
egyofi
ntel
l
igenceandcr
imi
nalr
ecor
dmai
ntenance
hasf
ail
ed t
o meett
he r
equi
rement
soft
he pr
esentcr
ime scenar
io.Manual
pr
ocessesnei
therpr
ovi
deaccur
ate,r
eli
abl
eandcompr
ehensi
vedat
aroundt
he
cl
ocknordoesi
thel
pint
rendpr
edi
cti
onanddeci
sionsuppor
t.Ther
efor
e,GI
S
pr
ovi
desanal
ter
nat
ivet
otr
adi
ti
onalmet
hods.I
tisakeycomponentofcr
ime
anal
ysi
sandt
hepol
i
cingst
rat
egyar
oundt
hewor
ld.

Cur
rent
ly,Cr
imeandCr
imi
nalI
nfor
mat
ionSy
stem i
susedi
nIndi
a,whi
ch
hasbeendesi
gned t
o cr
eat
ecomput
eri
zed st
orage,anal
ysi
sand r
etr
iev
alof
5
cr
imi
nal
recor
ds.I
tisassi
stedbyCommonI
ntegr
atedPol
i
ceAppl
i
cat
ion.

Recent
ly,
thef
oll
owi
ngdev
elopment
shav
etakenpl
acei
nreal
m ofcr
imi
nal
mappi
ngandGI
SinI
ndi
a:

 ESRI
,ani
nter
nat
ionalsuppl
i
erofGI
Ssof
twar
es,hassol
dtwol
i
censesof
Ar
cvi
ewGI
Ssof
twar
eandhasi
mpar
tedt
rai
ningt
othepol
i
ceconst
abl
esof
Chennai
cit
y.

 SunMi
crosy
stemshaspr
oducedeCOPSsof
twar
efort
heAndhr
aPr
adesh
St
atePol
i
ceDepar
tment
.Iti
sasi
gni
fi
cantst
ept
owar
dsi
ntegr
ati
onofst
ate

5
Raj
esh,D.Gana&Punit
haval
li
,Dr.M. Ast
,‘ udyont heexist
ingcomputer
saidedcri
meanal ysi
s
t
oolst
ohandleIndi
anSt
ateofAffai
rs’
,I
nter
nationalJour
nalofComputerSci
ences,
Vol.9,
Issue2,
No.3,
Mar
ch2012,
pgs528-
532.

CRI
MINOLOGY,
PENOLOGY&VI
CTI
MOLOGYPage13
PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

-
of-
the-
artI
Tinf
rast
ruct
ure.Sof
twar
esy
stemswer
edev
elopedwi
thCI
Sand
GPScapabi
l
iti
es.Gov
ernmentagenci
essuchast
hepr
isons,t
hej
udi
ciar
y,
hospi
tal
s,i
nter
nalr
evenuesandi
mmi
grat
ionwi
l
lal
sobeconnect
edt
othe
cent
raleCOPSdat
abase.Howev
er,t
hisi
snotapur
eGI
S/GPSsol
uti
on
pr
ovi
dingsof
twar
e.

 A New Del
hibased companyCE I
nfo Sy
stemshasdev
eloped Mappl
s
Sur
aksha,
ani
ntegr
atedGI
Sbasedcr
imecont
rol
andanal
ysi
ssof
twar
etool
.
Thi
ssof
twar
eisacompl
etei
nfor
mat
ionmanagementsol
uti
onf
ort
he
pol
i
cet
hatmanagest
her
ecor
dingofi
nfor
mat
iont
hatcomesi
ntot
he
pol
i
cecont
rolr
oom,di
spat
chofpat
rolv
ehi
cles,t
raf
fi
cmanagementand
cr
imer
ecor
ds.Thespat
iali
mageofaci
tyt
hatt
hesy
stem mai
ntai
nsdawn
t
othel
ocal
i
tyl
evelenabl
est
hepol
i
cet
oaf
ast
erandbet
terdeci
sion
maki
nga1al
ll
evel
soft
hehi
erar
chy
.

 TheGov
ernmentofMahar
asht
rahassanct
ionedt
hepr
oposalofMumbai
Pol
i
cet
oimpl
ementGI
S/GPSi
nMumbaici
typol
i
ceandt
hepr
ojecti
sli
kel
y
t
obei
mpl
ement
edv
erysoon.

 Cy
per
badPol
i
ceSt
ati
oni
nTel
anganahasst
art
edi
tsowncr
imemappi
ng
websi
te.

 Asophi
sti
cat
eddat
abasebui
l
tbyAmt
roni
ncol
l
abor
ati
onwi
thal
eadi
ng
Kol
kat
abasedRi
ddhiManagementSer
vicesPr
ivat
eLi
mit
edhav
epr
oduced
aGI
Scr
imesy
stem f
ort
heAssam pol
i
ce.

St
il
lvar
iousdev
elopment
shav
ebeendonei
nthear
eaofGI
SandGPS
i
mpl
ement
ati
on.Thi
s gi
ves mor
e hope f
ort
he dev
elopmentofhol
i
sti
c GI
S
sy
stemsf
oral
lthepol
i
cedepar
tment
sinI
ndi
a.

I
nadequaci
esoft
hePr
esentSy
stem

Nof
ull
-f
ledgedr
esear
chst
udi
eshav
ebeencar
ri
edoutwhi
chhi
ghl
i
ghtt
he
pr
obl
ems wi
th cr
ime mappi
ng i
nIndi
a.Howev
er,t
he f
oll
owi
ng st
udi
es hav
e
poi
ntedoutcer
tai
ndef
ect
sint
hepr
esentmet
hods:

CRI
MINOLOGY,
PENOLOGY&VI
CTI
MOLOGYPage14
PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

1.AGI
SImpl
ement
ati
oni
nChennaiCi
tyPol
i ng6
ci

I
n2004 r
esear
cher
sint
heUni
ver
sit
yofMadr
ascol
l
abor
ated wi
tht
he
ChennaiPol
i
cedepar
tmentanddev
elopedast
udyt
hathaspr
ovi
dedv
aluabl
e
i
nfor
mat
ionconcer
ningpr
oper
tycr
imesi
nChennaici
ty,i
ncl
udi
ngdat
aont
he
soci
alandphy
sicalchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hesear
east
hatcont
ri
but
etol
ocal
i
zed
cr
imi
nalact
ivi
ty.Accor
dingt
othi
sst
udy
,cr
imemappi
ngi
nIndi
asuf
fer
sfr
om t
he
f
oll
owi
ngdr
awbacks:

 Thedat
apubl
i
shedunderar
epor
tcal
l
ed"
Cri
mei
nIndi
a"ev
eryy
earbyt
he
Nat
ionalCr
ime Recor
ds Bur
eau (
NCRB)hav
e onl
ygr
aphi
caland map
r
epr
esent
ati
onsbutnosi
gni
fi
cantspat
ial
anal
ysi
sout
puti
spr
esent
ed.

 Hott
echnol
ogi
esl
i
keGI
S and GPS ar
enotgi
ven enough pr
ior
it
y.GI
S
t
echnol
ogyi
sst
il
lbey
ondt
hel
i
mit
sofcr
imer
ecor
dsbur
eaus,duet
olack
ofawar
enessandi
gnor
anceofi
tsi
mpor
tance.

 GI
Sisat
echni
calsci
ence,
whi
cht
akesmucht
imeandener
gyt
olear
n.The
costandt
imeneededt
otr
ainpol
i
ceof
fi
cial
stomakeuseofGI
Sar
eusual
l
y
notav
ail
abl
e.Pol
i
ce depar
tment
s hav
eli
mit
ed r
esour
ces t
o pur
chase
comput
erhar
dwar
e,andGI
Ssof
twar
e.Pr
esent
ly,pol
i
cedepar
tment
sget
mor
emoneyundert
hePol
i
cemoder
nizat
ionscheme.Yet
,thebudgetunder
t
heschemet
obuycomput
ersandsof
twar
eisv
eryl
esswhencompar
edt
o
t
hemoneyusedt
odev
elopot
heri
nfr
ast
ruct
ure.

 Pol
i
ceof
fi
cer
slackt
rai
ningi
nthesenewt
echnol
ogi
esandt
heymi
ghtev
en
becomput
eri
l
li
ter
ates.Fort
hisr
easonanyGI
Ssof
twar
epr
oductdev
eloped
f
orpol
i
cedepar
tment
sneedst
obeeasyt
ouse,
pref
erabl
ywi
thapoi
ntand
cl
i
cki
nter
face.Thecostoft
rai
ningi
sal
sov
eryhi
gh.Themaj
orpr
obl
em i
n
t
rai
ningi
sthatt
het
rai
nedof
fi
ceri
sfr
equent
lyt
ransf
err
edt
osomeot
her
uni
tandt
heI
ndust
ry,whi
chgav
etr
aini
ng,i
snotr
eadyt
oimpar
ttr
aini
ng
agai
n.

6
K.Jai
shankar,
S.Shanmugapri
ya&V.Balamur “
ugan,Cri
meMappingi
nI ndia:AGI
S
I
mplementati
oninChennaiCi
tyPol
i
cing,
Geographi
cInfor
mat
ionSci
ences”,2004,
<ht
tp:
//dx.
doi
.or
g/10.
1080/
10824000409480651>asassessedon25/
03/
16

CRI
MINOLOGY,
PENOLOGY&VI
CTI
MOLOGYPage15
PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

 One oft
he ser
ious di
ff
icul
ti
es t
hathav
e been f
aced i
nthe pol
i
ce
comput
eri
zat
ionpr
ogr
ammeper
tai
nst
oat
ti
tudi
nalpr
obl
ems.I
thasbeen
f
oundt
hatmostoft
hei
nvest
igat
ingof
fi
cer
sdonotshow muchf
ait
hor
i
nter
esti
ncol
l
ect
ionofi
nfor
mat
ionusi
ngcomput
ersf
ori
nvest
igat
ionof
cr
ime.Ther
e has been l
ack ofcommuni
cat
ion bet
ween i
nvest
igat
ing
of
fi
cer
sandcomput
erexper
ts.

2.AssessmentofSpat
ialDi
str
ibut
ionofRur
alCr
imeMappi
ngi
nIndi
a:AGI
S
Per
spect
ive7

Thi
sst
udyf
oundt
hat
:

 Cr
imemappi
ngt
echni
quesar
enotwi
despr
eadi
npol
i
cef
orcesandHome
af
fai
rsof
fi
ceandr
emai
nst
obeexpl
oredt
obef
ull
estext
ent
.

 I
tpr
ovi
desmaj
orav
ail
abi
l
iti
esatt
hel
ocal
lev
elf
orgr
eat
erut
il
izat
ionofGI
S
f
orcr
imeanal
ysi
s.

 Manypol
i
ceof
fi
ci
alswantt
ohav
eav
ail
abl
eef
fect
iver
epr
esent
ati
onsof
cr
ime l
ocat
ion pat
ter
ns.Foranal
yti
caland deci
sion maki
ng pur
poses,
usef
ulr
epr
esent
ati
onsofhotspot
sandot
herl
ocat
ioni
nfor
mat
ionar
e
needed.Si
mul
ati
ons ar
e becomi
ng mor
eimpor
tant as v
isual
i
zat
ion
t
echni
quesbecomemor
esophi
sti
cat
ed.

Thought
hePol
i
ceagenci
esofBangal
ore,Hy
der
abad,Goa,Mumbai
,Del
hi,
Kol
kat
a,ChennaiandTr
ivandr
um usecust
omi
zedGI
S,i
tsappl
i
cat
ioni
sst
il
lina
r
udi
ment
aryst
age.Ther
eisaf
eltneedf
ort
hef
ull
estappl
i
cat
ionoft
hispot
ent
t
echnol
ogyi
nIndi
anpol
i
cing.Pol
i
cei
nmostoft
hest
atesr
elyont
radi
ti
onal
met
hodsofcr
imedet
ect
ionandanal
ysi
s.

7
Thangavel
uA.
,Sat
hyar
ajS.R.,andBal
asubr
amanianS.,“AssessmentofSpati
alDi
str
ibut
ionof
Rur
alCrimeMappi
nginIndi
a:AGI SPer
spect
iveThangavel
u”,I
nter
nati
onalJour
nalofAdvanced
RemoteSensi
ngandGIS,2013,
Volume2,I
ssue1, pg.70-
85,r
etri
evedfr
om <ht
tp:
//t
echni
cal
.cl
oud
-
jour
nal
s.com/i
ndex.
php/
IJARSG/ar
ti
cl
e/v
iew/Tech-62>on26/03/2016

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PENOLOGY&VI
CTI
MOLOGYPage16
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MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

CRI
MINOLOGY,
PENOLOGY&VI
CTI
MOLOGYPage17
PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

CRI
MESTATI
STI
CSANDREPORTS

St
ati
sti
csoncr
imeandcr
imi
nalj
ust
icehel
pGov
ernment
stoassessand
moni
tort
hecondi
ti
ons,
cir
cumst
ancesandt
rendsofwel
l
-bei
ngoft
hesoci
etyand
t
hesoci
ali
mpactofpubl
i
cexpendi
tur
esandpol
i
cies.Thecol
l
ect
ionofr
eli
abl
e
and compr
ehensi
ve cr
imi
nalj
ust
ice st
ati
sti
cs i
n count
ri
es i
s ofi
mmense
i
mpor
tancet
oev
ery
onei
nvol
vedwi
thcr
imi
nalj
ust
ice,especi
all
ytot
hecr
imi
nal
j
ust
iceadmi
nist
rat
or.Eachcomponentoft
hecr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem i
nev
itabl
y
cr
eat
esl
argequant
it
iesofr
ecor
ds,buti
tisonl
ywhensuchr
aw i
nfor
mat
ioni
s
t
ransf
ormedt
hroughpur
posef
ulcol
l
ect
ionandor
gani
zat
ioni
ntost
ati
sti
calf
orm
t
hatt
heser
ecor
dspr
ovi
dei
nfor
mat
ion v
aluabl
eforcr
imi
nalj
ust
icedeci
sion-
8
maki
ng.

Br
oadl
y,t
heusesofcr
imi
nalj
ust
icest
ati
sti
cscanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hree
i
nter
dependentar
eas:

ADMI
NISTRATI
ON:

The mor
e compl
ext
he or
gani
zat
ion,t
he gr
eat
erwi
l
lbe t
he need f
or
st
ati
sti
cali
nfor
mat
ion,par
ti
cul
arl
yonr
esour
cesandr
esour
ceal
l
ocat
ionandon
casesandcasel
oads.

Forexampl
e,apol
i
ceadmi
nist
rat
ori
scal
l
ed upont
o meetobj
ect
ives
r
egar
dingpubl
i
csaf
ety
,ci
ti
zens’cal
l
sforassi
stance,appr
ehensi
onofof
fender
s
andt
hel
i
ke.Heorshemustal
l
ocat
eav
ari
etyofr
esour
ces,i
ncl
udi
ngper
sonnel
,
money
,oper
ati
ngpr
ocedur
es,andf
aci
l
iti
esandequi
pment
,toaccompl
i
sht
hese
obj
ect
ives.Regul
arst
ati
sti
calr
epor
tsi
ntegr
ati
ngi
nfor
mat
ionont
heal
l
ocat
ionof
r
esour
cesaswel
lasonsuchconcer
nsast
hei
nci
denceofcal
l
sforser
vice,
types
ofcr
imeand i
dent
if
icat
ionofsuspect
sar
ecr
uci
ali
ftheadmi
nist
rat
ori
sto
under
stand t
he agency
's cur
rentpr
obl
ems and f
ormul
ate possi
ble sol
uti
ons.
Si
mil
arl
y,admi
nist
rat
ors ofpar
ole and pr
obat
ion agenci
es can use r
out
ine
st
ati
sti
cali
nfor
mat
iononcasel
oadsi
zet
odet
ermi
ne,f
orexampl
e,whet
hert
he
cur
rentwor
kloadi
sconsi
stentwi
thagencypol
i
cyand,i
fnot
,whatchangesar
e

8
<htt
p:/
/www.
esr
i.
com/
news/
arcuser
/0405/
ss_
cri
mest
ats1of
2.ht
ml> as assessed on
26/
03/2016.

CRI
MINOLOGY,
PENOLOGY&VI
CTI
MOLOGYPage18
PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

needed.St
ati
sti
cs,t
hen,pr
ovi
deameasur
eofwhet
herper
sonnelar
emeet
ing
mi
nimal
expect
ati
onsandofhowwel
lanagencyi
saccompl
i
shi
ngi
tsst
atedgoal
s
andobj
ect
ives.

PLANNI
NG:

Thepl
anni
ngpr
ocessi
nvol
vest
hef
oll
owi
ngst
eps:

(
a)Under
standi
ngt
hecur
rentsi
tuat
ion;

(
b)For
mul
ati
ngacl
earst
atementoft
hegoal
tobeachi
eved;

(
c)I
dent
if
yingal
ter
nat
iveappr
oachesf
orachi
evi
ngt
hegoalandt
headv
ant
ages
anddi
sadv
ant
agesofeachappr
oach;

(
d)Est
abl
i
shi
ngcr
it
eri
abywhi
cht
osel
ectt
hebestappr
oach;

(
e)I
mpl
ement
ingt
hepl
annedappr
oachf
orachi
evi
ngt
hegoal
;

(
f)I
nst
all
i
ng a sy
stem t
o pr
ovi
de i
nfor
mat
ion on whet
her t
he pl
an i
s
accompl
i
shi
ngi
tsobj
ect
ivesi
nanef
fi
cientmanner
.Eachst
epi
nthepl
anni
ng
pr
ocesst
ypi
cal
l
yrequi
resi
nfor
mat
ion,
incl
udi
ngst
ati
stcs.9
i

Consi
dert
heexampl
eofacr
imi
nalj
ust
iceadmi
nist
rat
orwhoknowst
hat
pr
isonf
aci
l
iti
esar
ecur
rent
lyoper
ati
ngat95percentcapaci
ty.Hi
stor
icalt
rendsi
n
admi
ssi
ons and r
eleases i
ndi
cat
ethatwi
thi
ntwo y
ear
sthe pr
ison wi
l
lbe
oper
ati
ngat102percentcapaci
ty.Howev
er,conv
ent
ionalwi
sdom suggest
sthat
t
hepr
isonshoul
dnev
erbeov
er95percentcapaci
ty.I
nor
dert
oal
l
ow some
degr
ee off
reedom i
n cl
assi
fyi
ng and admi
nist
rat
ivel
y segr
egat
ing i
nmat
es,
i
nmat
es,aswel
lasi
nimpr
ovi
ngpr
isonf
aci
l
iti
est
hroughbui
l
dingr
enov
ati
onor
ext
ensi
ons,
someknowl
edgeoft
hepr
oject
edpr
isonpopul
ati
oni
srequi
red.Based
onsuchi
nfor
mat
ion,t
headmi
nist
rat
ioncanexami
near
angeofopt
ions,suchas
changi
ng cl
assi
fi
cat
ion st
andar
ds;i
ncr
easi
ng r
eleases t
hrough r
epr
iev
es and
ot
hermet
hods;expandi
ngexi
sti
ngf
aci
l
iti
es;andbui
l
dingnew f
aci
l
iti
es.I
not
her

9
Repor
toftheCommi t
teeonCri
meSt
ati
sti
cs,
Soci
alStat
ist
icsDi
vi
sion,
Cent
ralSt
ati
sti
csOff
ice
,Mi
nist
ryofStat
ist
ics&Progr
ammeimplement
ati
on,Sar
darPatelBhav
an,SansadMar g,
New
Del
hi–110001

CRI
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PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

wor
ds,st
ati
sti
cshel
ptheadmi
nist
rat
ort
orecogni
zet
hepr
obl
em,i
dent
if
ythe
consequences,i
dent
if
ypossi
blecour
sesofact
ioni
nresponseandr
ecogni
zet
he
adv
ant
ages and di
sadv
ant
ages ofeach.St
ati
sti
cali
nfor
mat
ion i
s usef
ulf
or
di
scr
imi
nat
ing bet
ween opt
ions and moni
tor
ing t
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on oft
he
10
sel
ect
edcour
seofact
ion.

POLI
CYRESEARCH&ANALYSI
S:

I
nthi
scont
ext
,cr
imi
nalj
ust
icest
ati
sti
cscanbev
iewedaspar
tofal
arger
bodyofsoci
alst
ati
sti
csandi
ndi
cat
orsconsi
sti
ngofgener
ali
zedoraggr
egat
ed
dat
aont
hecent
ralf
eat
uresofsoci
ety
.Tounder
standt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
cr
ime and soci
aldev
elopment
—that i
s,t
o under
stand soci
alchange—t
he
const
ruct
ionandev
aluat
ionofcr
imi
nalj
ust
icest
ati
sti
csshoul
dbev
iewedi
n
r
elat
iont
oot
herar
easofst
ati
sti
cs,
suchas:

(
a)Knowl
edge(
educat
ion,
innov
ati
on,
othert
ypesofknowl
edge)
;

(
b)Popul
ati
onshi
ft
s;

(
c)Or
gani
zat
ionofsoci
ety
;

(
d)Cul
tur
eandcul
tur
alchanges;

(
e)Technol
ogy
;

(
f)Changesi
npol
i
tical
andl
egal
str
uct
ures;

(
g)Var
iousf
ormsofsoci
aldi
ff
erent
iat
ion.

Poi
ntst
obeconsi
der
ed

(
a) I
tmustbeuser
-or
ient
ed.

(
b) St
ati
sti
csar
emostusef
uli
ncont
extandwhenr
elat
edt
oot
herst
ati
sti
cs.

10
Lawenf
orcementandcr
imi
nal
just
ice(
www.
esr
i.
com)

CRI
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PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

(
c) Tobeusef
ul,
stat
ist
ical
inf
ormat
ionmustbet
imel
y.

(
d) Ast
ati
sti
cal
progr
ammemustbecr
edi
ble.

(
e) Justasacr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem mustbeef
fect
ivel
ypl
annedandmanaged,
sot
oomustacr
imi
nal
just
icest
ati
sti
cssy
stem.

(
f) Obt
aini
ngandmai
ntai
ningt
hecommi
tmentofst
akehol
der
s;

(
g) Fost
eri
ngt
heev
olut
ionoft
hest
ati
sti
cal
progr
amme;

(
h) Mai
ntai
ningpol
i
tical
neut
ral
i
tyandobj
ect
ivi
ty;

(
i) Usi
nganal
yti
cal
andt
echni
cal
resour
cesef
fect
ivel
y;

11
(
j) Ar
ti
cul
ati
ngoft
hescopeandcont
entcl
ear
ly;

(
k) Usi
ngani
ntegr
atedappr
oach;

(
l) Mai
ntai
ningahi
ghpubl
i
cpr
ofi
l
e.

CRI
MESTATI
STI
CSI
NINDI
A

TheNat
ionalCr
imeRecor
dsBur
eau(
NCRB)i
ntheMi
nist
ryofHomeAf
fai
rs
i
sthe nodalagencyatt
he Cent
ret
o col
l
ect
,compi
l
e and di
ssemi
nat
ethe
i
nfor
mat
ion per
tai
ning t
o cr
imes and r
elat
ed soci
alsaf
etycondi
ti
ons i
nthe
count
ry.I
tisconsi
der
edt
obet
her
esponsi
bleagencyt
ocol
l
ectt
hei
nfor
mat
ion
Themai
nst
ati
sti
cal
publ
i
cat
ionsoncr
imebr
oughtoutbyt e12:
heNCRBar

1.Cr
imei
nIndi
a

2.Acci
dent
alDeat
hsandSui
cidesi
nIndi
a

3.Pr
isonSt
ati
sti
csi
nIndi
a

11
ht
tp:
//www.oxf
ordbi
bli
ogr
aphi
es.
com/
view/
document
/obo-
9780195396607/
obo-
9780195396607-
0123.
xml
12
ht
tp:
//ncr
b.ni
c.i
n/cct
ns.
htm

CRI
MINOLOGY,
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PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

Col
lect
ionofI
nfor
mat
ion

Thei
nfor
mat
ioni
scol
l
ect
edi
n22st
andar
dizedf
ormat
sfr
om al
ltheSt
ates/
UTs
andf
rom al
most35megaci
ti
es.A pol
i
cest
ati
oni
sthef
ir
str
epor
ti
ngst
age.
I
nfor
mat
ioni
ssentbyapol
i
cest
ati
ont
otheDi
str
ictCr
imeRecor
dsBur
eauwhi
ch
compi
l
esi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom al
lthepol
i
cest
ati
onsi
ntheDi
str
ictandpassesi
tto
t
heSt
ateCr
imeRecor
dsBur
eau.TheSt
ateCr
imeRecor
dsBur
eau compi
l
es
i
nfor
mat
ionf
oral
ltheDi
str
ict
sint
heSt
ateandpassesi
ttot
heNat
ionalCr
ime
Recor
dsBur
eau.TheNat
ionalCr
imeRecor
dsBur
eaucompi
l
esi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom
al
ltheSt
ates/
UTsanddi
ssemi
nat
esi
nthef
orm ofapubl
i
cat
ion.

Fact
orsaf
fect
ingCr
imeSt
ati
sti
csi
nIndi
a

1.Non-
Repor
ti
ngOfCases-Cr
imesar
emost
lynotr
epor
tedbecauset
heyar
e
deemed‘
notser
iousenough’
.

2.Per
cept
ionofPol
ice:
-‘Pol
icecoul
ddonot
hing’i
ndi
cat
esabel
i
eft
hatt
he
pol
i
cear
ehel
plessi
nthei
ref
for
tst
orecov
erpr
oper
ty,f
indt
heof
fenderordo
somet
hingel
sewhi
chwoul
dbebenef
ici
alf
ort
hev
ict
im.I
tisanat
ti
tudeof
r
esi
gnat
ionont
hepar
tofci
ti
zens.

Pol
icewon’
tdoanyt
hing’i
sfr
equent
lyr
elat
edt
opr
oper
tycr
imes–per
sonal
t
hef
ts,t
hef
tsofcarandl
i
ke.I
timpl
i
cit
lycont
ainsacr
it
ici
sm oft
hepol
i
ce’
s

CRI
MINOLOGY,
PENOLOGY&VI
CTI
MOLOGYPage22
PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

del
i
ber
ater
eluct
ancet
odosomet
hingt
hatcoul
dbebenef
ici
alandwhi
ch
shoul
dbenor
mal
par
toft
hepol
i
ce’
srol
eandexpect
ati
onsr
elat
edt
oit
.

3.Psy
chol
ogi
calFact
ors-‘
Fear
/Di
sli
keofPol
i
ce’
,
negat
iveat
ti
tudet
owar
dst
he
Pol
i
ce,ei
therbecauset
hei
nvol
vementoft
hePol
i
cemi
ghthav
eunpl
easant
consequencesf
ort
hev
ict
im(
thepar
ti
cul
arr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hev
ict
im
andt
heof
fender
)orbecauset
her
eisagener
aldi
sappr
ovaloft
hePol
i
ce.
‘
Fear
/Di
sli
keofPol
i
ce’i
s,asexpect
ed,i
ndi
cat
edi
nconnect
ionwi
thv
iol
ent
cr
imesandsexual
inci
dent
s.

4.Mi
nimi
zat
ionandSuppr
essi
onofSt
ati
sti
cs– I
nper
cept
ionoft
hePol
i
ce
of
fi
cer
s,t
heDepar
tment
,theGov
ernment
,themedi
aandhencet
hePubl
i
c,al
l
j
udgePol
i
cewor
kbyt
hest
ati
sti
cs.Sot
heycannotal
l
owt
her
egi
str
ati
ont
ogo
bey
ondcer
tai
nlev
el.

5.Fav
ourToHi
gh-
Ups–Cr
imei
sjustnotr
egi
ster
edagai
nstt
hehi
ghersect
ions
oft
hesoci
etyasf
araspossi
ble,par
ti
cul
arl
yifi
tisr
epor
tedf
rom t
hel
ower
sect
ions.I
tisconsi
der
edasi
nsul
t,har
assmentoft
hesocal
l
edpower
fulatt
he
handsoft
hel
owersect
ions.Thi
shappensf
oral
lthecasesbutmor
esoi
nthe
caseswher
eeconomi
ccr
ime,
soci
o-pol
i
tical
just
ice,
etc.i
sinv
olv
ed.

6.Monet
aryConsi
der
ati
ons–I
nmanyi
nst
ances,
str
aightr
egi
str
ati
oni
sav
oided
i
nor
dert
oext
ortsomemoneyf
rom t
hecompl
ainantort
hev
ict
im.Non-
r
egi
str
ati
onpay
sinanot
herway
,ift
hepr
ocessi
stobeencashedast
he
accusedwoul
dof
fert
opayheav
il
yforpur
chasi
ngsuchaf
avour
.Ther
ecoul
d
besomeexagger
ati
onbutt
hef
actofcor
rupt
ioni
nregi
str
ati
onr
emai
nsnot
onl
yrel
evantbutqui
tepower
ful
.

7.UnderPr
essur
e–Ther
egi
str
ati
onmaybeav
oidedunderpr
essur
efr
om goons,
gangs,maf
ias orot
heri
nfl
uent
ialsect
ions whose per
sonali
nter
estar
e
i
nvol
vedi
nthecase.Thepol
i
cemanf
eel
sthathei
sov
erbur
denedandhe
cannotcope-
upwi
tht
hewor
kiff
reer
egi
str
ati
oni
sresor
tedt
o.Wi
tht
hel
i
mit
ed
st
affav
ail
abi
l
ity
,her
egi
ster
sonl
ythecaseshecanmanagewi
tht
heav
ail
abl
e
st
aff
.

8.LackofRequi
sit
eKnowl
edge&Ski
ll
s–Anav
eragepol
i
cei
nvest
igat
ori
nthe

CRI
MINOLOGY,
PENOLOGY&VI
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PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

St
atesl
acksknowl
edgeorski
l
lst
oinv
est
igat
eeconomi
ccr
imeswhi
chr
equi
re
ext
ensi
ve exami
nat
ion ofpaper
s,knowl
edge ofr
ules and pr
ocedur
es of
v
ari
ousdepar
tment
sandor
gani
zat
ions,et
c.Si
ncei
tisbey
ondhi
scapaci
tyt
o
i
nvest
igat
e,het
ri
esnott
oregi
sterandf
ini
shesi
tatt
her
ootl
evel
itsel
f.Lackof
knowl
edge/
awar
enessont
hepar
toft
hev
ict
imsal
socont
ri
but
essi
gni
fi
cant
ly
t
olowr
epor
ti
ngt
othePol
i
ce.

9.Mi
nimi
zat
ionofCr
imes-Ther
eisnotonl
ynon-
regi
str
ati
onofcr
imes,t
her
eis
mi
nimi
zat
ionofcr
imesaswel
l
.Regi
str
ati
onofdacoi
tyast
hef
tisonesuch
exampl
e.

COMMI
TTEEONCRI
MESTATI
STI
CSI
NINDI
A

Wi
thav
iewt
ost
ri
vi
ngcont
inuousl
yfort
hei
mpr
ovementoft
hest
ati
sti
cal
sy
stem i
nthecount
ry,amechani
sm cal
l he‘
edt Conf
erenceofCent
ralandSt
ate
St
ati
sti
calOr
gani
sat
ions’(
COCSSO)wascr
eat
edbyt
heMi
nist
ryofSt
ati
sti
cs&
Pr
ogr
ammeI
mpl
ement
ati
on.COCSSO ai
mst
o st
rengt
hent
hecoor
dinat
ionof
st
ati
sti
cal act
ivi
ti
es among t
he Mi
nist
ry of St
ati
sti
cs and Pr
ogr
amme
I
mpl
ement
ati
on,ot
herCent
ralMi
nist
ri
esandSt
ateSt
ati
sti
calOr
gani
sat
ions.I
t
pr
ovi
desapl
atf
ormf
ordi
scussi
onont
hest
ati
sti
cali
ssuesofcommoni
nter
estt
o
t
heCent
ralandt
heSt
ateSt
ati
sti
calOr
gani
sat
ions.I
tal
sopr
ovi
desanov
eral
l
per
spect
ive t
o t
he dev
elopment of st
ati
sti
cal sy
stem and makes
r
ecommendat
ions/suggest
ionsoni
ssueshav
ingbear
ingont
hedev
elopmentof
13
t
hest
ati
sti
cal
syst
em i
nthecount
ry.

The 16t
h COCSSO hel
din Shi
mla on 4t
h & 5t
h December 2008
r
ecommendedt
hatt
heCent
ralSt
ati
sti
csOf
fi
ce(
CSO)–t
henodalCent
ralagency
r
esponsi
blef
ort
hecoor
dinat
eddev
elopmentoft
hest
ati
sti
calsy
stem i
nthe
count
rymayr
evi
ew t
hesy
stem ofcr
imest
ati
sti
csi
ngener
alanddat
afl
ow i
n
r
egar
dtov
iol
enceagai
nstwomeni
npar
ti
cul
arsot
hatt
hedat
aqual
i
tyoncr
ime
st
ati
sti
cscoul
dbei
mpr
oved.

13
Repor
“ t of the Commi t
tee on Cri
me St
ati
sti
cs”
,
<ht
tp:
//mospi
.ni
c.i
n/mospi
_new/
upload/
Repor
t_cr
ime_st
ats_
29j
une11.
pdf
> as assessed on
26/
03/2016.

CRI
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PENOLOGY&VI
CTI
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PROJECTREPORTONCRI
MEMAPPI
NGANDCRI
MESTATI
STI
CS

Accor
dingl
y,a Commi
tt
ee on Cr
ime St
ati
sti
cs was const
it
uted byt
he
Mi
nist
ryofSt
ati
sti
cs&Pr
ogr
ammeI
mpl
ement
ati
onon21stOct
ober2010under
t
hechai
rper
sonshi
pofDi
rect
orGener
al,
Cent
ral
Stat
ist
icsOf
fi
ce.

TheTer
msofRef
erenceoft
heCommi
tt
eewer
eto:

(
i) r
evi
ew t
he exi
sti
ng sy
stem ofr
epor
ti
ng and r
ecor
ding ofcr
ime/
of
fencesatv
ari
ousl
evel
sofadmi
nist
rat
ionwi
thpar
ti
cul
arr
efer
encet
o
v
iol
enceagai
nstwomen,

(
ii
) r
evi
ew ofadequacyandr
eli
abi
l
ityofcr
imest
ati
sti
csandi
dent
if
icat
ion
ofar
easf
ori
mpr
ovementi
nscope,
cov
erageandqual
i
ty,
and