Low Pressure Soot Blowing Technology
Low Pressure Soot Blowing Technology
Danny S. Tandra ‐ Clyde Bergemann, Inc, Atlanta, GA, USA
Honghi Tran ‐ University of Toronto, Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, ON, CANADA
Markus Bussmann ‐ University of Toronto, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, ON, CANADA
Andrew K. Jones ‐ International Paper, Loveland, OH, USA
ABSTRACT
Sootblowers are vital tools for controlling fireside deposit buildup on heat transfer tubes in recovery boilers.
Due to the high consumption of valuable high‐pressure steam, extensive research and mill trials have been
carried out over the past decade to explore the feasibility of utilizing less expensive low pressure steam for
sootblowing. The results show that while it is technically feasible to use low pressure (145 – 200 psig or 10‐17
bar g) steam for sootblowing, the sootblowing system must be properly designed, and the nozzles must be
well engineered, in order to produce a cleaning power comparable to that of high pressure sootblowers. This
paper discusses the underlying principle of low pressure sootblowing technology, the lower limit of steam
pressure that can be used for sootblowing, the economic impacts, and the operational experiences at several
low‐pressure sootblowing installations.
INTRODUCTION
The accumulation of fireside deposits on recovery boiler heat transfer surfaces not only creates an insulating
barrier that reduces the boiler thermal efficiency, but may also lead to costly unscheduled shutdowns due to
the plugging of gas passages. Deposit accumulation is controlled by sootblowers, that periodically blast
deposits off of tube surfaces with high pressure superheated steam. An effective sootblowing operation is vital
to ensure continuous boiler operation and to achieve high boiler thermal efficiency.
The higher the pressure of the steam used for sootblowing, the higher the sootblower operating costs. The
most expensive steam for sootblowing is taken directly from the boiler final superheater steam outlet. High
pressure sootblowing refers to a sootblowing practice that utilizes 400 psig (28 bar g) or higher pressure steam,
while low pressure sootblowing refers to an operation with the steam from the turbine extraction at 145 – 200
psig (10 – 13.8 bar g).
A research project was initiated at the University of Toronto in 2001 to examine the feasibility of utilizing low
pressure steam for sootblowing. The work included extensive laboratory tests, full scale tests in operating
recovery boilers, and numerical modeling [1,2,3]. In the past five years, there have been three new recovery
boilers commissioned in the United States; all are equipped with low pressure sootblowers.
This paper briefly reviews the underlying principle of low pressure sootblowing technology, the lower limit of
steam pressure that can be used for sootblowing, and discusses the operational experiences at the three low
pressure sootblowing installations, and the economic impacts.
BASIC CONCEPT
The deposit removal process involves the impingement of a sootblower jet on a deposit that is attached to one
or more boiler tubes. The force of the jet exerted on the deposit (Fjet) induces a stress at the deposit/tube
contact area (Adeposit/tube contact area). The deposit will be removed from the tube if this stress exceeds the adhesion
strength of the deposit, i.e.,
where:
IPjet : Jet impact pressure (psi or kN/mm2)
A : Deposit /jet contact area (in2 or mm2)
Figure 2. Peak Impact Pressure of high and low pressure jets
The feasibility of utilizing lower pressure steam for sootblowing hinges on the fact that the jet force (i.e., the
area under the curve) produced by low pressure steam can be made equal to that of high pressure steam, as
depicted in Figure 2.
DESIGN OF LOW PRESSURE SOOTBLOWER
A high pressure sootblower is generally designed to produce a total force of 245 lbf (1090 N). Total force is
defined as the force exerted on an artificial flat surface placed right at the nozzle exit (see Appendix A for the
detailed theory to calculate the jet total force, for a given nozzle pressure and a sootblower nozzle). In most
cases, this design force is only used occasionally to combat heavy fouling or plugging. Under normal boiler
operating conditions, the highest total jet force is typically set to 200 lbf (890 N), for sootblowers operating in
areas with tenacious deposits, such as superheater sections.
To ensure that a low pressure sootblower has the same capability as a high pressure sootblower for dealing
with heavy fouling, the low pressure sootblower must be designed to produce 245 lbf (1090 N) total force.
Table 1 shows nozzle pressure (PNozzle) and steam flow rate requirements for both high and low pressure
sootblowers to achieve 245 lbf (1090 N) total jet force.
Figure 3. Sootblower Piping Arrangement.
Standard high pressure sootblowers are designed with little consideration to minimize pressure drop.
Significant pressure drop in the sootblower is expected to occur especially across the poppet valve and feed
tube. To achieve 254 psig (17.5 bar g) nozzle pressure on a 13‐23 ft (4 ‐ 7 m) long sootblower, the PSupply should
be at least 350 psig. Hence, for a pulp mill that utilizes 400 psig (28 bar g) steam for sootblowing, the pressure
drop across the pressure reducing valve (PRV), steam piping, and fittings should not be more than 50 psi (3.5
bar). This is to ensure that the sootblowers will be supplied with 350 psig (24 bar g) steam and thereby deliver
the 245 lbf designed total force.
The 11 bar low pressure sootblower requires about 11 bar nozzle pressure to produce 245 lbf total force.
Based on thermodynamic principles, the calculated steam flow rate required for an 11 bar low pressure
sootblower to produce a total force of 245 lbf is about 750 lb/hr (0.34 ton/hr) more than a high pressure
sootblower. This is in reasonable agreement with the results of a full scale test at a kraft mill [7], where an 11
bar low pressure sootblower required 500 lb/hr (0.23 ton/hr) more steam to achieve a cleaning performance
comparable to a high pressure sootblower.
Three new recovery boilers commissioned in the United States in recent years are all equipped with 11 bar low
pressure sootblowers. The steam used for sootblowing in two of the installations are from 200 psig (13.8 bar g)
turbine extraction. To achieve the design force of 245 lbf, the sootblower system was designed with a pressure
drop of only 36 psi (2.5 bar) [i.e., 200 psig – 164 psig] from the steam header to the sootblower nozzles. The
other installation uses 300 psig (20.7 bar g) turbine extraction for sootblowing, but it is presently evaluating
the possibility of using lower steam pressure from its 150 psig turbine extraction for sootblowing.
Figure 5. Baseline Case: HP sootblowing using final superheater steam
In the baseline case, the high pressure sootblowers consume 39,400 lb/hr (17.8 ton/hr) final superheated
steam of 1500 psig (103 bar g). Before the steam is supplied to the sootblower piping line, this high pressure
steam passes through a pressure reducing valve and is then directed to a lower pressure header, which is
typically at 600 psig (41 bar g). As seen in Figure 5, the baseline case will generate 58.47 MW of power.
Figure 7. CASE B: Low pressure sootblowing, using 10 bar steam from turbine extraction 2
Figure 8. Zero net gain chart for the additional steam produced by the auxililary boiler
Table 2 summarizes the economic benefits of utilizing 6 bar low pressure sootblowers supplied by 10 bar g
turbine extraction. With the cost of energy assumed to be $50/MWh (€40/MWh), using the 6 bar low pressure
sootblowers generates 2.77 MW additional power (worth ≈$1.2 Million/year) and 1.17 MW (worth ≈$500K)
compared to the baseline case and Case A, respectively.
Table 2. Economic benefits of utilizing 10 bar g turbine extraction for sootblowing
Low Pressure Sootblowers Operating at 11 bar
The same procedure described above is used to evaluate the economic benefits of utilizing 11 bar low pressure
sootblowers, supplied by 13.8 bar g turbine extraction. Table 3 summarizes the results.
The additional power generation and the $ savings per year are lower when compared to utilizing 10 bar
extraction for 6 bar low pressure sootblowing.
OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES
Three new recovery boilers have been commissioned in the United States within the past five years, and all are
operated with low pressure sootblowers. Table 4 shows the design specifications of the three recovery boilers.
To date, there have been no operation interruptions due to heavy fouling or plugging at any of these boilers.
Table 4. Design specification of the three recovery boilers
Year Capacity % Steam Conditions Sootblower
Commissioned (BLDS) dry
Solid
RB ‐ A 2007 6.3 million lb/day 80% 1500 psig, 925 oF, 903 KPPH 88 LP Blowers
(2,860 ton/day) DS 103 psig, 496 oF, 410.5 ton/hr (32 SPHR, 34 GB, 24 ECON)
o
RB ‐ B 2008 6.0 million lb/day 80% 1500 psig, 950 F, 900 KPPH 88 LP Blowers
(2,720 ton/day) DS 103 psig, 510oF, 410 ton/hr (32 SPHR, 34 GB, 24 ECON)
RB ‐ C 2011 3.5 million lb/day 75% 1500 psig, 925oF, 624 KPPH 76 LP Blowers
(1,588 ton/day) DS 103 bar g, 496oC, 283.3 ton/hr (36 SPHR, 18 GB, 22 ECON)
Recovery Boiler A
Of the three boilers, RB – A has run at its design capacity for the longest time, and so in this section, the
discussion will focus on RB – A. Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of RB – A and the sootblower locations.
RB‐A began operating on January 25th, 2007 with all low pressure sootblowers running at a uniform poppet
valve set pressure of 170 psig (11.72 bar g). At this poppet valve set pressure, the sootblowers are run slightly
below the design total jet force of 245 lbf. At these conditions, PNozzle is 158 psig (10.9 bar g), the steam flow
rate is 20,200 lb/hr (9.2 ton/hr), and the resulting total jet force is 234 lbf (1041 N).
Online boiler inspection using an infrared camera was carried out on February 8th, 2007 to study the boiler and
sootblower operations with low pressure sootblowing system. It was confirmed that the secondary and
tertiary superheater platens swung widely, especially when sootblowers S23, S24, S25, S26, S29, S30, S31, and
S32 were in operation. It was determined that the poppet valve set pressure of 170 psig (11.72 bar g) was too
high, and the poppet valve pressure in the superheater and generating bank were consequently re‐set to 150
psig (10.3 bar), and in the economizer to 107 psig (7.4 bar g).
At 150 psig poppet valve pressure, the PNozzle is 140 psig (9.65 bar g), the steam flow rate is 18,000 lb/hr (8.16
ton/hr), and the resulting total jet force is 205 lbf (913 N). In the economizer where the poppet is set to 107
Sootblower # 24 Sootblower # 26
Carryover impaction on the sootblower lance tubes (round pink color)
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of RB – A
Figure 10. RB – A superheater main steam temperature trend Dec 1, 2010 to Aug 3rd, 2012
The attemperator flow trend follows the steam production profile. During the highlighted 5 month period,
there was no indication that the attemperator flow was trending downward at a given steam production. This
suggests that the low pressure sootblowers were controlling deposit accumulation in the superheater section.
Generating Bank Cleanliness
The generating bank gas outlet temperature can be used to assess the cleanliness of the generating bank. The
dirtier the generating bank, the higher the gas outlet temperature will be. The generating bank gas outlet
temperature measured after a water wash, when the boiler is clean, can be considered a benchmark
temperature.
Figure 11 illustrates the generating bank gas outlet temperature for the same period as shown in Figure 10.
Following the scheduled outage in June, 2011, the temperature gradually increased and then remained
Scheduled outage
Figure 11. RB – Averaged generating bank gas outlet temperature trend Dec 1, 2010 to Aug 3rd, 2012
Economizer and Overall Cleanliness
The economizer exit gas temperature (EEGT) and ID fan rpm speed trends not only reflect the cleanliness of
the economizer, but also the overall cleanliness of the boiler. Figures 12 and 13 show the averaged EEGT and
ID fan rpm speed profiles, respectively.
5 month full or above
the design load
900 KPPH (Design)
Scheduled outage
Figure 12. RB – Averaged economizer exit gas temperature trend Dec 1, 2010 to Aug 3rd, 2012
The EEGT following the scheduled outage in June, 2011, slightly increased but remained constant at about 320
o
F. This suggests that the low pressure sootblowers were successfully controlling the overall deposit
accumulation in the boiler.
The ID fan trend, as shown in Figure 13, follows the trend of the total steam production. No upward trend of ID
fan was observed at a given steam production level.
Scheduled outage
Figure 13. RB – A averaged ID fan rpm speed trend Dec 1, 2010 to Aug 3rd, 2012
Overall, it can be concluded that the low pressure sootblowing operation at RB – A has successfully controlled
deposit accumulation since 2007.
Recovery Boiler B
RB – B has a similar design and capacity as RB –A. However, RB – B is rarely run at full load. At the present time,
the sootblowers are all run a poppet valve set pressure of 105 psig (7.24 bar g). At this setting, PNozzle is 97.55
psig (6.7 bar g), the steam flow rate is 12,960 lb/hr (5.8 ton/hr), and the resulting total jet force is 139 lbf (617
N). The boiler has run very well, with no interruption due to fouling or plugging.
Recovery Boiler C
RB – C is considerably smaller than RB ‐ A and RB ‐ B. RB ‐ C was commissioned towards the end of 2011. The
sootblower poppet valve pressures are all set similar to those in RB – A (150 psig, or 10.34 bar g). The boiler
has never experienced an interruption due to fouling or plugging.
Since low pressure sootblowers operate at a lower pressure than high pressure sootblowers, the life of
sootblower components, such as seals and packing, are expected to be longer. The number of replaced
sootblower components subject to wear and tear due to steam pressure, such as seals and packing, is plotted
in Figure 14. These components of low pressure sootblowers seem to last longer than corresponding parts
used on high pressure sootblowers. It can also be observed that RB ‐ A has seen higher number of parts
replaced than RB – B, which may be because RB – A is operating poppet valves at pressures that are ≈ 50 psi
(3.45 bar) higher than those at RB ‐ B.
However, the conclusion drawn from the data shown in Figure 14 assumes that these recovery boilers are
maintained at the same level, i.e., at the same intensity and by maintenance crews with similar expertise; that
may not be the case.
1
1 (A1.1)
M is the jet Mach number at the nozzle exit, and k is the specific heat ratio of steam (k = 1.329)
For a given Dthroat and Dexit, Equation A1.1 can be used to calculate the jet Mach number M at the nozzle exit.
If the Dthroat and Dexit are 1.75” and 2.35”, respectively, M will be
1 (A1.2)
If PNozzle is 104.7 psia (7.2 bar a), the jet pressure at the exit (PExit) will be:
.
104.7 1.329 1 .
1 2.04
2
104.7
12.8
8.22
The jet impact pressure at the nozzle exit (IPexit) can be computed using Rayleigh’s pitot formula:
(A1.3)
With PExit 12.8 psia and M = 2.04, the jet impact pressure at the nozzle exit (IPexit) can be calculated using
Equation A1.3:
IPexit = 72 psia (57 psig)
Hence, the jet total force (FJet) can be calculated by integrating IPexit over the nozzle exit area:
57 2.35 247 1100 (A1.4)
APPENDIX B – NOZZLE EXIT DIAMETER CALCULATION
In this section, we calculate the nozzle exit diameter (Dexit) for a given nozzle pressure (PNozzle) to achieve a
design total force of 245 lbf. As in Appendix A, a 1‐D isentropic flow assumption is used for a quick estimation.
Equation A1.4 can be used to calculate the IPExit required to generate 245 lbf:
(A2.1)
IPExit in Equation A2.1 and PExit from Equation A1.2 can be substituted into Equation A1.3 to obtain an equation
for Dexit as a function of Mach number (M):
(A2.3)
The nozzle semi‐divergence angle is generally set to 7o to prevent flow separation inside the nozzle [10]. With
the length of the nozzle (L) limited to 2” to fit within a typical 4” OD lance, Dthroat can be written in term of DExit
as follows:
2 ∗ ∗ tan 7 ) (A2.4)
Note that for older sootblower design, the lance OD is typically smaller (i.e., 3.5”). In this case the design of L
will be lower than 2”.
Dthroat from A2.4 can be substituted into Equation A1.1 to arrive at a second equation for Dexit as a function of
M:
1 (A2.5)
∗ ∗
Equations A2.3 and A2.5 have two unknowns Dexit and M. These two equations with two unknowns can be
solved for Dexit and M.
If PNozzle = 4.5 bar g (65.3 psig), Equations A2.3 and A2.5 yield Dexit = 2.6” and M = 1.85. This value of Dexit,
required to achieve the design total force of 245 lbf, is greater than the boiler tube OD of 2.5” (63.5 mm).