CSC2102 Data Structures and Algorithm

Program BSSE-3 Sec. A

WEEK 1
Introduction to Data Structure and Algorithms

Dr. Mahmoud Aljawarneh

Week 1
 Introduction Needs & Advantages Data Types Operations Algrothithms

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Needs & Advantages

3 Data Types

4 Operations

5 Algrothithms

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 Introduction Needs & Advantages Data Types Operations Algrothithms

Introduction

• Data Structure can be defined as the group of data elements which provides an
efficient way of storing and organizing data in the computer so that it can be used
efficiently.
• Some examples of Data Structures are arrays, Linked List, Stack, Queue, etc.
• Data Structures are the main part of many computer science algorithms as they
enable the programmers to handle the data in an efficient way.

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Introduction - Contd

• It plays a vitle role in enhancing the performance of a software or a program as the

main function of the software is to store and retrieve the user’s data as fast as
possible

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Basic Terminology

Data
• Data can be defined as an elementary value or the collection of values, for example,
student’s name and its id are the data about the student.

Group Item
• Data items which have subordinate data items are called Group item, for example,
name of a student can have first name and the last name.

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Basic Terminology - Contd

Record
• Record can be defined as the collection of various data items, for example, if we talk
about the student entity, then its name, address, course and marks can be grouped
together to form the record for the student.

File
• A File is a collection of various records of one type of entity, for example, if there are
60 employees in the class, then there will be 20 records in the related file where each
record contains the data about each employee.

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Basic Terminology - Contd

Attribute and Entity

• An entity represents the class of certain objects. it contains various attributes. Each
attribute represents the particular property of that entity.

Field
• Field is a single elementary unit of information representing the attribute of an entity.

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Need of Data Structures

As applications are getting complexed and amount of data is increasing day by

day, there may arrise the following problems:
• Processor speed: To handle very large amout of data, high speed processing is
required, but as the data is growing day by day to the billions of files per entity,
processor may fail to deal with that much amount of data.
• Data Search: Consider an inventory size of 106 items in a store, If our application
needs to search for a particular item, it needs to traverse 106 items every time,
results in slowing down the search process.
• Multiple requests: If thousands of users are searching the data simultaneously on a
web server, then there are the chances that a very large server can be failed during
that process

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 Introduction Needs & Advantages Data Types Operations Algrothithms

Need of Data Structures - contd

in order to solve the above problems, data structures are used.

• Data is organized to form a data structure in such a way that all items are not
required to be searched and required data can be searched instantly.

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Advantages of Data Structures

Efficiency
• Efficiency of a program depends upon the choice of data structures. For example:
suppose, we have some data and we need to perform the search for a perticular
record. In that case, if we organize our data in an array, we will have to search
sequentially element by element. hence, using array may not be very efficient here.
There are better data structures which can make the search process efficient like
ordered array, binary search tree or hash tables.

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Advantages of Data Structures - Contd

Reusability
• Data structures are reusable, i.e. once we have implemented a particular data
structure, we can use it at any other place. Implementation of data structures can be
compiled into libraries which can be used by different clients. tables.

Abstraction
• Data structure is specified by the ADT which provides a level of abstraction. The
client program uses the data structure through interface only, without getting into
the implementation details.

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 Introduction Needs & Advantages Data Types Operations Algrothithms

Data types

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 Introduction Needs & Advantages Data Types Operations Algrothithms

Built-in/Primitive Data Type

Those data types for which a language has built-in support are known as Built-in
Data types. For example, most of the languages provide the following built-in
data types.

Example
• Integers
• Boolean (true, false)
• Floating (Decimal numbers)
• Character and Strings.

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Derived/non-Primitive Data Type

Those data types which are implementation independent as they can be

implemented in one or the other way are known as derived data types. These
data types are normally built by the combination of primary or built-in data types
and associated operations on them.

Example
• List
• Array
• Stack
• Queue

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Operations on data structure

1) Traversing:
Every data structure contains the set of data elements. Traversing the data structure
means visiting each element of the data structure in order to perform some specific
operation like searching or sorting
Example
If we need to calculate the average of the marks obtained by a student in 6 different
subject, we need to traverse the complete array of marks and calculate the total sum,
then we will devide that sum by the number of subjects i.e. 6, in order to find the average

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Operations on data structure - contd

2) Insertion:
Insertion can be defined as the process of adding the elements to the data structure at
any location.
Example
If the size of data structure is n then we can only insert n-1 data elements into it.

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Operations on data structure - contd

3) Deletion:
The process of removing an element from the data structure is called Deletion. We can delete an
element from the data structure at any random location.

Example
If we try to delete an element from an empty data structure then underflow occurs.

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Operations on data structure - contd

4) Searching:
The process of finding the location of an element within the data structure is called
Searching. There are two algorithms to perform searching, Linear Search and Binary
Search. We will discuss each one of them later in this tutorial.

5) Sorting:
The process of arranging the data structure in a specific order is known as Sorting. There
are many algorithms that can be used to perform sorting, for example, insertion sort,
selection sort, bubble sort, etc.

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Operations on data structure - contd

6) Merging:
When two lists List A and List B of size M and N respectively, of similar type of elements,
clubbed or joined to produce the third list, List C of size (M+N), then this process is
called merging

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Algorithm

• An algorithm is a procedure having well defined steps for solving a particular

problem. Algorithm is finite set of logic or instructions, written in order for
accomplish the certain predefined task.

• It is not the complete program or code, it is just a solution (logic) of a

problem, which can be represented either as an informal description using a
Flowchart or Pseudo code.

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The major categories of algorithm

• Sort: Algorithm developed for sorting the items in certain order.

• Search: Algorithm developed for searching the items inside a data structure.
• Delete: Algorithm developed for deleting the existing element from the data
structure.
• Insert: Algorithm developed for inserting an item inside a data structure.
• Update: Algorithm developed for updating the existing element inside a data
structure.

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The performance of algorithm

• The performance of algorithm is measured on the basis of following properties:

• Time complexity: It is a way of representing the amount of time needed by a program
to run to the completion.
• Space complexity: It is the amount of memory space required by an algorithm, during
a course of its execution. Space complexity is required in situations when limited
memory is available and for the multi user system.

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Algorithm Characteristics

Each algorithm must have:

• Specification: Description of the computational procedure.
• Pre-conditions: The condition(s) on input.
• Body of the Algorithm: A sequence of clear and unambiguous instructions.
• Post-conditions: The condition(s) on output.

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Example

Design an algorithm to multiply the two numbers x and y and display

the result in z?
• Step 1 START
• Step 2 declare three integers x, y & z
• Step 3 define values of x & y
• Step 4 multiply values of x & y
• Step 5 store the output of step 4 in z
• Step 6 print z
• Step 7 STOP

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Example

Alternatively the algorithm can be written as ?

• Step 1 START MULTIPLY
• Step 2 get values of x & y
• Step 3 z← x * y
• Step 4 display z
• Step 5 STOP

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Task

Problem:
Design an algorithm to add two numbers and display the result.

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Characteristics of an Algorithm

An algorithm must follow the mentioned below characteristics:

• Input: An algorithm must have 0 or well defined inputs.
• Output: An algorithm must have 1 or well defined outputs, and should match with
the desired output.
• Feasibility: An algorithm must be terminated after the finite number of steps.
• Independent: An algorithm must have step-by-step directions which is independent
of any programming code.
• Unambiguous: An algorithm must be unambiguous and clear. Each of their steps
and input/outputs must be clear and lead to only one meaning.

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Resources
From the Referred Book

Book
Seymour Lipschutz, Data Structures, Revised Edition, Schaum’s outline series,
Publisher McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2014
ISBN: 1259029964, 9781259029967

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