1. What does the authoritarian government mean?

Mention a country which you consider

as an authoritarian government and explain why.

Authoritarian government is referred the government system where central authority has very
influential power with restricted political liberties. It takes ways thinking independence or
constructive criticism power of the citizens. This government gives the supremacy to the head or
an insignificant elite class and the responsibilities of the citizen is barely taken care of. The
leaders often abuse the authority and fulfil self-interest and citizens cannot substitute them by a
valid election. There is either restricted or unenforced independence to set up opposition political
party groupings to fight for power with the leadership group. Single party rule can exercise this
government system through strict military command in comeback of populism, social
fragmentation, economic failure and uncertainty and stagnation. When a democratic party
become well settled in a country, they tend to move to toward authoritarian system. It takes the
control over media, education, and economy. Many reporters, bloggers are found dead or
harassed because of involving in criticism.

In North Korea, authoritarian practice is about sabotaging accountability. The keep secret from
the public without any genuine reason. North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un is found to
practice authoritarian practice in many cases. He takes actions against the people who raise voice
against him. He makes a constant fear into his citizen. The citizen is bound to treat Kim Jong as
lord. Americans visit the country at their own risk and often they fall into propaganda. Multiple
reports of brutal torture, rape cases were happened even inside the prison but never came out in
North Korea and prisoners even forced to eat rats and insects. Kim Jong Un is alleged to murder
dozen of senior officials. He made the three-generation rule when any crime of one generation of
a family will be punished by three generations. Any foreign reporters cannot operate the media
of north kore. Religion and movies, songs from other countries are banned. The citizen operates
the websites that are only censored by the government. These types of activities take the thinking
independence of the citizen and falls under Authoritarian government system.

2. What countries have a constitutional monarchy in the present time?

A Constitutional monarchy is a system of government in which a king functions in accordance

with codified, non-codified or mixed constitutional criteria. The British monarchy is widely
recognized as a constitutional monarchy. In most of the countries, the executive control of a
constitutional monarchy is given to the head of nation. The king or queen take part in traditional
or ritualistic functions. The participation in law making process is barely found. They monarch
may give the highest position in government but the prime minister has the main power in this
system control the government. Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain is the longest-reigning
monarch in British history. She celebrated 65 years on the throne in February 2017 with her
Sapphire Jubilee [ CITATION Bio20 \l 1033 ].
In present time, constitutional monarchies are mostly accompanying with Western European
countries such as the United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden Norway, Netherlands, Luxembourg,
Monaco, Denmark, Liechtenstein, and Spain. Japan and Thailand are the countries practice
constitutional monarchy in Asia. The power of the queen/king has some variance based on the
countries. In such cases it is the prime minister who holds the day-to-day powers of governance,
while the King or Queen (or other monarch, such as a Grand Duke, in the case of Luxembourg,
or Prince in the case of Monaco and Liechtenstein) retains only residual (but not always minor)
powers [ CITATION Lay20 \l 1033 ]. Japan and Sweden rectify the position of monarch so that they
no longer only have the nominal power.

3. What is ‘administrative law’?

Administrative law is about the controls and responsibilities of the government executive branch,
its culture, internal relation with residents and units that are non-governmental. It is a branch of
universal law, which denotes to as regulatory law. It is the underlying structure which controls
government body administration and regulation. It aims to establish the legislative basis for the
regulation of public administration competences, procedures and acts. If a citizen is unemployed,
he has the right to ask for his allowance to the government. He has the right to seek assistance
from administrative law to ensure his accommodation.

Administrative law regulates the internal functioning of government entities and ensure the right
usages of power by these entities. When congress embraces a law involving a specific matter, it
often requires guidance to decide all the specifics of how the law will be applied and enforced.
The limitations are addressed by administration and government agencies for Congress and pass
more rules and procedures to accomplish the aims of Congress. Any kind of abuse of power by
these entities is controlled by administrative law. Administrative law expanded significantly
throughout the twentieth century, as globally government bodies have formed more
governmental institutions.
4. Describe the presidential system of government.

The presidential structure is a democratic and constitutional regime in which a chief of a political
body is segregated from the legislative body. This form of government emerged from the
American presidential form and its Constitution of 1787, which defined ‘president’ as head of
the state. The word president came from Latin word ‘praesidens’ which means governor.

This system has a powerful and competent chief executive with broad domestic or global,
international and foreign policy competences. The head of the state is elected by their own and
he elect the cabinet ministers from outside the legislature. It is minimizing the political tension
since the executive is entirely segregated from the legislature. Strong power is given to the
president by the constitution. It is a stable and consistent government system. The leadership by
the executive is abide by the constitution.
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of presidential democracy?

A presidential democracy is a form of government in which the executive branch is elected

separately from the legislative branch. The chief executive, the president, is elected for a fixed
term and cannot be removed except by extraordinary measures [ CITATION Wil42 \l 1033 ].

The advantages:

 Direct election of the president: The direct election of the head enables democracy truly
valid, since the citizens elect the president rather than nominating influential individuals.
 Consistency: The presidential system is consistent, as presidents are typically appointed
on fixed terms, while the Prime Minister's government may collapse at any time. The
position of Donald Trump is fixed from 2016 to 2020.
 Power separation: The presidential system allows for the separation of powers, since the
legislature is an entirely different structure and institution. This allows a system of checks
and balances to be established which allows one to control the other.
 Delegacy in government: Because of a president's bounded powers and tenure, citizens
who are unsatisfied with the current administration are given the aptitude to replace the
president after their tenure is finished.

The disadvantages:

 The presidential structures could easily turn towards authoritarian systems because of the
disproportionate power provided to one person under circumstances. This superior
attention on the President could restrict and discourage political engagement of the
citizens, as they can feel they can not actively participate in the law-making process.
 Often, the division of powers is seen as the presidential framework drawback because it
can generate a blockage within the government and a deadlock. An example would be in
1995 when Democrat Bill Clinton was President of a Republican-controlled Congress.
The government had no consensus on anything, not even on the budget [ CITATION
Edg14 \l 1033 ].
 It often creates a scenario where a weak president may not be dismissed or substituted for
years. For an example Donald Trump has been handling this COVID 19 situation very
 recklessly but he cannot be replaced by the end of 2020, but thousands of people already
died.

6. Describe the German government system.

Germany has their very sole and different parliamentary system. Instead of Prime minister unlike
British government they have a president as well as a chancellor who is equivalent to prime
minister. The government of Germany is centered on a federal parliamentary democratic republic
Germany is considered as an adequate example of a parliamentary system. The Federal
Chancellor is the head of government, and Bundestag are the legislature group. Hence, Executive
power is exercised by the government. This power to make federal law is given to the
government and the two parts of parliament, the Bundestag and Bundesrat. The chancellor is the
head of this Bundestag. The elimination of the chancellor can only be possible if the Bundestag
votes in a replacement cabinet and the process is known as “constructive no confidence”. If the
situation rises like - the German legislature cannot cast a no-confidence vote unless it also agrees
on whom to name as a new chancellor then it is called constructive vote of no confidence. Which
helped the German government a lot to continue the solidity. It is difficult to eliminate the whole
cabinet rather than removing only one. Without German citizen, the others cannot participate in
the election. There are exceptions. To participate in the election, the age of the voter has to be 18.
The election for electing the representatives to the Bundestag occurs after every 4 years.
However, as Germany is a federal country, a lot of the work of government is done by the 16
states. Power is shared between the national (or federal) government and state governments. The
national government cannot abolish the state governments.

7. Describe the functions of political parties. To what extent political parties in Bangladesh
are doing their responsibilities what they are supposed to do as a political party?

Political party is set of personnel structured to obtain and use political influence. It is a
systematized group of individuals with at least comparable political purposes and thoughts to use
the political power peacefully

Functions of Parties:
  Political parties won by the vote of public people. And that specific party fulfill all the
wishes and needs which is heard by the government.
 Interest of aggregation happens mostly happens in Democratic Party. Here political party
and general party creates a policy program for their own interests.
 Sometimes a formed political party pull a portion of deformed political party to create a
strong platform. For that, members of that group feel the sense of loyalty and efficacy to
that political system.
 Parties train their members, how to build competence and legitimacy among the political
parties. Also, they trained how to play the political game to be the next leader.

 For winning election, political parties need to create campaign where they promote
themselves by promising the citizen about doing welfare for the publics.
 Those who won the election, they got the maximum power for controlling the
government, on the other hand losing parties can only watch the actions of the party in
power.

There are two main political parties in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Bangladesh
Awami League. They rule in a system of rotation. The ruling party exercises a tendency of
dictatorship in the running party affairs. Since Bangladesh lacks an organized political
organization, the political parties have started initiatives to develop the parliamentary system of
government. These political parties have campaigned for a fair democratic constitution which
would establish a system in the politics in Bangladesh. They want an establishment of a multi-
party system where citizens will be able to vote for leaders of their choice. The political parties
want a development of a parliamentary committee system. Other roles of political parties in
Bangladesh engaging in deliberations on problems and issues which affect the national goals.
These parties are also involved in political recruitment selection of the political leadership. They
are concerned in the handing in of power and decisions in large measure. There is a tendency to
in political parties to critize the other parties and bashing them publicly. The false allegation
against other political party is abusing the political power.
8. Is every democracy automatically equate with liberal democracy? – What is your
opinion? What factors make a democracy a liberal democracy?

Democracy is a system of a government whereby the citizens are allowed to elect their
representative. The core issue in democratic theory is what people are and how the authority is
shared among the people available. Liberal democracy is usually considered a democratic
structure where people agree to its rulers, and ruler are legally obliged to respect the rights of the
individual.

No, every democracy is not a liberal democracy, there are situations when a democracy can lead
to oppression to the voters who didn’t support the ruling party in elections and that does not
equate with the liberal democracy. In the countries like India and USA this can be seen as the
minorities’ rights are not provided in an adequate manner. Also, in a liberal democracy there are
more rights to the citizen of the country and there are certain rights to the people which cannot be
ever surpassed by the law or the government of the country. A liberal democracy has the
inclination towards the left approach of the society betterment, it is more shifted towards the
socialist government as it thinks to give the better lifestyle to the people of the country. Also a
liberal democracy is bound to have free and fair elections between many political parties and it is
the reason as to why US cannot be considered as a liberal democracy as in US the elections are
conducted between two political parties only which means that elections are conducted between
two ideologies and there is not the invitation for more ideologies to participate in the elections.
In a liberal democracy, there is no absolute power with the government even after the elections
and it is the reason why the country of Iran and other Middle East countries are said to be far
away for having a liberal democracy.
9. What are the differences between cadre and non-cadre position?

Cadre Non-Cadre
In Bangladesh's perspective the pay scale In Bangladesh's perspective the pay scale
salary for an entry level cadre is at eighth salary for an entry level non-cadre is at ninth
grade. grade.
Cadre is for higher level position with the Non-Cadre has less responsibility and lower
maximum responsibility. position in comparison to Cadre.
Cadre has the flexibility to move one Non-Cadre has to serve in a particular
department to another department to which they were recruited.
It encompasses of trained or qualified Members have lesser responsibilities, for
professionals that are capable of training, and instance, the non-management staff.
leading an organization
Example of Cadre: The executive and Example of Non-cadre: Members of
management staff Telegraph, Telephone, and Home Affairs

References
Biography . (2020, May 26). Retrieved from https://www.biography.com/royalty/queen-elizabeth-ii

Edgecombe, J. (2014, April 27). British Monarchist League. Retrieved from Monarchist:
http://www.monarchist.org.uk/

Layne, J. (2020). Pros of Presidential Democracy. United States: Ablison Energy.

Willkie, W., & Roosevelt, E. (1942). The Meaning of Democracy. United States: This nongovernmental
research institute.