Stamford University Bangladesh

Assignment

Topic: Informative Speech Outline

Course Code: ENGL 102

Program: B.A (Hons) in English

Date of Submission: 20.09.2020

Submitted by
Name: Lamia Akter Muskan

ID: ENG 071 07709

Batch No: 71A

Submitted to
Name: Mirza Md. Adwit Rahman

Designation: Assistant Professor

Topic: Global Warming.

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the problem of global warming.

Thesis statement: Today I want to share what I have learned about global warming and its causes.

INTRODUCTION

Attention material:  Global warming is alive and well and thriving in Antarctica. In winter 1995, an iceberg
the size of Rhode Island broke off. In October 1998, and iceberg the size of Delaware
broke off.

Credibility material: Now, I am what you might call a “country mouse.” I love the outdoors. You can be a
“city mouse, “and like clean air, good water, and not having to worry about sun. So
all of us have a lot at stake here.

Thesis statement: Today I want to share what I have learned about global warming and its causes.

Preview: We need to consider the loss of woodlands, industrial emissions, and increases in energy

consumption.

(Transition: Let’s being by understanding more about global warming.)

BODY
Effect of global warming
With increases in the Earth's global mean temperature i.e., global warming, the various effects on climate
change pose risks that increases. The IPCC (2001d and 2007d) has organized many of these risks into five
"reasons for concern:
 Threats to endangered species and unique systems,
 Damages from extreme climate events,
 Effects that fall most heavily on developing countries and
 The poor within countries, global aggregate impacts (i.e., various measurements of total social,
economic and ecological impacts), and large-scale high-impact events.
The effects, or impacts, of climate change may be physical, ecological, social or economic. Evidence of
observed climate change includes the instrumental temperature record, rising sea levels, and decreased
snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC, 2007a:10), "[most] of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th
century is very likely due to the observed increase in [human greenhouse gas] concentrations". It is
predicted that future climate changes will include further global warming (i.e., an upward trend in global
mean temperature), sea level rise, and a probable increase in the frequency of some extreme weather
events. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has agreed to implement policies
designed to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases.

Effect of climate change-

The phrase climate change is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical
properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature. In this context, climate is taken to mean the average
weather. Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.
The classical time period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. The climate
change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due to human
activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere. Any human-induced changes in climate will
occur against the background of natural climatic variations.
Climate change reflects a change in the energy balance of the climate system, i.e. changes the relative
balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation from Earth. When this balance
changes it is called "radiative forcing", and the calculation and measurement of radiative forcing is one
aspect of the science of climatology. The processes that cause such changes are called "forcing
mechanisms". Forcing mechanisms can be either "internal" or "external". Internal forcing mechanisms are
natural processes within the climate system itself, e.g., the meridional turnover. External forcing
mechanisms can be either natural (e.g., changes in solar output) or anthropogenic (e.g., increased
emissions of greenhouse gases).
Whether the initial forcing mechanism is internal or external, the response of the climate system might be
fast (e.g., a sudden cooling due to airborne volcanic ash reflecting sunlight), slow (e.g. thermal expansion of
warming ocean water), or a combination (e.g., sudden loss of albedo in the arctic ocean as sea ice melts,
followed by more gradual thermal expansion of the water). Therefore, the climate system can respond
abruptly, but the full response to forcing mechanisms might not be fully developed for centuries or even
longer.
The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system
when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause, whereas Global warming” refers to the
change in the Earth's global average surface temperature. Measurements show a global temperature
increase of 1.4 °F (0.78 °C) between the years 1900 and 2005. Global warming is closely associated with a
broad spectrum of other climate changes, such as:
 Increases in the frequency of intense rainfall,
 Decreases in snow cover and sea ice,
 More frequent and intense heat waves,
 Rising sea levels, and
 Widespread ocean acidification.

Risk of intense rainfall-

There are two studied made here to elaborate the risk of intense rain fall one by United States and other
one by United Kingdom. They have warned that these risks are due to extreme climate change, thus we
have to curb the global warming issues in phases. The summaries of study are given below:
1. Two 500-Year Floods in Just 15 Years: In the United States, The Great Flood of 1993—devastating
communities along the Mississippi River and its tributaries in nine Midwestern states—was one of
the most costly disasters. Thousands of Americans were displaced from their homes and forced to
leave their lives behind, hundreds of levees failed, and damages soared to an estimated $12 to 16
billion. A mere 15 years later, history is repeating itself in the Midwest as the rainswollen Cedar,
 Illinois, Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and their tributaries top their banks and levees, leaving
hundreds of thousands of people displaced. With rainfall in May-June 2008 about two to three
times greater than the long-term average, soybean planting is behind schedule and some crops may
have to be replanted. This remarkably quick return of such severe flooding is not anticipated by
currently used out-of-date methodologies, but is what we should expect as global warming leads to
more frequent and intense severe storms. Inadequate floodplain management is also responsible
for the extent of damages from both floods, especially over-reliance on levees and the false sense
of security they provide to those who live behind them. About 28 percent of the total new
development in the seven states over the past 15 years has been in areas within the 1993 flood
events.

The National Wildlife Federation says that to limit the magnitude of changes to the climate and the impacts
on communities and wildlife, we must curb global warming pollution. The National Wildlife Federation
recommends that policy makers, industry, and individuals take steps to reduce global warming pollution
from today’s levels by 80 percent by 2050. That’s a reduction of 20 percent per decade or just 2 percent
per year. Science tells us that this is the only way to hold warming in the next century to no more than 2°F.
This target is achievable with technologies either available or under development, but we need to start
taking action now to avoid the worst impacts (See: www.nwf.org/globalwarming).
2. Extreme rainfall and flood risk in the UK: Multi-day rainfall events are an important cause of recent
severe flooding in the UK and any change in the magnitude of such events may have severe impacts
upon urban structures such as dams, urban drainage systems and flood defences and cause failures
to occur. Regional pooling of 1-, 2-, 5- and 10-day annual maxima for 1961 to 2000 from 204 sites
across the UK is used in a standard regional frequency analysis to produce GEV growth curves for
long return-period rainfall events for each of nine defined climatological regions. Temporal changes
in 1-, 2-, 5- and 10-day annual maxima are examined with L-moments using both a 10-year moving
window and fixed decades from 1961-70, 1971-80, 1981-90 and 1991-2000. A bootstrap technique
is then used to assess uncertainty in the fitted decadal growth curves and to identify significant
trends in both distribution parameters and quantile estimates.

There has been a two-part change in extreme rainfall event occurrence across the UK from 1961-2000.
Little change is observed at 1- and 2-day duration, but significant decadal level changes are seen in 5- and
10-day events in many regions. In the south of the UK, growth curves have flattened and 5- and 10-day
annual maxima have decreased during the 1990s. However, in the north, the 10-day growth curve has
steepened and annual maxima have risen during the 1990s. This is particularly evident in Scotland. The 50-
year event in Scotland during 1961-1990 has become an 8-, 11- and 25-year event in the Eastern, Southern
and Northern Scotland pooling regions respectively during the 1990s. In northern England the average
recurrence interval has also halved. This may have severe implications for design and planning practices in
flood control.
Increasing flood risk is now recognised as the most important sectoral threat from climate change in most
parts of the world, with recent repeated severe flooding in the UK and Europe causing major loss of
property and life, and causing the insurance industry to threaten the withdrawal of flood insurance cover
from millions of UK households. This has prompted public debate on the apparent increased frequency of
extremes and focussed attention in particular on perceived increases in rainfall intensities. Climate model
integrations predict increases in both the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall in the high latitudes
under enhanced greenhouse conditions. These projections are consistent with recent increases in rainfall
intensity seen in the UK and worldwide.
 CONCLUSION

Summary statement: In conclusion, if you want to know why we have global warming, listen for the falling
trees, watch the industrial smokestacks darkening the sky, and smell the exhaust fumes we are pumping
into the air.

Concluding remarks: Gore story on how global warming can sneak up on us. Addressing the National
Academy of Sciences, the vice president said, “If dropped into a pot of boiling water, a frog will quickly
jump out. But if the same frog is put into a pot and the water is slowly heated, the frog will stay put until
boiled alive. So it is with pollution…. If we do not wake up to the slow heating of our environment, we may
jump too late.” The more we know about global warming, the more likely we are to jump and the less
likely we are to be cooked.