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Understanding Data and Ways To Systematically Collect Data PDF

This document discusses qualitative research methodology. It explains that qualitative research uses methods like interviews, focus groups, and observations to collect non-numerical data. It then describes various qualitative research designs including phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, and narrative research. For each design, it provides examples of the types of questions that could be asked. The document also covers participant selection, data collection procedures, analysis methods, and considerations for ensuring high-quality data collection through interviews, focus groups, observations, and other means.

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AiraMagalonaAguilar
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336 views

Understanding Data and Ways To Systematically Collect Data PDF

This document discusses qualitative research methodology. It explains that qualitative research uses methods like interviews, focus groups, and observations to collect non-numerical data. It then describes various qualitative research designs including phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, and narrative research. For each design, it provides examples of the types of questions that could be asked. The document also covers participant selection, data collection procedures, analysis methods, and considerations for ensuring high-quality data collection through interviews, focus groups, observations, and other means.

Uploaded by

AiraMagalonaAguilar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNDERSTANDING

DATA AND WAYS TO


SYSTEMATICALLY
COLLECT DATA
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Participants
Sampling method
Data collection procedure
Data analysis method
Research Instrument
RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative Research Design
(explain why it is the best approach for your
research study)
What kind of qualitative research? Explain
why it was the best one to be used for your
study
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Phenomenology
2. Ethnography
3. Grounded theory
4. Case Study
5. Narrative
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Phenomenology
- WHAT they experience
- HOW they experience it
Sample questions for
phenomenology
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
2. Ethnography
- Describes and interprets the shared and
learned patterns of values, behaviors,
beliefs, and language of culture-sharing
group; HOW the culture works
Sample questions for ethnography
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
3. Grounded theory
- Generating an explanation (theory) of
a process, action, or interaction shaped
by views of the participants
Sample questions for grounded
theory
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
4. Case Study
- Studying a case of an
individual, a group, an entire
program, or an activity
Sample questions for Case Study
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
5. Narrative
- Giving account of series of events
that is CHRONOLOGICALLY
CONNECTED
- HOW it happened
Sample questions for narrative
research
PARTICIPANTS
Describe your
target participants
for your study
Qualitative Nature of Focus of Selection Product
Design Questions Question Realized
Asked Asked
Narrative Story-oriented Story 1 to Moderatum
multiple Generalization
Case Study Indepth- Issue 1 to Lesson
Descriptive Multiple Learned
Grounded Theory Process Process 20 or more Theory
Phenomenology Essence Meaning 20 or more Collective
Description
Ethnography Cultural Culture 20 or more Portrait of a
Parameter people
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
DATA COLLECTION
PROCEDURE
Preparation of Research Instrument
Requesting Permission for the Conduct of the Study
Construction
Data Collection
Validation Permission of
the Principal Data Analysis
Conducting
Permission of Interviews/ Open Coding
the Participants Observations/
Focus Group
interviews/
Data Collection Methods
Interviews
Can be STRUCTURED, with
question prepared and presented
to the interviewee, or
UNSTRUCTURED like free-flowing
conversation
Data Collection Methods
Interviews
Qualitative researchers usually
employ “semistructured” interviews
which involve a number of open
ended questions based on the
topic areas that the researcher
wants to cover.
Data Collection Methods
Data Collection Methods
Preparation for semi-structured
interviews includes having a
“topic-guide” which is a list of
topics the interviewer wishes to
discuss
Data Collection Methods
“Written prompts” will also guide
the interviewer in making sure that
all necessary information are
covered such as interviewee’s
understanding of the questions,
their signature of the consent, etc.
Characteristics of a good interviewer
• Able to put interviewee at ease
• Good listening skills
• Proper management of interview
situation to collect data which truly
reflect the opinions and feelings of the
interviewee concerning choses topics
Considerations in Conducting an
Interview
• A quiet, comfortable location
should be chosen
• Presentation of the interviewer in
terms of dress, manner, and so on
• Transcription and audio recording
Data Collection Methods
Focus Groups
Explore the ways in which the
participants interact with each
other and influence each other’s
expressed ideas, which obviously
cannot happen with one-to-one
interview material
Data Collection Methods
Focus Groups
Focus group conveners use
topic guides to help them keep
the discussion relevant to the
research question. Ideally for 8-
12 participants
Considerations in conducting focus
group discussions:
• Accessible and comfortable
locations
• Time of the day and facilities
offered
• Serving refreshments
• Laying down “Ground rules”
Data Collection Methods
Observation
A technique that can be used
when data cannot be collected
through other means, or those
collected through other means
are of limited value or are
difficult to validate
Data Collection Methods
Observation
Verifying, validation, or
nullifying information provided
in face-to-face encounters
Techniques for collecting data through
observation
• Written descriptions – making
notes of what has been
observed
o Risks: missing out
observations while writing;
focusing only on interesting
Techniques for collecting data through
observation
• Video Recording – frees the
observer from the task of making
notes at the time and allows
events to be reviewed
repeatedly
Techniques for collecting data through
observation
• Video Recording –
Risks/Disadvantages:
o Participants may be more
conscious that will affect their
behavior
o Avoidance of being filmed
o Limited range of possible
Techniques for collecting data through
observation
• Artefacts – objects that inform
us about a phenomenon under
study because of their
significance to the
phenomenon
o Examples: equipments, art
Data Collection Methods

Documented materials
such as Letters, Diaries,
Photographs
Data Collection Methods
Documentation – may be helpful
in ethnographic research such as
policy, mission statements,
annual reports, minutes of
meetings, code of conduct, etc.
Data Collection Methods
Photographs – photographs of
buildings, neighbourhoods, dress
and appearance could be analysed
in such a way as to develop theory
about professional relationships
over a given time period
Data Collection Methods
Narratives
A story told by a research
participant, or a conversation
between two or more people
which can be used as data for
qualitative research
Data Collection Methods
Narratives
Should be naturally occurring, not
shaped as in a semi-structured
interview or focus group.
Data Collection Methods
Narratives
“Narrative Interview” – begins with
“general narrative question”
- Invites the interviewee to relate
his/her account of his/her life history
or a part of it
Data Collection Methods
Open ended questions in
questionnaires
- usually require that responses,
which reflect the opinions of the
respondents, be written in blank
spaces.
- give useful guidance to a researcher
Data Collection Methods
Open ended questions in
questionnaires
- may be included in questionnaires even
though the majority of the questionnaire
will generate quantitative data
- outcome by itself may be a source of
frustration as there is no opportunity to
ask for clarification of any point made.
DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

Open Coding
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

ACTIVITY
TITLE:
General Statement of the Problem:
Data Collection Method:
Specific Statement of Interview Questions/
the Problem Topic Guides/
Observation notes
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
SOURCES
Creswell (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research and Design: Choosing among 5 approaches. 2nd
Ed.SAGE Publication
Espique (2016). Qualitative Research Convention. Crown Regency Hotel, Baguio City, Philippines
Hancock et al (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research

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