FACT Devices in Smart Grid

Presented by
Mahesh S Narkhede
Research Scholar
Electrical Engg Dept.
NITTTR
Chandigarh
.

STC on “FACTs Technology”, 23rd to 27th September 2013, NITTTR Chandigarh

 What is Smart Grid ?

• A smart grid delivers electricity from

suppliers to consumers using digital
technology with two-two-way communications to
control appliances at consumers' homes to
save energy, reduce cost and increase
reliability ,Quality and transparency....
transparency....
 Key Characteristics of Smart Grid
• Self-
Self-healing:
healing: The grid rapidly detects,
analyzes, responds, and restores.
restores. This
improves service quality, enhances reliability,
and reduces costs.
costs.
• Tolerant of attack:
attack: The grid mitigates and is
resilient to physical/cyber attacks.
attacks.
• Provides power quality needed by 21st 21st
century users:
users: The grid provides quality
power consistent with consumer and
industry needs
Power Quality Problems and their causes
Standards of Power Quality
 Custom Power Park
• In Custom Power parks customers receive a
pre specified quality power which may contain
a combination of specifications of the
following
– Frequency of rare power interruptions.
– Magnitude and duration of over and under
voltages within specified limits.
– Low harmonic distortion in the supply voltage.
– Low phase unbalance.
– Low flicker in the supply voltage.
– Frequency of the supply voltage within specified
limits.
FACTs devices like –
• Static var compensator (SVC)
• Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC),
• Thyristor controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR)
• Static compensator (STATCOM),
• Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)
• Unified power flow controller (UPFC)
• Thyristor controlled braking resistor (TCBR)
• Interline power flow controller (IPFC)
are the predecessors to the power quality
enhancement devices
• SSSC- Injects V in quad with Line Current
• TCPAR – Injects V in quad with Line Voltage
• To achieve power quality enhancements the
compensating power electronic devices are
either connected in shunt or in series or a
combination of both.
• In addition there are current breaking
devices that are power electronic based.
• Anyone or a combination of two or more of
these devices are used to fulfill each one of
the above mentioned objectives.
Single line diagram of a radial
distribution system
 Custom Power Devices

Network Reconfiguration Type Compensating type

Solid State Current Limiter Distribution STATCOM

(SSCL)

Solid State Breaker Dynamic Voltage Restorer

(SSB) / (SSCB) (DVR)

Solid State Transfer Unified Power Quality Conditioner

Switch (SSTS) (UPQC)
 A hypothetical distribution system
equipped with custom power devices
 Solid state current limiter (SSCL)

• It consists of a pair of opposite poled switches in

parallel with the current limiting inductor Lm.
• In addition, a series RC combination with a resistance
of Rs and a capacitance of Cs is connected in parallel
with the opposite poled switch.
• The current limiter is connected in series with a feeder
• As soon as the fault occurs, the inductance Lm is
placed in series with the feeder inductance. However
the current through the feeder has an initial value at
that point while the initial value of the current through
Lm is zero. But the same current must now flow
through both these inductances. It is well known that
the current through an inductance cannot change
instantaneously. Therefore to bring the current
through Lm to the same level as the current through
the feeder, a large voltage equal to Lm(dim/dt) will be
applied across the inductor. This is the same voltage
Vsw that is applied across the opposite poled switch.
• This may burnt the semiconductor switch .
• So a Snubber circuit is used.
 A GTO based fault current limiter

• A GTO can be switched off at any time by applying a

negative gate pulse. A thyristor switches off only when
the current through it changes polarity.
• ZnO Arrestor is used to clamp the voltage at particular
value.
Anti-parallel GTO switch
Radial distribution protected by current
limiter
 Solid state circuit breaker (SSCB)

• A solid state circuit breaker (SSCB) has almost

the same topology as that of an SSCL except
that the limiting inductor is connected in
series with an opposite poled thyristor pair.
pair.
• The GTOs are the normal current carrying
elements.
elements. If the fault does not clear, then the
GTOs are turned off and the thyristors are
turned on such that the fault current now
starts flowing through the current limiting
inductor.
inductor.
• The current through the limiting inductor is
eventually cut off by blocking the thyristors.
thyristors.
The ZnO arrester is also used here to protect
the power electronics from lightning and
switching surges and also to build up current
through the inductor.
inductor.
An alternate SSB topology
 Solid state transfer switch (SSTS)

• This is usually a thyristor based Device, used to protect

sensitive loads from sag/swell. It can perform a sub-
cycle transfer of the sensitive load from a supplying
feeder to an alternate feeder when a voltage sag/swell
is detected in the supplying feeder.
Sensitive load protected by SSTS
• In this the SSTS includes a pair of anti-
anti-parallel
thyristor switch and a pair of ZnO arresters.
arresters.
Usually the load is supplied by the preferred
feeder and the load current flows through the
switch SWI.
SWI. When a deep voltage sag or
interruption is detected in this feeder, the load
is quickly transferred to the alternate feeder.
feeder.
This switching action is called make-
make-before-
before-
break, i.e., before the switch Sw1
Sw1 is turned off,
the switch SW2
SW2 is turned on.on. Once the load
current starts flowing through the switch SW2SW2
the switch Sw1
Sw1 is turned off.
off.
Incorrect transfer for a fault in
the preferred feeder
A hybrid SSTS topology
• In addition to the thyristors and the ZnO arresters this
contains a pair of high-
high-speed mechanical switches.
switches.
• During the normal operation the mechanical switch
M1 is closed and M2 is open. open. Once a transfer is
requested, M1 is turned off and simultaneously the
thyristor pair TH1 is turned on. on. Consequently, the
current is commutated to TH1 and it is blocked at the
next zero crossing of the current.
current. As soon as the
current is completely blocked, the thyristor pair TH2 is
turned on enabling the alternate feeder to supply the
load.
load. Once the current through TH2 stabilizes, the
mechanical switch M2 is closed to bypass the current.
current.
The thyristor pair TH2 is then blocked.
blocked.
• The main advantage of this hybrid switch
system is that since the normal operation
takes place through the mechanical switch,
the power loss component is lower than the
first topology.
topology.
 DSTATCOM
• It is a shunt connected device that has the
same structure as that of a STATCOM.
• It can perform load compensation, i.e.,
power factor correction, harmonic filtering,
load balancing etc. when connected at the
load terminals.
• It can also perform voltage regulation when
connected to a distribution bus.
• In this mode it can hold the bus voltage
constant against any unbalance or distortion
in the distribution system.
• The STATCOM is required to inject a set of
three balanced quasi-sinusoidal voltages that
are phase displaced by 120°.
• However the DSTATCOM must be able to
inject an unbalanced and harmonically
distorted current to eliminate unbalance or
distortions in the load current or the supply
voltage.
• Therefore its control is significantly different
from that of a STATCOM.
DSTATCOM
• It is assumed that the DSTATCOM is operating in current
control mode.
mode. Therefore its ideal behavior is
represented by the current source If, It is assumed that
Load-
Load-2 is reactive, nonlinear and unbalanced.
unbalanced. In the
absence of the compensator, the current Is , flowing
through the feeder will also be unbalanced and
distorted and, as a consequence, so will be Bus- Bus-I
voltage.
voltage.
• To alleviate this problem, the compensator must inject
current such that the current I, becomes fundamental
and positive sequence.
sequence. In addition, the compensator
can also force the current II to be in phase with the Bus-
Bus-
2 voltage.
voltage. This fashion of operating the DSTATCOM is
also called load compensation.
compensation.
Voltage Regulation using
DSTATCOM
• In this the ideal compensator is represented
by a voltage source and it is connected to
the PCC. The alternate structure is shown in
Figure (b).
• The basic idea here is to inject the current id
in such a way that the voltage Vf follows a
specified reference.
 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
• A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is used to
protect sensitive loads from sag/swell or
disturbances in the supply voltage.
• The world's first DVR was installed in August
1996 at a 12.47 kV substation in Anderson,
South Carolina. This was installed to provide
protection to an automated rug manufacturing
plant.
Sensitive load protected by a DVR
• In this the DVR is represented by an ideal voltage
source that injects a voltage Vf in the direction
shown.
• Vl=Vf + Vs
• where Vl is the load bus voltage. The DVR then can
regulate the bus voltage to any arbitrary value by
measuring the terminal voltage Vl and supplying
the balance through Vf
dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)
Two possible structures of DVR
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
• This has the same structure as that of a
UPFC.
• This is a very versatile device that can inject
current in shunt and voltage in series
simultaneously in a dual control mode.
• Therefore it can perform both the functions of
load compensation and voltage control at the
same time
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
• This is useful when both source and load are
unbalanced and distorted. A UPQC combines a series
and a shunt compensator together.
• Assume that the source voltage Vl is both unbalanced
and distorted. Also the load current IL is also
unbalanced and distorted. As a consequence the
terminal voltage Vt , the load voltage Vl and the source
current Is will also be unbalanced and distorted. Now
suppose there are other customers connected to the
load bus that draw purely balanced sinusoidal
currents. Then both the source and load unbalance
and distortion affect them. Again if there is a load bus
upstream from the point of common coupling, the
customers on that bus will equally get affected. A
UPQC can alleviate this problem.
A custom power park
Grade A:
• This is the basic quality power. Since the
transfer switches protect the incoming
feeders, the quality of the power is usually
superior to normal utility supply.
• In addition, this grade has the benefit of low
harmonic power due to the DSTATCOM.
Grade AA:
• This includes all the features of Grade A. In
addition, it receives the benefit of a standby
generator.
• The generator can be brought into service in
about 10-20 seconds in case of a serious
emergency such as power failure in both
feeders.
Grade AAA :
• This includes all the features of Grade AA. In
addition, it has the benefit of receiving
distortion or dip free voltage due to the DVR.
 Applications of Custom Power
• Through the custom power park it is possible
to supply power to different types of sensitive
loads ranging from shopping maIls and
hospitals to semiconductor manufacturing.
• For example, a semiconductor manufacturing
plant needs Grade AAA supply since a sudden
voltage dip can cause the loss of a few hours
of production.
 Applications of Custom Power
• With modem and life support equipments, a
hospital on the other hand, requires both AA
and AAA grade supplies. The AAA grade
connection can be supplied to the operating
theaters and life support systems, while the
AA grade connection can be given to the rest
of the building along with pathology and other
testing facilities.
 Applications of Custom Power
• Most shops in a shopping center (mall) or
offices in an office building require grade A
power.
• The grade of the quality of power a customer
in the park receives depends on the nature of
its load and the price he is ready to pay.
Status of Application of CP Devices
• American Electric Power (AEP) has installed an
indoor 15 kV, 600 A static transfer switch at
an industrial park in Columbus, Ohio.
• Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE) installed an
indoor 15 kV, 600 A static transfer switch at
an office building in downtown Baltimore in
September 1995.
• In September 1996, BGE has also placed an
outdoor 15 kV, 600 A static transfer switch in
service at a chemical manufacturing plant in
the Baltimore metropolitan area.
Status of Application of CP Devices
• In 1991, Chubu Electric Corporation of Japan
installed three 7.2 kV,300 A static transfer
switches in a loop line configuration.
• Commonwealth Edison Company installed a
12.47 kV, 600 A static transfer switch on
August 14, 1996 at a plastic film
manufacturing plant. Between January 1 and
October 15, 1997, there were 50 events with
40 successful transfers with no loss of
production. Of the remaining 10 events that
resulted in production interruptions, 5 events
were due to voltage sags on both feeders.
Status of Application of CP Devices
• In November 10, 1996 Detroit Edison Company
installed a static transfer switch at the Ford
Motor Company Sheldon Road Plant, which
provides components to all Ford's North
American assembly plants. Its installation has
saved a whole lot of expensive shutdown time.
• PG&E Energy Services installed two static
transfer switches, both rated at 25kV, 300A, in
September 1996.
Status of Application of CP Devices
• In October 1996 Texas Utilities placed in
service an outdoor 15 kV,600 A static transfer
switch at an electric operations building in Fort
Worth, Texas.
• The Tokyo Oil Industry Company of Japan
installed a static transfer switch in 1997 for a
generating unit transfer application.
Status of Application of CP Devices
• The DVR installed at Bonlac Foods Processing
plant by Powercor Australia Ltd. Is rated at 2
MVA, can store 660 kJ, and operates at 22 kV.
• In April 1997 a DVR was installed at the Sappi
Limited, Stanger Mill in South Africa that
provides pulp to Sappi's paper making process.
The DVR is supplied by a superconducting
magnetic energy storage (SMES). The power to
the mill is supplied by ESKOM. This DVR is
rated at 750kVA and provides 2.4MJ of energy
storage.
Status of Application of CP Devices
• Since February 1998 American Electric Power
has been operating a DSTATCOM at a rock
crushing facility. The rating of the device is ± 2
MVA at 12.47 kV and it utilizes two 1 MVAr
capacitor banks that allow operation with
output from 0 to 4 MVAr capacitive.
Thanks !