Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina

ISSN: 0373-5680
ISSN: 1851-7471
[email protected]
Sociedad Entomológica Argentina
Argentina

Synthesis and insecticide activity of Cu-

nanoparticles from Prosopis juliflora
(Sw) DC and Pluchea sericea (Nutt)
on Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley
(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
LEÓN-JIMENEZ, Eugenia; VALDÉZ-SALAS, Benjamín; GONZÁLEZ-MENDOZA, Daniel; TZINTZUN-
CAMACHO, Olivia
Synthesis and insecticide activity of Cu-nanoparticles from Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC and Pluchea sericea (Nutt)
on Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, vol. 78, no. 2, 2019
Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, Argentina
Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=322058500002

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 Artículos

Synthesis and insecticide activity of Cu-nanoparticles from Prosopis juliflora (Sw)

DC and Pluchea sericea (Nutt) on Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae)
Síntesis y actividad insecticida de nanopartículas de Cu de Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC y Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) sobre
Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Eugenia LEÓN-JIMENEZ Redalyc: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?
Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas de la Universidad Autónoma id=322058500002
de Baja California (ICA-UABC), México
Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, México

Benjamín VALDÉZ-SALAS
Instituto de Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma de
Baja California., México

Daniel GONZÁLEZ-MENDOZA
Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas de la Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California (ICA-UABC)., México
[email protected]

Olivia TZINTZUN-CAMACHO
Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas de la Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California (ICA-UABC)., México
Received: 19 January 2019
Accepted: 01 April 2019
Published: 27 June 2019

Abstract:
Phenacoccus solenopsis is an aggressively invasive species on cotton plants in several countries. Hence, the pesticidal effect of copper
nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC and Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) against P. solenopsis was
investigated. e results showed that the Cu-nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) obtained from P. juliflora and P. sericea averaged 33.8 and
68.10 nm, respectively. e high stability for both synthetized Cu-NPs was indicated for their zeta potential (-69.7 mV for P.
juliflora and -53.9 mV for P. sericea). Both nanoparticles showed significant toxicity to P. solenopsis aer 96 hours. Mortality rates
of P. solenopsis were 14 and 20% when exposed to Cu-NPs extracted from P. sericea and P. juliflora, respectively. Tests in copper
solution showed an insignificant mortality of P. solenopsis. Viability tests for Cu-NPs from P. sericea and P. juliflora indicated a
significant reduction of cell viability by 30 and 38% respectively.
Keywords: Cotton mealybug, Green insecticide, Insecticide effect, Nanoparticles.

Resumen:
Phenacoccus solenopsis es una especie agresivamente invasiva e invasora en plantas de algodón en varios países. Se investigó el efecto
pesticida de nanopartículas de cobre, sintetizadas a partir de extracto de hoja de Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC y Pluchea sericea (Nutt.),
contra P. solenopsis. Las nanoparticulas de Cu (Cu-NPs) obtenidas de P. juliflora y P. sericea promediaron 33.8 y 68.10 nm,
respectivamente. La estabilidad alta para ambas Cu-NPs estuvo indicada por el potencial zeta de -69.7 mV de P. juliflora y -53.9
mV para P. sericea. La toxicidad de las Cu-NPs fue significativa para ambas plantas contra P. solenopsis después de 96 horas. Las
tasas de mortalidad de P. solenopsis fueron de 14 y 20% ante la exposición a Cu-NPs de P. sericea y P. juliflora, respectivamente. Los

Author notes

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ensayos en solución de cobre mostraron que la mortalidad de P. solenopsis fue insignificante. Los ensayos de viabilidad para las Cu-
NPs de P. sericea y P. juliflora indicaron reducción significativa de la viabilidad celular de P. solenopsis de 30 y 38% respectivamente.
Palabras clave: Cochinilla harinosa del algodón, Efecto insecticida, Insecticida verde, Nanopartículas.

INTRODUCTION

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was first reported as a cotton pest in Texas, USA
(Wu et al., 2014). is pest is a polyphagous insect with a wide geographical distribution worldwide (Vennila
et al., 2010). is pest has a wide morphological diversity, biological adaptations and ecological adjustments
that gives it a high capacity to feed on different host plants, including economically important species of
Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae (Hodgson et al., 2008). Phenacoccus solenopsis has been recognized
as an aggressively invasive species on both agricultural and ornamental plants in Brazil, China, Pakistan, and
India (Wang et al., 2009; Da Silva, 2012; Maruthadurai & Singh, 2015). Control studies in cotton have
included the application of chemical insecticides and biopesticides (Saddiq et al., 2017; Ullah et al., 2017).
However, the development of resistance to many kinds of chemical insecticides and the unpredictable results
of biological control have caused variable results (Zhou et al., 2015; Afzal & Shad, 2016). erefore, new
alternatives are required to reduce populations of P. solenopsis on cotton. Recently, the use of nanotechnology
in agriculture is achieving great importance as it promotes improved pest management and crop fortification
through the excellent efficiency of agrochemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and growth agents (Kah &
Hofmann, 2014). Today, green nanotechnology (synthesis of nanoparticles using biological systems) had
great relevance due to the fact that it is environmentally friendly and it does not use toxic chemicals in the
nanoparticles formulation.
Although there have been numerous studies on the toxicity of phytonanoparticles on pathogenic bacteria
and fungi, research on toxicity of metal phyto-nanoparticles on insects is scarce. erefore, the present
investigation is aimed to evaluate pesticidal effect of copper nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of
mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. (Fabaceae) and chachanilla, Pluchea sericea Nutt (Asteraceae), against
the invasive cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fresh and healthy leaf samples of P. juliflora and P. sericea were collected from native plants in the Mexicali
valley, Baja California, Mexico (32° 24’ 7” N; 115° 11’ 51” W). e aqueous extract was prepared taking
30 g of leaves of each plant mixed in 300 mL of distilled water. e mixture was kept in agitation at 2.5 g
during 24 hours at 28 °C. e samples were then centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 min to remove particulate
matter and to get a clear solution which was stored at 4 °C until use. For Cu-NP synthesis, 10 mL of aqueous
extract of P. juliflora and P. sericea were added to 40 mL of 10 mM solution of CuSO4 in 100 mL erlenmeyer
flask and heated at 40 °C for 30 min. e bio-reduction process of Cu+ and the production of NPs, was
determined visually by color change of the aqueous solution of the extract. Previous to the addition of CuSO4
the solutions were yellow and aer 30 min of reaction they were both brown (Fig. 1). e Cu-NPs were
centrifuged 15 min at 11,200 g and the precipitates were thoroughly washed with sterile distilled water to
get rid of any unwanted impurities and the powders obtained for toxicological assays were transferred to a
freeze dryer.
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) were used for characterization of
size and zeta potential of copper-phytonanoparticles in solution from P. juliflora and P. sericea. ese analyses
were performed on a nanotrac wave instrument (Microtrac) and DLS data were analyzed with the Microtrac
FLEX operating soware (Ruíz-Romero et al., 2018). e size, morphology and composite homogeneity of

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Cu-NPs were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) JEOL 6010 according to Abdelmoteleb
et al. (2016).

Fig. 1. Green synthesis of copper-nanoparticles using

leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora (A) and Pluchea sericea (B).
For EDS analysis, the Cu-NPs were drop coated on carbon film and analyzed using a Bruker Quantax 400
instrument. Fourier transform infrared spectral measurements (FTIR) were taken to identify the possible
biomolecules in P. juliflora and P. sericea leaf extracts responsible for reducing and capping the bioreduced
Cu-NPs.
For evaluation of insecticide activity of Cu-NPs, P. solenopsis mealybugs were collected from infested
Bollgard® cotton in Mexicali Valley, Mexico during summer 2018. Twenty adult females of the same stage
of each species were selected and transferred to 100 x 15 mm Petri dishes containing a cotton leaf. en, 2
mL of aqueous solution of Cu-NPs at 300 ppm from P. juliflora (Treatment 1) or P. sericea (Treatment 2),
were applied with a small volume hand sprayer. e control group consisted of distilled water (Treatment
3), and CuSO4 at 300 ppm was Treatment 4. A randomized complete block design was used, with four
replicates for treatment, plus a water control. e experiment unit was a Petri dish with 20 individuals. All
Petri dishes were placed in a growth chamber at 27 ± 2 °C under 16 h photon flux density of 340 μmol m−2
s−1 light intensity and 80% relative humidity. e number of P. solenopsis survivors (mortality percentage)
was recorded aer 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of initial application by using Abotts formula. Death of insect
individuals was determined based on the coordinated muscle response of mealybugs to gentle prodding with
an insect needle.
e cell viability levels of the mealybugs were evaluated by Evans blue staining spectrophotometry
(Gonzalez-Mendoza et al., 2009), with minor modifications, a test used widely to study cellular membrane
permeability in diverse organisms (Yao et al., 2018). For this the insects of each treatment were stained with
0.25% aqueous Evans blue solution for 15 min at room temperature, then washed extensively with distilled
water for 20 min to remove excess and unbound dye. e Evans blue trapped on insects cells was released
by suspending cells in 50% ethanol with 1% SDS solution at 60 °C for 30 min and quantified by measuring
absorbance at 600 nm.
Differences between the treatments were analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test (Statistical Package
version 5.5, Statso, USA). Significant differences were accepted if p ≤ 0.05 and data was expressed as mean
± S.E.M.

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RESULTS

e formation of Cu-NPs from P. juliflora and P. sericea were very rapid and it was completed within 30 min.
e average hydrodynamic size of the Cu-NPs showed that those obtained from P. juliflora were polydisperse
mixtures with an average mean size of 33.8 nm (Fig. 2a) and, in contrast, the average size of the synthesized
Cu-NPs using P. sericea leaf extract was around 68.10 nm (Fig. 2b). On the other hand, the zeta potential
was found to be -69.7 mV for synthesized Cu-NPs from P. juliflora and -53.9 mV for P. sericea.
Analysis by SEM showed that the majority of Cu-NPs from P. juliflora were spherical with varying size
(Fig. 3b), whereas those from P. sericea showed non-spherical (ellipsoidal form) particle with different size
(Fig. 3a). On the other hand, in the Figure 4a, the EDS of Cu-NPs-P. sericea revealed that pure copper (Cu
43.22%) was the major constituent element compared to Cu-NPs-P. juliflora that showed 34.85% (Fig. 4b).

Fig. 2. Particle size distribution of Cu-NPs-Prosopis juliflora (a) and

Pluchea sericea (b) using dynamic light scattering measurements (DLS).

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Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Cu-

NPs-Pluchea sericea (a) and Cu-NPs-Prosopis juliflora (b).

Fig. 4. EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer) of Cu-

NPs of Prosopis juliflora (a) and Cu-NPs-Pluchea sericea (b).
e FTIR spectrum of aqueous extract of P. juliflora and P. sericea were used as control. e bands
observed in aqueous extract of P. sericea before and aer bioreduction had similar peaks except for a variation
in the size of bands 3341, 2935, 1623, 1410, 1265, 1046, and 662 cm−1 (Figs. 5a and 6a). e band at
3341 cm-1 corresponds to O-H stretching H-bonded alcohols and phenols compounds. e band at 2935
cm-1 can be related to the valence oscillations of the C-H and N-H bonds within the benzene ring. e
bands at 1623-1410 cm-1 were principally C=N stretching vibrations. For aromatic amines, one band was
observed at 1265 cm-1. e bands close to 1046 cm-1 can be probably related to O-H and C=O bonds.
Finally, visible variation in Cu-NPs from P. sericea was observed at 662 cm-1, showing a reduction in the
size band aer bioreduction corresponding to C-H bending of alkynes (Fig. 6b). On the other hand, FTIR
spectra of Cu-NPs from P. juliflora, exhibited a variation in the size of IR bands in region 3225, 2925, 2853,
1601, 1103,1059, 602 cm-1 indicating the biomaterial bind to alcohol/phenol, silicon, amines, alkenes and
halogen functional groups (Fig. 5b). For example: 3225 cm-1 corresponded to O–H hydroxyl group and the

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band at 2925-2853 was due to C-H stretching of alkanes. e band at 1601 correponded to formation of
C=C double bond of alkenes and the bands 1103-1059 indicated C-N alkyl stretching of amides.
Significant toxicity was recorded for Cu-NPs from P. sericea and P. juliflora to P. solenopsis aer 96 hours
(Fig. 7a). More than 14 and 20% mortality of P. solenopsis was observed with Cu-NPs from P. sericea and
Cu-NPs of P. juliflora, respectively. A negligible mortality of P. solenopsis was recorded with the 300 ppm
Cu solution and water.
e results of the viability test for Cu-NPs from P. sericea and P. juliflora are presented in Figure 7b,
showing a 30 to 38% significant reduction of cell viability in mealybugs exposed to Cu-NPs from P. sericea
and P. juliflora, respectively.

Fig. 5. FTIR spectrum of aqueous extract (a) and Cu-NPs (b), extracted from Prosopis juliflora.

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Fig. 6. FTIR spectrum of aqueous extract (a) and Cu-NPs (b), extracted from Pluchea sericea.

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Fig. 7. Insect mortality (a) and cell viability (b) of Phenacoccus solenopsis aer
96 hours of treatment with Cu-NPs of Prosopis juliflora and Pluchea sericea.

DISCUSSION

e synthesis of Cu-NPs from P. sericea and P. juliflora was confirmed by the development of pale yellow
colour (Fig. 1), suggesting the formation of Cu nanoparticles due to the interaction of phytochemicals of
aqueous extract from P. sericea (Hussain et al., 2013) and P. juliflora (Gonzalez-Mendoza et al., 2018a),
that reduces Cu ions into Cu nanoparticles. In the present study, the formation of Cu-NPs from P. juliflora
and P. sericea was completed within 30 min. is result coincides with experiments in Sargassum vulgare
C. Agardh (Phaeophyceae: Sargassaceae) (González-Mendoza et al., 2018b) and Yucca schidigera Roezl ex
Ortgies (Asparagaceae) (Ruíz-Romero et al., 2018) following the aplications of metals to aqueous extract of
leaves. Bioreduction studies in other plants have reported the participation of carbonyl, phenolic, aromatic
and carboxylate groups involved in the stabilization of nanoparticles (Kah, 2015; Chung et al., 2016).
erefore, the bioreduction and capping of Cu ion into Cu nanoparticles might be due to phenols, flavonoids
and proteins according to FTIR analysis. However, further detailed studies about the role of different

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metabolites in Cu-NPs synthesis from P. juliflora and P. sericea will be needed to reveal the exact mechanism
of nanoparticles formation.
On the other hand, our results showed that zeta potential was found to be -69.7 and -53.9 mV for
synthesized Cu-NPs from P. juliflora and P. sericea, respectively, indicating high stability for both, according
to Abdelmoteleb et al. (2016) who found that the stability of the colloidal system is determined by the
magnitude of large negative or positive zeta potential. e negative values of zeta potentials for both Cu-
NPs obtained indicate a long term stability of the colloids. For example colloidal suspension of Cu-NPs
synthesized using Periploca of the Woods (Gymnema sylvestre R. Brown (Apocynaceae)) leaf extract was
highly stable, with a zeta potential of -57.4 mV (Singh, 2018).
Phenacoccus solenopsis is being studied currently due to its invasiveness, rapid spreading and need for
establishing an effective control strategy. We report here the first study of the insecticide properties of Cu-
NPs obtained from two plants (P. sericea and P. juliflora) on P. solenopsis and demonstrate their potential
as a reducing and stabilising agent to generate Cu-NPs. Both Cu-NPs from P. sericea and P. juliflora had a
significant impact on P. solenopsis mortality in comparasion with some commonlyused insecticides as Neem
oil, flubendamide, or novaluron (Nagrare et al., 2016).
Our results suggest that Cu-NPs from P. sericea and P. juliflora induce stress membrane damage in the
cuticule of P. solenopsis (cell viability) that might be attributable to a distortion of the lipid layers of the
membrane proteins by exposition to these nanoparticles. Similar results were reported by Yasur & Usha-
Rani (2015) and Mao et al. (2018), who obtained decreased cell viability by the generation of reactive
oxigen species (ROS) in insects exposed to 50 to 500 ppm silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). At present, the
information available about the mode of action of Cu-NPs from plants against insects is less abundant that
the information reported for Ag-NPs (Benelli, 2018). erefore, further studies about nanotoxicity of Cu-
NPs from P. sericea and P. juliflora are needed to reveal the exact mechanism of toxicity of nanoparticles in
P. solenopsis.
Finally, our study showed the potential of P. sericea and P. juliflora as reducing and stabilizing agents to
generate Cu-NPs using green synthesis. At present, the use of Cu-NPs from plants against P. solenopsis is
scarce. erefore, our report is the first study that demonstrates the insecticide potential of both Cu-NPs
from two plants on P. solenopsis.

Acknowledgements

Work was partially supported by SEDAGRO, Baja California.

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