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Lecture 1 - Introduction of PS PDF

Prestressing is the introduction of internal stresses in a member to counteract the effects of external loads. This allows concrete, which is weak in tension, to be put into compression where it performs best. Materials used include high-strength concrete and steel tendons. There are various methods of prestressing including pretensioning, post-tensioning, and thermal prestressing. Advantages include improved strength and service life, while disadvantages include higher costs and more complex design. Early attempts at prestressing failed due to the use of low-strength steels and prestress losses over time. Modern codes specify permissible stress limits for prestressed concrete members.

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90 views

Lecture 1 - Introduction of PS PDF

Prestressing is the introduction of internal stresses in a member to counteract the effects of external loads. This allows concrete, which is weak in tension, to be put into compression where it performs best. Materials used include high-strength concrete and steel tendons. There are various methods of prestressing including pretensioning, post-tensioning, and thermal prestressing. Advantages include improved strength and service life, while disadvantages include higher costs and more complex design. Early attempts at prestressing failed due to the use of low-strength steels and prestress losses over time. Modern codes specify permissible stress limits for prestressed concrete members.

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kim0paulo0gonzales
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

LECTURE I
Prestressing is defines as the introduction of internal stresses on a member such that the effect
magnitude and distribution of external loadings may be counteracted to a certain degree.
Prestressing applies a precompression on concrete (which is weak in tension to eliminate tensile
stresses which are otherwise present in the structure
In effect a full structural capability of both material is harnessed. (compression in concrete and
tension in steel)
Ex: The pieces of book compressed by a force P will have a greater resistance against Transverse
loadings as shown
Materials used in Prestressing
1. Ordinary or high Strength Concrete (3000psi – 10000 psi greater)
2. High Strength Steel such as wire strands, tendons, cables, stranded cables made of 7 wire
strands, alloy steel bars etc. (see Prestressing tendons p.724 Des. Of Conc. Str. By Winter
and Nilson)
Sources of Prestressing Force
C.1 Use of permanent Hydraulic Jacks

The advantages include efficient prestressing. Disadvantages are they are expensive since Jacks
are left in position permanently. Slight movement of abutment will decrease Prestress Force.

C.2 Pretensioning – tendons are stressed before concrete is casted.

They are well suited for mass production


C.3 Post–tensioning - the tendons are tensioned after concrete has attained sufficient strength.
The prestress is applied against the ends of the cross section of the
member.

Advantages are they do not need massive abutments, it is the most common type and they can be
used for Box Type girders or beams,

C.4 Thermal prestressing – preheating the steel with electricity or other means. This is still in the
experimental stage. The steel expands when heated and contracts
when it cools together with the concrete. Thus Prestress is applied to
the member.

C.5 Expanding Cement – expanding cement (volume expansion) reacting against abutmentswill
introduce the PS Force.

Problems of Prestressing are LOSSES of Prestress Force which includes:

1. Friction lose in concrete


2. Concrete strain, concrete shrinkage, concrete Creep
3. Relaxation in steel
Early Formulators of Prestressing

1. F.W Doehring – formulated the general concept of prestres


2. F.H Jackson was unsuccessful because he used low strength steel
3. J. Mandl (1896) and N. Koenan (1907) – recognized the prestress losses creep, shrinkage,
friction, relaxation.
4. G.R Steiner (usa 1908) – recognize the losses also
5. E. Hoyer, G. Magnel , Y. Guyon, P. Abales, F. Leondhart
6. E. Freysinnet – French engr. Who pioneered the use of prestressing in design and
application

F. Advantages of Prestressing

1. Improved design methods use of high strength materials


2. Almost crack free members
3. Stiffer sections and prevents corrosion of steel
4. Stronger shear and flexure resistance
5. High Live Load capacity
6. Longer spans and reduced cross sections
7. High impact and fatigue resistance (repeated Loading)
8. Substantial saving in dead load, total height of structure, load on foundations, length of
heating and electrical ducts, plumbing risers and wall partition surfaces.
9. The camber of prestress reduces deflection

G. Disadvantages of Prestressing

1. Higher materials and formwork costs


2. End anchorages and bearing plates are indispensible
3. More complex design analysis
4. Stricter QC quality control of structures

H. Early Attempts of Prestressing

Early attempts of prestressing were failures because steel of low strength (60000 psi below)
were used. The prestress force was eventually lost due to the unavoidable losses such as
concrete shrinkage and creep.
I. ACI Code Provisions for Prestressed Concrete

Section 18.4.1 to 2 Permissible Stresses in Concrete in Prestress Flexural Members

1. After Prestress Transfer (Dead Load only No Live Load yet)

Allow Compression ≤ 0.61fci (ENG) or 0.6fci (SI)


Allow Tension ≤ 3√fci (ENG) or 0.25√fci (SI)

For Simply supported members,


Allow Tension ≤ 6√fci (ENG) or 0.5√fci
Note: where computed tensile stresses exceeds the values above, auxiliary reinforcements
(prestress or non prestresed) shall be provided in the tension zone.

fci = concrete compressive stress at the time of initial prestress transfer

2. At Service Condition (with Live Load already)

Allow Compresion ≤ 0.45 f ”c (ENG) or 0.45f “c (SI)


Allow Tension ≤ 6√f “c (ENG) or 0.50 √f “c (SI)

f “c = compressive strength of concrete MPa


Note: Permissible stresses may be exceeds if it is shown by tests and experiments or structural
analysis that performance of structures will not be impaired

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