Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof

BDS (Mal) MForenOdont (Leuven) PgDip Adv. Med. Imaging (Leuven) PhD (Ghent) FPFA FICD

Principal Fellow Senior Lecturer

Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine Center for Oral &Maxillofacial Diagnostics and
(I-PPerForM) Medicine Studies
Universiti Teknologi MARA Faculty of Dentisty
Universiti Teknologi MARA
The Gist of Today’s Presentation

Part I – Tips on How to Write a Research

Paper and How to Invoke Your Ancestral
Spirit to Help You Writing It

Part II – The Do’s and Dont’s of IMRAD

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 Part I

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Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lecture, both students and supervisors will know that:

TO STUDENTS
1. Completing your ERP is a MUST, MANDATORY and WAJIB!
2. Adherence to your Gantt Chart will save you from hell fire.
3. Wise selection of research partner will also save you from hell fire.

TO SUPERVISORS
1. If you plan to not making another fermented paper (again) this year, you
have to strategise well.
2. Done and dusted is not applicable until you publish (preferably in high
tier journals).
3. If you are lucky to have a pair of hardworking students, you will
immediately smell the fragrance from Jannatul Firdausi.

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Some success stories to (maybe) wake
the sleeping giant inside you...

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9/17/2020 7
Dr Afaf Syahira - First
Author in SCOPUS-
indexed Journal and
Anugerah Graduan
Terbaik

9/17/2020

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Introduction
What is Research Paper?

• An argument
• An exposition of an original piece of work
• The product of an apprenticeship
• Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work you’ll ever do
• Something that could be published

“A research paper must form a distinctive contribution to the

knowledge of the subject and afford evidence of originality shown by
the discovery of new facts and/or by the exercise of independent
critical power.” (U. of London regulations)

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Introduction
Who-is-who?

• Supervisor
• Serial Progress Meeting
• Defense of Research Proposal
• Ethics Approval
• Go/No-go
• Undergraduate Research Coordinator
• Seminars/Programs
• UiTM Research Report Template
• Research Report Guidelines
• Research Report Submission
• Head of Scientific Program DSS
• Research Presentation
• Publication
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7 Tips on How to Write a Strong
Research Paper

1. Know What Questions You’re Asking

2. Break Your Research Paper Into Defined Stages
3. Don’t Rely On Your Academic Advisor
4. Realize You Will Never Feel Like Writing
5. Don’t Write Your Research Paper Sections In Order
6. Never Write “work on research paper” In Your
Calendar
7. Write In Very Short Bursts

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1. Know What Questions You’re Asking

• You always need to know what your hypothesis is or what questions your
research paper is asking.
• This may seem obvious, but so many graduate students fail to define their
overall hypothesis before beginning their thesis.
• You must be able to summarize your research paper in one sentence
such as: “The purpose of this research paper is to….”
• If you don’t know what your research question or hypothesis is, meet
with your supervisor.

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 2. Break Your Research Paper Into
Defined Stages

i. Idea collection
ii. Editing and data analysis
iii.Polishing
• The purpose of the first stage of writing is to get as many ideas as
possible on paper, without judging, editing or formatting your
document.
• By allowing yourself to collect your ideas without criticism, you can spark
your creativity and overcome the fear of imperfection that may be
holding you back from starting to write your research paper.
• It is during the second stage, editing and data analysis phase, that you
need to be rigorous with your writing and editing.
• At the end of the second phase your goal is to produce a manuscript that
has a clear structure and a logical flow of arguments so that you can
submit it to your supervisor for review.
• In the final polishing phase, you need address the feedback from your
supervisory committee and fill in any gaps in the logic.
• Polish, polish, polish, and polish some more until your document is ready
for final submission. 15
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 too much
v
3. Don’t Rely On Your Academic Advisor
• Your academic advisor will not give you all the answers.
• Some advisors are either too busy to mentor you properly or are micro-
managers who want daily updates on your progress.
• Other academic advisors are simply bad mentors who don’t want you to
graduate in the first place.
• Either way, you shouldn’t rely on your mentor to give you all the answers.
• You also shouldn’t rely on your advisor for a second reason…
Writing your thesis is your job and your job only.

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3. Don’t Rely On Your Academic Advisor
• The role of your advisor is to mentor you so you learn how to be an independent
researcher, not to hold your hand for the rest of your life.
• Your advisor may or may not be a good mentor, but you need to be in
agreement regarding the direction of your research because you need their
approval to graduate.
• The most effective way to meet with your advisor is to schedule meetings far in
advance and come to every meeting with a clear agenda.
• Students who plan proactively before talking with their supervisors have much
more efficient meetings than those who don’t plan.
• If your advisor is a difficult person, continue to be proactive about planning
meetings and developing solutions to your problems.
• Keep a record of every meeting you have or every meeting he or she refuses to
have with you.
• Finally, reframe your situation into a learning experience for your career.

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4. Realize You Will Never Feel Like
Writing

• You will never feel like writing your research paper.

• Even the most famous and prolific authors in history had daily battles
with writer’s block.
• You won’t be any different. There will be times when you sit down to
write when you feel like you’re dying.
• That’s okay—just start typing gibberish. Type sentence fragments. Type
anything. Just get something down on paper.
• Also… Don’t wait to be inspired to write. Instead, go out and look for
inspiration.
• Listen to music that puts you in the mood to write. Watch a short video
that motivates you to take action. Visualize all the things you will do once
your thesis is done.
• Warming up your “writing muscles” and seeking out inspiration are the
only cures for writer’s block.
• Once you’re warmed up and inspired, words will start to flow more
naturally. They may even start to form cohesive sentences and
paragraphs.
• Overtime, your warm-up period will get shorter and shorter until clicking 18
into writing gear becomes an automatic habit.
5. Don’t Write Your Research Paper
Sections In Order
• Begin with the abstract, then the introduction, then an in-depth literature
search, then section one, section two, on and on all the way to the
conclusion. This is the worst way to write your thesis.
• Writing your thesis in order can lead to several months of agonizing
writer’s block.
• Don’t start writing your research paper by writing the abstract first.
• Instead, the abstract of your research paper should be the last section I A
you write M I
• By definition, the abstract is a summary of the highlights of your research
paper, and therefore you should only be able to write a quality abstract R M
once you finish all of your sections. A R
D D

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5. Don’t Write Your Research Paper
Sections In Order

• Don’t start writing your research paper by diving into the most difficult
section either. If you do, you will inevitably face writer’s block.
• Instead, start writing your research paper by writing the easiest section
first—the methods section.
• The methods section is the easiest section to get started and the quickest
to finish. Start here to get a few pages under your belt and boost your
confidence before you try any heavy lifting.

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6. Never Write “work on research paper”
In Your Calendar

• “Work on research paper” is too vague.

• If you put this phrase in your calendar it will either lead to you taking a
nap, surfing the web, or staring at a blank computer screen.
• Even if you do manage to put some words on paper or analyze some data,
you’ll do so randomly.
• Instead, you need to turn your work hours into measurable progress.
• You need to be very deliberate with how you allocate your time.
• Once you decide on the order in which you will write your sections,
continue breaking them down into smaller chunks.
• This will allow you to set up specific goals for every block of time you
have.
• Instead of inserting “work on research paper” into your calendar, insert
measurable goals like “finish Figure 1” or “write two pages of Section 2.”

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Detailed Calendar
of Activities Detailed Gantt Chart with
Periodic Progress Meeting

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7. Write In Very Short Bursts

• Writing in several short bursts is more efficient than writing in a few, long
extended periods of time.
• If you ever tried to write for several hours in a row, you may have noticed
that your concentration becomes weaker after about 45-60 minutes.
• Writing requires creativity, and it is difficult to sustain your focus for
several hours in a row over the course of months (or even years) until you
finish your thesis.
• If you have a 3-4-hour block of time in your calendar, resist the
temptation to glue yourself to the chair for the entire period.
• You’re only fooling yourself if you think that more hours of writing leads
to more progress.
• Instead, break up your writing time into short blocks with rest periods in
between.
• I suggest alternating 45 minutes of writing with 15 minutes of rest.
• These rest periods are crucial. Many students get sudden insights when
they are away from their desks and they become more efficient when
they return to work.
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 7. Write In Very Short Bursts
Also…
• Turn off your email and phone alerts when you’re writing.
• Don’t be tempted to check these updates during the rest periods. It’s far too easy
for an update to distract you from your work and derail your next writing period.
• Bad writing habits are tough to break. If you try to eliminate your bad habits
overnight, your brain and body might rebel against you. A better strategy is to
change your habits slowly and one at a time.
• Don’t take on all 7 of the above research paper writing guidelines at once. Instead,
take on one, complete it or master it, and then move on to the next tip. The
toughest part of writing is the beginning. The sooner you start writing your
research paper, the easier writing it becomes. A good writer is not someone who
never struggles, but someone who keeps writing even when they’re struggling.

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Some Armours
Before You Go to Battle

Reference Manager
✓ EndNote/Mendeley

Statistical Software
✓ SPSS/R/Stata

Data Visualization Software

✓ RStudio/Infograpia/Tableu

Writing Software
✓ Grammarly/Turnitin

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Some Skills
Be ‘Graphicate‘
Graphically Literate

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 Some Acquired Skills
My Experience (Table vs Figure)

Table 2
Indicators of collinearity between third molars based on developmental and eruptional scores
Developmental scores
Males Females
UR- UR- UR- UL- UL- UR- UR- UR- UL- UL-
UL LL LR LL LR LL-LR UL LL LR LL LR LL-LR
Pearson's r 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.94 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.97
VIF 21.32 8.53 9.02 7.14 8.59 12.90 11.50 7.44 6.15 8.08 6.42 20.05
Eruptional scores
Pearson's r 0.97 0.84 0.91 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.89 0.78 0.83 0.81 0.83 0.87
VIF 15.89 3.49 5.68 3.76 4.70 6.00 4.92 2.55 3.17 2.93 3.14 4.03
VIF variance inflation factor, UR upper right, UL upper left, LL lower left, LR lower right
Pearson’s r p<0.0001

First submission; rejected 4 times!

(at 4 different journals...)

After changes; ACCEPTED as it is!

(at first submitted journal...)

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 Some Acquired Skills
My Experience (Table vs Bar Plot)

Table 4
Regression estimates for males and females based on all third molar present
Males TMD TME Combined
9.4025+0.4944UR+0.6870 11.0456+2.8258ur- 9.6143+0.3700UL+0.4987LR+1.
MLR LR 1.1805ul+0.7335ll 8005ur-1.1022ul
Adj R² 0.76 0.69 0.78
RMSE 1.55 1.71 1.52
95% CI 1.26-1.85 1.37-2.06 1.22-1.83
PCR 18.4926+1.2665Md 18.4926+1.2143Me 18.4926+0.9223Mc
Adj R² 0.76 0.67 0.76
RMSE 1.66 1.81 1.51
95% CI 1.20-2.13 1.39-2.23 1.09-1.93
Gunst et
al
RMSE 1.71
95% CI 1.38-2.03
Females
9.0764+0.7430UR+0.5323 9.0252+0.838UR+0.5461LR-
MLR LR 11.5067+1.0517ll+1.2526lr 0.8163ur+0.5584ul
Adj R² 0.79 0.56 0.80
RMSE 1.59 2.33 1.53
95% CI 1.04-2.14 1.66-2.99 1.01-2.04
PCR 18.6130+1.3273Md 18.6130+1.1761Me 18.6130+0.9452Mc
Adj R² 0.79 0.57 0.73
RMSE 2.12 2.38 2.25
95% CI 1.52-2.72 1.70-3.05 1.61-2.88
Gunst et
al
RMSE 1.48*
95% CI 1.05-1.90
TMD third molar development, TME third molar eruption, MLR multiple linear regression, PCR principal
component regression, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, Adj R² adjusted coefficient of determination,
RMSE root mean square error, UR upper right third molar, UL upper left third molar, LL lower left third 28
9/17/2020
molar, LR lower right third molar based on developmental scores, ur, ul, ll, lr based on eruptional scores,
Md mean value of TMD scores, Mc mean value of combined scores (TMD+TME)
*p<0.015
Be Graphicate
Special Mention

29
 Be Graphicate
Special Mention (Choropleth)
(CHOROPLETH)

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 Some Other Useful Softwares
According to Forbes

❑ Tableau

❑ Qlikview

❑ FusionCharts

❑ Highcharts

❑ Datawrapper

❑ Plotly

❑ Sisense

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 References

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Thank you

Thank you
 Part II

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Flowchart of ERP

3-4 months
Finalizing
Topic/Title Topic/Title Preparing
DRP Day
Selection with for DRP
Supervisor

Data
Presenting Collection, Application
Report Analysis for REC
Research
Submission Approval
at DSS and
Writing
4-7 months 2-3 months

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 IMRAD Story
(Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion)

• Early journals published descriptive papers (still used in

case reports, geological surveys etc..)
• By the second half of the 19th century, reproducibility of
experiments became a fundamental principle of the
philosophy of science.
• The methods section became all important since Louis
Pasteur confirmed the germ theory of disease
• IMRAD organization of a scientific paper started to develop
IMRAD format slowly progressed in the latter half of the
19th century.
 IMRAD Format

I = Introduction, what question (problem) was studied

M = Methods, how was the problem studied
R = Results, what are the findings
A = and
D = Discussion, what do these findings mean
 Organization of a scientific paper

• The most common is the IMRAD

• If a number of methods were used to achieve directly
related results:
M + R = Experimental section
• The results are so complex that they need to be
immediately discussed:
R + D = Results and Discussion section
What is a scientific paper

A scientific paper is a written and published report

describing original research results.
1. It must be the first publication of original research
results,
2. In a form whereby peers of the author can repeat
the experiments and test the conclusions, and
3. In a journal or other source document readily
available within the scientific community
 Definition of Scientific paper
An accepted original scientific publication containing
scientific information to enable peers:
1. To assess observations
2. To repeat experiments
3. To evaluate intellectual processes
4. Must have an impact
5. Available to scientific community without restriction
6. Available for regular screening by one or more of the
major recognized secondary services (Biological
abstracts, Index Medicus, Pub Med etc…)
Some important Language points:

• Poor experimentation cannot be masked by brilliant writing;

however, poor writing can mask brilliant experimentation
• Avoid complex sentence structure
• Use simple and clear English
• Always keep in mind that the paragraph is the essential unit of
thought
9/17/2020 42
Before Starting to Write the Paper

• Record your readings (results)

• Make tables
• Draw graphs
• Keep file to record summaries of results and any
observation however insignificant
• Date the files
• Revise your readings, you may need to repeat an
experiment while you still have the materials.
• Write ideas when ever they come to you
 Essential Parts of a Scientific paper
Title: Describe concisely the core contents of the paper
Abstract: Summarize the major elements of the paper
Introduction: provide context and rationale for the study
Materials: Describe the experimental design so it is
reproducible
Methods: Describe the experimental procedures
Results: Summarize the findings without interpretation
Discussion: Interpret the findings of the study
Summary: Summarize the findings
Acknowledgement: Give credit to those who helped you
References: List all scientific papers, books and websites that
you cited
 The Title

• A good title is defined as the fewest possible words

that adequately describe the contents of the paper.
• The title is extremely important and must be chosen
with great care as it will be read by thousands,
whereas few will read the entire paper
• Indexing and abstracting of the paper depends on
the accuracy of the title. An improperly titled paper
will get lost and will never be read.
• Titles should neither be too short nor too long as to
be meaningless
• Waste words (studies on, investigations on, a, an,
the etc) should not be used.
• Syntax (word order) must be very carefully
considered
• It should contain the keywords that reflect the
contents of the paper.
• It should be meaningful and not general
• It should be concise, specific and informative
• It should capture the fundamental nature of the
experiments and findings
 Examples

1. Action of Antibiotics on Bacteria

Action: should be defined
Antibiotics: should be listed
Bacteria: should be listed
2. Mechanism of Suppression of Nontransmissible
Pneumonia in Mice Induced by Newcastle Disease
Virus
3. Evaluation of the methylation status of the
promoter of prostate apoptosis par-4 gene and its
protein expression in Egyptian cancer patients
4. Effect of sunlight on leaf morphology
How to Prepare the Title

• Make a list of the most important keywords

• Think of a title that contains these words
• The title could state the conclusion of the paper
• The title NEVER contains abbreviations, chemical
formulas, proprietary names or jargon
• Think, rethink of the title before submitting the
paper
• Be very careful of the grammatical errors due to
faulty word order
• Avoid the use of the word “using”
 The Abstract

An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information

in a document
It is of fundamental importance that the abstract be written
clearly and simply, as it is the first and sometimes the
only part of the manuscript read.
It should provide a brief summary of each of the main
sections (IMRAD) of the paper:
1. State the principal objective and scope of the
investigation
2. Describe the methods used
3. Summarize the results, and
4. State the principal conclusions
It is easier to write the abstract after completion of the
paper
 Criteria of the Abstract
• It should not exceed 250 words
• It should be written in one paragraph.
• It should be written in the past tense as it refers to work
done.
• Long words should be followed by its abbreviation which
would be used through out the abstract and paper.
• It should not cite any references (except in rare cases)
• It should never give any information or conclusion that is
not stated in the paper
• Must be accurate with respect to figures quoted in the
main text.
 The Introduction

The introduction should answer the following questions:

1. What was I studying?
2. Why was this an important question?
3. What did I know about this topic before I did this study?
4. What model was I testing? and
5. What approach did I take in this study?
Suggested rules for a good introduction:

• It should present the nature and scope of the problem

investigated
• Review the pertinent literature
• State the method of investigation
• State the principal results of the investigation
• State the principal conclusion(s) suggested by the results
 General rules

• Use the present tense when referring to work that

has already been published, but past tense when
referring to your own study.
• Use the active voice as much as possible
• Avoid lengthy or unfocused reviews of previous
research.
• Cite peer-reviewed scientific literature or scholarly
reviews. Avoid general reference works such as
textbooks.
• Define any specialized terms or abbreviations
How to write the Materials and
Methods section
• Provide full details so that the experiments are
reproducible
• If the peer reviewer has doubts that the experiments
could be repeated, the manuscript will be rejected.
• Organize the methods under subheadings, with related
methods described together (e.g. subjects, experimental
design, Measurement of…, Hormonal assays etc…).
• Describe the experimental design in detail
• Do not mix some of the Results in this section
• Write in the past tense
Materials

• Must identify accurately experimental animals, plants, and

microorganisms used by genus, species and strain
• The source of subjects studied, number of individuals in
each group used, their sex, age, and weight must be clearly
stated
• If human subjects are used, the criteria for selection
should be described, and consent
• For chemicals used, include exact technical specifications
and source or method of preparation.
• Avoid the use of trade names of chemicals, generic or
chemical names are preferred.
 Methods
• This part of the manuscript must be clear, precise and
concise so that it can be reproducible
• If the method is new, all details must be provided
• If the method has been previously published in a
scientific journal, only the reference should be given with
some identification: e.g. “cells were broken by ultrasonic
treatment as previously described by …”. Preferable than
“cells were broken as previously described by …. “
• Questions such as “how” or “how much” must be
answered and not left to be puzzled over
• Methods used for statistical analyses must be
mentioned; ordinary ones without comments, but
advanced or unusual ones require literature citation
Gerald had begun to think that his
methodology was too detailed.
 How to write the Results
• Results section is written in the past tense
• It is the core or heart of the paper
• It needs to be clearly and simply stated since it
constitutes the new knowledge contributed to the
world
• The purpose of this section is to summarize and
illustrate the findings in an orderly and logical
sequence, without interpretation
• The text should guide the reader through the findings,
stressing the major points
• Do not describe methods that have already been
described in the M&M section or that have been
inadvertently omitted
Methods of presenting the data

1. Directly in the text

2. In a table
3. In a figure
All figures and tables must be accompanied by a textual presentation
of the key findings
Never have a table or figure that is not mentioned in the text
Tables and figures

• Tables are appropriate for large or complicated data

sets that would be difficult to explain clearly in text.
• Figures are appropriate for data sets that exhibit
trends, patterns, or relationships that are best
conveyed visually.
• Any table or figure must be sufficiently described by
its title and caption or legend, to be understandable
without reading the main text of the results section.
• Do not include both a table and a figure showing the
same information
How to write the Discussion

• It is the hardest section to write.

• Its primary purpose is to show the relationships among
observed facts
• It should end with a short summary or conclusion
regarding the significance of the work.
 Components of the discussion
• Try to present the principles, relationships, and
generalizations shown by the Results
• Point out any exceptions or any lack of correlation and
define unsettled points
• Show how your results and interpretations agree or
contrast with previously published work
• Discuss the theoretical implications of your work, and
any possible practical applications.
• State your conclusions as clearly as possible
• Summarize your evidence for each conclusion
How to State the Acknowledgments

You should acknowledge:

1. Any significant technical help that you have
received from any individual in your lab or
elsewhere
2. The source of special equipment, cultures, or any
other material
3. Any outside financial assistance, such as grants,
contracts or fellowships
Do not use the word “wish”, simply write “I thank …..”
and not “I wish to thank…”
Show the proposed wording of the Acknowledgement to
the person whose help you are acknowledging
 References
What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of
information and ideas that you have used in your document.
A list of ALL the references used in the text must be written.
Reference format varies widely:
Harvard format (the name and year system) is the most widely
used
Alphabet-Number system is a modification of name and year
system
Citation order system

EndNoteX9 Mendeley
In-text citations
In name and year system:
Citation in the text is followed by the author’s last name and year
of publication between parentheses.
If they were two authors then both last names are written.
If more than two then the only first author’s name is written followed by
the abbreviation et al
If a single statement requires more than one citation then the
references are arranged chronologically from oldest to more
recent, separated by semicolons.
If more than one reference share the same year then they are arranged
alphabetically within the year.
In alphabet-number system:
Citation by number from an alphabetically arranged numbered
reference list.
In Citation order system:
The references are numbered in the order they are mentioned in
the text
 Reference List
• Any papers not cited in the text should not be included.
• Reference lists allow readers to investigate the subject in greater
depth.
• A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web pages etc
that are cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes
all sources consulted for background or further reading.

Rule of Thumb
1. Remember by heart at least FIVE (5) key papers in your research
paper. They should be on your finger tip.
2. DO NOT take any papers from Google. Use PubMed or SCOPUS or
Web of Science database to look for references.
In name and year system:
• The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item
has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical
list using the first significant word of the title.
• If more than one item has the same author, list the items
chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.
• Each reference appears on a new line.
• There is no indentation of the references
• There is no numbering of the references
In alphabet-number system:
• It the same as above in addition each reference is given a number
In Citation order system:
• The reference list is arranged by the number given to the citation
by the order that it were mentioned in the text
 68
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Book
1. Okuda M, Okuda D. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the
Future. New York: Pocket Books; 1993.
Journal or Magazine Article (with volume numbers)
2. Wilcox RV. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek:
the next generation. Stud Pop Culture. 1991;13:53-65.
Newspaper, Magazine or Journal Article (without volume numbers)
3. Di Rado A. Trekking through college: classes explore modern
society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times. March
15, 1995:A3.
Encyclopedia Article
4. Sturgeon T. Science fiction. In: Lorimer LT, editorial director;
Cummings C, ed-in-chief; Leish KW, managing ed. The
Encyclopedia Americana. Vol 24. International ed. Danbury,
Conn: Grolier
Incorporated; 1995:390-392.
Book Article or Chapter
5. James NE. Two sides of paradise: the Eden myth according to Kirk and
Spock. In: Palumbo D, ed. Spectrum of the Fantastic. Westport, Conn:
Greenwood; 1988:219-223.
ERIC Document
6. Fuss-Reineck M. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts Between Brothers. Miami, Fla: Annual Meeting of
the Speech Communication Association; 1993. ERIC Document
Reproduction Service ED364932.
Website
7. Lynch T. DSN trials and tribble-ations review. Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club Web site. 1996. Available at:
http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep
/503r.htm. Accessed October 8, 1997.
Journal Article on the Internet
8. McCoy LH. Respiratory changes in Vulcans during pon farr. J Extr Med
[serial online]. 1999;47:237-247. Available at:
http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/nysl_li_liu. Accessed April 7,
1999.
Jane suddenly realised that her reference
list had too many self citations…
Ethics, Rights and Permissions

• Beware of originality and copyrights of others.

• Do not copy anything without giving the credit to the
owner by referencing it.
• In some cases permissions are needed
• Repetitive publication of the same data is considered
plagiarism
References

Robert Day (1995): How to write and publish a scientific paper. 4th Edition,
Cambridge University Press
University of Queensland (2009) References/Bibliography Harvard Style

http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard_6.pdf
Pop Quiz: The good scientific paper ...

A. Is focused on a specific question(s).

B. Covers a broad spectrum of disease or methodologic questions

Pop Quiz: In a good scientific paper ...

A: A term defined in the methods section is used

again and again (a rose, a rose, a rose)

B. Various synonyms for a term are used to prevent

reader boredom. (a rose, a flower with a thorny
stem, a fragrant flower)
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