What is Multiple Intelligences Theory?

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that people are not born with all of the
intelligence they will ever have.

This theory challenged the traditional notion that there is one single type of intelligence, sometimes
known as “g” for general intelligence, that only focuses on cognitive abilities.

To broaden this notion of intelligence, Gardner introduced eight different types of intelligences
consisting of : Logical/Mathematical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Naturalist,
Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal.

Gardner notes that the linguistic and logical-mathematical modalities are most typed valued in school
and society.

Gardner also suggests that there may other “candidate” intelligences—such as spiritual intelligence,
existential intelligence, and moral intelligence—but does not believe these meet his original inclusion
criteria. (Gardner, 2011).

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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

By Michele Marenus, published June 09, 2020

Multiple Intelligences

What is Multiple Intelligences Theory?

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that people are not born with all of the
intelligence they will ever have.

This theory challenged the traditional notion that there is one single type of intelligence, sometimes
known as “g” for general intelligence, that only focuses on cognitive abilities.
To broaden this notion of intelligence, Gardner introduced eight different types of intelligences
consisting of : Logical/Mathematical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Naturalist,
Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal.

Gardner notes that the linguistic and logical-mathematical modalities are most typed valued in school
and society.

Gardner also suggests that there may other “candidate” intelligences—such as spiritual intelligence,
existential intelligence, and moral intelligence—but does not believe these meet his original inclusion
criteria. (Gardner, 2011).

The theory of multiple intelligences was first proposed by Howard Gardner in his 1983 book “Frames of
Mind”, where he broadens the definition of intelligence and outlines several distinct types of intellectual
competencies.

Gardner developed a series of eight inclusion criteria while evaluating each "candidate” intelligence that
was based on a variety of scientific disciplines.

He writes that we may all have these intelligences, but our profile of these intelligence may differ
individually based on genetics or experience.

Gardner defines intelligence as a “biopsychological potential to process information that can be

1 Linguistic Intelligence (“word smart”)

Linguistic Intelligence is a part of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory that deals with
sensitivity to the spoken and written language, ability to learn languages, and capacity to use language
to accomplish certain goals.
People with linguistic intelligence, such as William Shakespeare and Oprah Winfrey, have an ability to
analyze information and create products involving oral and written language such as speeches, books,
and memos.

Potential Career Choices

Careers you could dominate with your linguistic intelligence:

Lawyer

Speaker / Host

Author

Journalist

Curator

2 Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (“number/reasoning smart”)

Logical-mathematical intelligence refers to the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out
mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically.

People with logical-mathematical intelligence, such as Albert Einstein and Bill Gates, have an ability to
develop equations and proofs, make calculations, and solve abstract problems.
Potential Career Choices

Careers you could dominate with your logical-mathematical intelligence:

Mathematician

Accountant

Statistician

Scientist

Computer Analyst

3 Spatial Intelligence (“picture smart”)

Spatial intelligence features the potential to recognize and manipulate the patterns of wide space (those
used, for instance, by navigators and pilots) as well as the patterns of more confined areas, such as
those of importance to sculptors, surgeons, chess players, graphic artists, or architects.

People with spatial intelligence, such as Frank Lloyd Wright and Amelia Earhart, have an ability to
recognize and manipulate large-scale and fine-grained spatial images.

Potential Career Choices

Careers you could dominate with your spatial intelligence:

Pilot

Surgeon
Architect

Graphic Artist

Interior Decorator

4 Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“body smart”)

Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body (like the
hand or the mouth) to solve problems or to fashion products.

People with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, such as Michael Jordan and Simone Biles, have an ability to
use one’s own body to create products, perform skills, or solve problems through mind–body union.

Potential Career Choices

Careers you could dominate with your bodily-kinesthetic intelligence:

Dancer

Athlete

Surgeon
Mechanic

Carpenter

Physical Therapist

5 Musical Intelligence (“music smart”)

Musical intelligence refers to the skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical
patterns.

People with musical intelligence, such as Beethoven and Ed Sheeran, have an ability to recognize and
create musical pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.

Potential Career Choices

Careers you could dominate with your musical intelligence:

Singer

Composer

DJ

Musician

6 Interpersonal Intelligence (“people smart”)

People with interpersonal intelligence, such as Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa, have an ability to
recognize and understand other people’s moods, desires, motivations, and intentions.

Potential Career Choices

Careers you could dominate with your interpersonal intelligence:

Teacher

Psychologist

Manager

Salespeople

Public Relations

7 Intrapersonal Intelligence (“self smart”)

Intrapersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself, to have an effective working model of
oneself-including own’s desires, fears, and capacities—and to use such information effectively in
regulating one’s own life.

People with intrapersonal intelligence, such as Aristotle and Maya Angelou, have an ability to recognize
and understand his or her own moods, desires, motivations, and intentions.
This type of intelligence can help a person to understand which life goals are important and how to
achieve them.

Potential Career Choices

Careers you could dominate with your intrapersonal intelligence:

Therapist

Psychologist

Counselor

Entrepreneur

Clergy

8 Naturalist intelligence (“nature smart”)

Naturalistic intelligence involves expertise in the recognition and classification of the numerous species
—the flora and fauna—of his or her environment.

People with naturalistic intelligence, such as Charles Darwin and Jane Goddall, have an ability to identify
and distinguish among different types of plants, animals, and weather formations that are found in the
natural world.
Potential Career Choices

Careers you could dominate with your naturalist intelligence:

Botanist

Biologist

Astronomer

Meteorologist

Geologist

Critical Evaluation

Most of the resistance to multiple intelligences theory has come from cognitive psychologists and
psychometricians. Cognitive psychologists such as Waterhouse (2006) claimed that there is no empirical
evidence to the validity of the theory of multiple intelligences.

Psychometricians, or psychologists involved in testing, argue that intelligence tests support the concept
for a single general intelligence, “g”, rather than the eight distinct competencies (Gottfredson, 2004).
Other researches argue these Gardner’s intelligences come second or third to the “g” factor (Visser,
Ashton, & Vernon, 2006).

Some responses to this criticism include that the Multiple Intelligences theory doesn’t dispute the
existence of the “g” factor; it proposes that it is equal along with the other intelligences. Many critics
overlook the inclusion criteria set forth by Gardner.
These criteria are strongly supported by empirical evidence in psychology, biology, neuroscience, among
others. Gardner admits that traditional psychologists were valid is criticizing the lack of operational
definitions for the intelligences, that is, to figure out how to measure and test the various competencies
(Davis et al., 2011).

Gardner was surprised to find that Multiple Intelligences theory has been used most widely in
educational contexts. He developed this theory to challenge academic psychologists, and therefore did
not present many educational suggestions. For this reason, teachers and educators were able to take
the theory and apply it as they saw fit.

As it gained popularity in this field, Gardner has maintained that practitioners should determine the
theory’s best use in classrooms. He has often declined opportunities to aid in curriculum development
that uses multiple intelligences theory, opting to only provide feedback at most (Gardner, 2011).

Most of the criticism has come from those removed from the classroom, such as journalists and
academics. Educators are not typically tied to the same standard of evidence and are less concerned
with abstract inconsistencies, which has given them the freedom to apply it with their students and let
the results speak for itself (Armstrong, 2019).

Implications for Learning

The most important educational implications from the theory of multiple intelligences can be summed
up through individuation and pluralization. Individuation posits that because each person differs from
other another there is no logical reason to teach and assess students identically.

Individualized education has typically been reserved for the wealthy and others who could afford to hire
tutors to address individual students’ needs.
Technology has now made it possible for more people to access a variety of teachings and assessments
depending on their needs. Pluralization, the idea that topics and skills should be taught in more than one
way, activates individual’s multiple intelligences.

Presenting a variety of activities and approaches to learning helps reach all students and encourages
them to be able to think about the subjects from various perspectives, deepening their knowledge of
that topic (Gardner, 2011b).

A common misconception about the theory of multiple intelligences is that it is synonymous with
learning styles. Gardner states that learning styles refer to the way an individual is most comfortable
approaching a range of tasks and materials.

Multiple intelligences theory states that everyone has all eight intelligences at varying degrees of
proficiency and an individual’s learning style is unrelated to the areas in which they are the most
intelligent.

For example, someone with linguistic intelligence may not necessarily learn best through writing and
reading. Classifying students by their learning styles or intelligences alone may limit their potential for
learning.

Research shows that students are more engaged and learn best when they are given various ways to
demonstrate their knowledge and skills, which also helps teachers more accurately assess student
learning (Darling-Hammond, 2010).

About the Author

Michele Marenus is a research assistant at the Ecological Approaches to Social and Emotional Learning
(EASEL) Lab at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She received her master's from Harvard in
2019 in Human Development and Psychology and she will be starting her doctorate at the University of
Michigan.

How to reference this article:

APA Style References

Armstrong, T. (2009). Multiple intelligences in the classroom. Ascd.

Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). Performance Counts: Assessment Systems That Support High-Quality

Edutopia. (2013, March 8). Multiple Intelligences: What Does the Research Say?
https://www.edutopia.org/multiple-intelligences-research

Gardner, H. E. (2000). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. Hachette UK.

Gardner, H. (2011a). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Hachette Uk.

Gardner, H. (2011b). The theory of multiple intelligences: As psychology, as education, as social science.
Address delivered at José Cela University on October, 29, 2011.

Gottfredson, L. S. (2004). Schools and the g factor. The Wilson Quarterly (1976-), 28(3), 35-45.

Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., & Vernon, P. A. (2006). Beyond g: Putting multiple intelligences theory to the
test. Intelligence, 34(5), 487-502.

Waterhouse, L. (2006). Inadequate evidence for multiple intelligences, Mozart effect, and emotional
intelligence theories. Educational psychologist, 41(4), 247-255.

Further Information

Multiple Intelligences Criticisms

The Theory of Multiple Intelligences

“In a Nutshell,” the first chapter of Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons

Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years”

Intelligence: Definition, Theories and Testing

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