fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju (cau;juk;)

Gtpapay;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; 13
(2018Mk; Mz; b ypUe;J eilKiwg; g Lj; J tjw;f hdJ)

r%f tpQ;Q hdj;J iw

nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPl k;
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
k`u fk
,yq; i f
,izaj;jsk;: www.nie.lk kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
mr;r pLjYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpidf;f sk;

i
i
Gtpapay;
juk; - 13
Mrpupau; topfhl;b

Kjw; gjpg;G : 2018

 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
= yq;fh
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
; Q;ry;: [email protected]
kpdd

mr;Rg;gjpg;G : gpupd;l; td; (gpiutl;) ypkpll;

,y. 341/1/109> ngyd;tj;j> gd;dpg;gpl;ba.

ii
 nfsut fy;tp mikr;rupd; nra;jp

,yq;if khztu;fSf;Fj; jukhdnjhU fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; vDk; ,yf;iff;

nfhz;l fy;tp mikr;rpd; nghWg;ig epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;fpd;w
gq;fspg;G kfj;jhdjhFk;. Jupjkhf khw;wKWk; xU r%fj;jpy; etPd khw;wq;fSf;Fk;
rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfk; nfhLf;ff;$ba gpui[fis cUthf;Ftjpy; Mrpupaupd; nghWg;G
kfj;jhdjhFk;.

fhyj;jpd; Njit fUjp ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghl;by; mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; MrpupaUf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ
fy;tpapy; kpf Kf;fpakhdnjhU rhjdkhFk;. cyff; fy;tp Nehf;fq;fis epiwTnra;Ak;
Nehf;Fld; muR nfhz;Lnry;Yk; nranyhOq;Ffs; ntw;wpaspg;gJ tFg;giwf;Fs;
Vw;gLfpd;w tpopg;Gzu;r;rp %yNkahFk;. ,jw;fhf Mrpupaiu gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F fy;tp
mikr;rhdJ njhlu;e;J eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

mwpT NkNyhq;fpAs;s xU r%fj;jpy;> Gjpa fy;tp Ma;TfSf;Fj; J}z;Ljy; toq;fp>

ghuk;gupa mwpT Qhdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rupahd rkepiy MSikAld;$ba
vjpu;fhy re;jjpnahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; ,yf;if Nehf;fpg; gazpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;F
rpuk; gzpfpNwd; . cyfpd; Vida gpugy; a kpf; f ehLfSld; Nghl; b aplf; $ ba
khztu;fSf;F> vkJ jha;ehl;ilr; rpwe;jnjhU fskhf;Ftjpy; Mrpupau;fspd; xj;Jiog;igj;
njhlu;e;Jk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.

,t;thrpupa topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpy; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;l tsthsu;fSf;Fk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpw;Fk; vdJ tho;j;Jf;fisj; njuptpg;gJld;> mr;rpl;L tpepNahfpf;Fk;
eltbf;iffspy; xj;Jiog;G toq;fpa fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F k; vdJ
ghuhl;Lf;fisj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

mfpy tpuh[; fhupatrk;

fy; t p mikr; r u;

iii
 gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j> cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg; gug;Gfspd;
vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;lg; ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy; ghfj;jpid
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Njrpa fy;tp
,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; nghJj;
Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.
gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf; fspdJk;
nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghltpjhdk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;rr; pahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd; ,uz;lhk; ghfk;
2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu
midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;rr ; pfis tsu;jn ; jLg;gjw;fhf>
fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xNu
ghlj; j pd; cs; s lf; f j; j pid Vida ghlq; f spYk; kP z ; L k; ghtpg; g jidf;
F i w g ; g j w ; fh fT k ; > g h l j ;j p d ; N e h f ; f q ; fi s k l ; L g ; g L j ; J t j w ; f h f T k ; >
nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;
fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau; fspw;F > mtu;fsJ tFg;g iwf; fw;g pj;jy;f is topg;g Lj;Jtjw;F
mtrpakhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfspy; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPL
fisAk; kjpgg ; L
P fisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b. E}y;fs;>
Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl itf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfis
tsu;j;njLf;fj; Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; jhq;fshfNt
njupe; n jLf; F k; Rje; j puj; j pidAk; ngw; W f; n fhs; f pd; w du;. tpje; Jiuf; fg; g l; l
ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa Mrpupa
topfhl;b E}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;;
ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad; ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>
Gjpa ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg; gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs; > khztu;f is Mrpupa ikaf;
fy;t papypUe;J tpLtpj;J> nraw; ghLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf;f y;t papid
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;
fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.
,e;jr; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp mYty;fs;
rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}ypd; cUthf;fj;jpwF ; g; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;g;gzpgG ; ld; gzpahw;wpa
midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk; tho;j;Jf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp. jpUkjp. uP . V.Mu; . N[ FzNrfu
gzpg;g hsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
kfufk.

iv
 Kd; D iu

rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhfg; ngUk; Nritahw;WNthupy; Mrpupau;fNs Kd;dpiy

tfpf;f pd;w du;. Rakhd tho;f ;i fia mikj;Jf; nfhs;t jw;F khztu;f Sf;F
topfhl;LNthu; Mrpupau;fNs.

2017 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fpzq;f

cau;juj;jpyhd fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;s Mrpupau;fSf;F
trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bia mr;rpl;L
tpepNahfpg;gjw;F fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk; %yk; Mf; fg;g l;L s; s ,t;t hrpupau; topfhl; bahdJ>
khztu;fSf;Fr; rpwe;jnjhU fw;wy; #oiy mikj;Jf; nfhLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
topfhl;ly;fis Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jUk; vd;gJ vdJ
ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

,k;Kaw;rp> xU rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwj; jUtJ ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jpg;

ngWk; mDgtq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vLf;Fk;
Kaw;rpapd; %yNkahFk;. ,e;ew;nraYf;fhf mu;g;gzpf;ff; $ba cq;fSf;F vdJ
ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;.

lgps;A+. B. gj;kpdp ehspfh

fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafk;>
fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;>
,RUgha>
gj;juKy;y.
28.03.2018

v
 gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg;
gz;gLj;jpg; Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk;

trjpfSk; fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;>
topfhl;bfs;> trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpjJ
; iwapy;
Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika
kWrP u ikg; G fspD}lhf vl; L Mz; L fSf; n fhUKiw ,w; i wg; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
fiyj; j pl; l j; J f; F upa xU fw; w y; tskhf ,t; t hrpupau; topfhl; b fs;
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk;
gprfhJ mr;nrhl;lhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis
mz;kpg;gjw;fhff; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpyi
; y.
khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk;
mjw; f hd trjpfisr; nra; J nfhLf; F k; MrpupauJ tfpghfj; j pw; F
ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd;
ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; XU rhjdkhd ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b
kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa
,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gL

P elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;lg; guPlr
; fu;fshy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg;
ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy; trjpnra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.
fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

gpujpg; gzpg;g hsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vi
 fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
topfhl; l Yk; mDkjpAk; fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghl xUq; f pizg; G
jpUkjp. vk;.gP. Mu;. jdtu;jj
; d gzpg;ghsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghl epGzj;J tg; gq;f spg;G
jifrhu; Nguhrpupau; vk;.vk;.fUzhehaf; - = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;
jifrhu; Nguhrpupau; vd;.Nf. jq;fy;y - fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;
rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau; v];.V. Nehu;Ngu;l; - nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp tz. gpd;dty rq;fRkd Njuu; - = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;
Nguhrpupau; Mu;.vk;.Nf. uj;ehaf;f - = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;
vOj; j hsu; FO (ntspthup)
jpU. Mu;.gP.gPup]; Kd;dhs; Nkyjpfg; guPli; rfs; Mizahsu;
jpU. vk;.Nf. fpq;];yp gpupae;j tpupTiuahsu;> cUFiz Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}up
jpU. v];.vk; jahde;j Kd;dhs; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep.
jpU. N[.V.gP. `Pd;nfe;j Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tpf; fhupahyak;>
fz;b
jpUkjp. lg;spa+. ty;gpl Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tpf; fhupahyak;>
n`huz
jpU. Nf.Nf.a+. Fzuj;d Mrpupau;> nghy;ghnfhl> eNthja ghlrhiy>
af; fyKy;y
jpU. K. cyfehjd; Mrpupau; Nrit> ,uhfiy jkpo; k.tp>
`y;fuNdhah
jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;. ah$j; Kd;dhs; gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep.
jpU. v];. Nkhfd; Mrpupa Nrit> `t;Ng jkpo; tpj;jpahyak;>
f`tj;i j
jpU. Mu;. re;jpuNkhfd; Mrpupau; Nrit> tl;ltis jkpo; kfh tpjj; pahyak;>
tl;ltis
jpU. v];. vk;. FkhuNrd Mrpupa Nrit> nkh/ khfhkhj;a tpQQ; hd fy;Y}up.
jpUkjp. gp.vk;.vd;.Mu;.V.g];ehaf;f Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tpf; fhupahyak;>
fz;b
jpUkjp. B.vk;.V.Nf. Kdrpq;f Mrpupa Nrit> fh/njypfl k.tp.
jpU. lgps;A.vd;. rkpe;j Mrpupa Nrit> = Rgj;uh uhk tpj;jpahajd
gpupntdh> ENfnfhl
jpU. Nfhfpy Fztu;j;jd Mrpupa Nrit> f/ md;Fk;Gu guhf;fpuk Njrpa
ghlrhiy> fz;b
jpU. jp. utpr;re;jpud; Mrpupau; Nrit> i`yz;l; fy;Y}up> `l;ld;
nraw;w pl;l FO
jpUkjp vk;.gp. uQ;rdp jdtu;jj ; d gzpg;ghsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
jpU. v];. fUzhfud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
jpU. f. mwptofd; cjtp tpuTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. [P.lg;spA+.[P.N[. gz;lhu cjtp tpuTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo; n khopg; gjpg; g hf; f k;
rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau; v];.V.Nehu;Ngu;l; - nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;
jpU. v];. fUzhfud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. f. mwptofd; cjtp tpuTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fzpdp tbtikg; G
jpU. Mu;. re;jpuNkhfd; Mrpupau; Nrit> tl;ltis jkpo; kfh
tpj;jpahyak;> tl;ltis
Vida cjtpfs;
nry;tp. V.vy;.v];.gP. mj;jgj;J Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. [p.v];.b. gudhe;J Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vii
 cs;slf;fk; gf; f k;

nfsut fy;tp mikr;ru; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv

Kd;Diu v

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp vi

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO vii

ghlj;jpl;lk; juk; - 13 ix-xxxvi

ngsjpfg; Gtpapay;
8.0 fhyepiy khw;wk; 1- 12
9.0 ePu;tsq;fSk; ePu;tsg; ghJfhg;Gk; 13 - 17
10.0 ,yq;ifapd; ePu;tsq;fs; 18 - 25
11.0 capu;j; jpzpTfSk;> #oy; njhFjpAk; 26 - 44
12.0 ,aw;if ,lu;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; 45 - 54
13.0 ,yq;ifapy; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk; 55 - 60
14.0 ru;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa #oypay; mikg;Gfs; 61 - 69

khdplg; Gtpapay;
7.0 Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy; 70 - 77
8.0 ,yq;ifapd; fdpa tsq;fs; 78 - 89
9.0 cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fs; 90 - 100
10.0 ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; 101 - 110
11.0 G+Nfhskakhf;fk; 111 - 117
12.0 gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; 118 - 121

nra;K iwg; Gtpapay;

5.0 Gtpapay;j; juTfSk; jfty;fSk; 122 - 157

viii
 mwpKfk;
GtpapayhdJ cyfpd; capu; thot ; pd; ,ay;ig tpsq;fp nfhs;s cjTk; ghlkhFk;. ntsp kw;Wk; fhyj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l nraw;ghLfshd
ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdplr; #oy;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; epyj;Njhw;wj;jpy; Nkw;gb ,ay;Gfs; mlq;fpAs;sd. vdNt Gtpapay; vd;gJ
ntsp kw;Wk; fhyj;jpw;Fl;gl;l ,lq;fspypUe;J cyfshtpa kl;lk; tiu gue;J tpupe;J fhzgg ; Lfpd;w #oy; kw;Wk; r%fk; rhu;e;j
nrad;KiwfisAk; mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G %yk; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; xU fw;ifahFk;. ghlrhiyg; Gtpapay; njhlu;gpy;
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ NkNy tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;s #o;epiyfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;j cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ fle;j 5 tUlq;fshf eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j
Gtpapay; fiyjj ; pll
; k; njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhss ; gg
; l;l MaT
; KbTfs;> tFg;giwf; fz;fhzpgG; f;fs; kwW
; k; Mrpupau; khztu; mDgtqf ; isf;
fUj;jpw; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;Njr fiyj; jpl;lkhdJ khztupy; mwpT> tpsf;fk;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;Ffis
tpUjj ; p nra;tjw;Fk; tpN\lkhf re;jug ; ;g #o;epiyfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; gy;NtW mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspd; jhf;fq;fis
kjpg;gpLk; Mw;wiy tsu;jJ ; f; nfhs;sTk; cjTk; vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ePz;lfhy> FWq;fhy> ,lk;rhu;e;j mgptpUj;jpia
Vw;gLj;j cjTk; tsq;fspd; Kfhikj;jtk; njhlu;gpy; rupahd njhiyNehf;ifg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sYk; ,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; vjpug ; hu;g;ghFk;.
ix

,gg
; hlj;jpl;lj;ij jahupf;Fk;NghJ khztupd; taJ kl;lk; kw;Wk; fw;Fk; Mw;wy; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,zq;fj; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspd;ghy;
ftdk; nrYj;jg;glL ; s;sJ. jfty;fs;> Nju;r;rpfis tpUjj
; p nra;Ak; nghUl;L Mrpupauhy; Mspilr; nraw;ghl;Lf; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; epiykhw;W Mrpupau; tfpghfj;ijf; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd vjpug ; hu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

2017 Mk; Mz;by; eilKiwg;gLj;j cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nkw;gb fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ rpNu\;l gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tpkhd;fs;> Njrpa
fy;tp epWtf Gtpapay; nraw;wpl;l mzpapdu;> fy;tpapayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fs; MfpNahuJ $l;lhd Kaw;rpapd; ngWNgwhFk;.
Nkw;gb ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; jahupf;ifapy; Gtpapay; ghlj;jpwF
; upa gpujhd Nju;r;rpfs; gj;Jk; mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mi t
gpd;tUkhW>
1. jhk; thOk; #oypd; ,ay;G> njhopw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; tpsf;fj;Jld; tho;thu.;
2. ngsjpf> khdpl epyj;Njhw;wq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s cjTk; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; Kiwapay;fisAk; EZfpaha;thu;.
3. ngsjpf> khdpl epyj; Njhw;wj;jpd; $Wfs;> ,ay;Gfs;> nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
4. ngsjpf> khdpl nrad;Kiwfspd; ,ilj;njhopw;ghLfs; ngsjpf> khdplr; #oypd; kPJ nry;thfF ; r; nrYj;Jk; tpjk;
njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
 5 . juTfs;> jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;> tptuzk; nra;jy;> Kd;itj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhfg; Gtpapay; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
6 . ngsjpf> khdpl epyj;Njhw;wj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;> gFj;jha;jy;> tptuzk; nra;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;F KOik mZFKiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
7 . ngsjpf> khdpl epyj;Njhw;wj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; NgZtjw;Fk; cjTk; kdg;ghq;FfSlDk; czu;jpwDlDk; nraw;gLthu;.
8 . ,aw;iff;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa ,zf;fkhd ,ilj;njhlu;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; Gtp kw;Wk; mjpy; tho;Nthu; gw;wpa rpwe;j
tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
9 . tho;f;ifapd; rthy;kpf;f re;jug
; ;gq;fis ntw;wpnfhs;s cjtj;jf;f rpwg;ghd capu;fhg;Gj; jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
1 0 . NtiyAyFld; ,zf;fkhd gq;Fgw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd gapw;rpiag; ngWthu;.
x
 Njrpa ,yf;F fs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;
gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj; jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;
,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1 . kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpag; gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yk;> ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfhpj;jy; %yKk;
Njrji
; jf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2 . khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfhpj;jYk;
NgZjYk;.
3 . kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>
xi

,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> rdehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy
cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.
4 . xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
5 . ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Muha;e;J rpe;jpjj
; y;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6 . jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngzf; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd
Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpiaA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7 . jdpegHfspd; khww; j;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahHgLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8 . ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.
(%yk;: Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if 2003)
 mbg; g ilj; NjHr; r pfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Njur ; ;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
1. njhlHghly; NjHr;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Njur ; ;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpjj ; y;> rupahfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhww ; k;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F
Kiwahf msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf;
NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg;
(ICT ) gad;gLj;jy;.
2 . MSik tpUj;jp njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpidia tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>
xii

mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
3 . #oy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopgG ; zu;T> gdi ; kr; r%fjj; pd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vdw
; tifapy; njhluG; Wk; EzZ; zuT
; j;
jpwd;fSk;> gfpue ; ;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd
rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiw.

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupdj; jhtuk;>
tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>
Rfhjhuk>; nrsfupak;> Rthrk>; epj;jpiu> ,isgg ; hWjy;> XaT; > fopTfs>; capupdf; fopTg; nghUlf; s; MfpatwW ; ld;
nfhzL ; ss; njhluG; gww
; pa tpopgG
; zuT
; k>; EzZ
; zuT ; j; jpwdf ; Sk; fww
; YfF
; k; Ntiy nrat ; jwF; k>; thot
; jwF; k;
fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;Fj; jahH nra;jy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;
mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; NgZtjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;
gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;

5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;

6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa NjHr;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+ut
; r;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;

“fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

xiii

7.
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; Rahjd
P khff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.
 Gtpapay; ghlj;j pd; Nehf;f q; f s;

1. ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdpl jiujN

; jhw;w mk;rq;fs;> ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gly;

2. ,aw;iff;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;GfisAk; mjd; Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfs; ,lk; kw;Wk; rkfhy
cz;ikfisf; fw;wy;

3. jfty; kw;Wk; juTfisr; Nrfupj;jy;> nghUs; tpsf;fk; nraj

; y; kw;Wk; Kd;itj;jYf;fhfg; Gtpapay; El;gq;fisg;
gad;gLj;JtjwF; gapw;wg;gly;

4. jhk; thOk; cyfpd; gyt

; ifikia tpsqf
; pf; nfhzL
; xtn
; thUtUlDk; #oYlDk; rfthoi
; t Nkwn
; fhss
; g; gapww
; gg
; ly;

5. ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdpl jiujN

; jhw;wj;ijg; ghJfhgg
; jw;Fk; guhkupg;gjwF
; k; cjTk; Neuhd kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;jy;

6. tho;tpd; rthy; kpf;f re;jug

; g
; q;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; rpwg;ghd capu;fhg;Gj; jpwd;fis tsu;j;jy;
xiv

7. NtiyAyfpy; KOikahfg; gq;Fgw;WtjwF

; j; Njitahd jpwd;fis tsu;j;jy;
 Gtpapay;

ghlj;jpl;lk;
xv

juk; 13
2018Mk; Mz;b ypUe; J mKw;g Lj; J tjw;f hdJ

r%f tpQ;Q hdj;J iw

Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
k`u fk
 ghlj;jpl;l j;i j ghlrhiyj; jtiz thupahfg; gpupj;J f; nfhs;t jw;f hd cj;Njrj; jpl;lk;

I II III
juk; jtiz
ngsjpfg; Gtpapay; khdplg; Gtpapay; nra;K iwg; Gtpapay;
xvi

8'1" 8'2" 8'3" 8'4" 9'1" 9'2" 10'1" 7'1" 8'1" 8'2" 8'3" 9'1 5'1" 5'2
10'2" 11'1
I
44 42 26
11'2" 12'1" 12'2" 12'3" 12'4 9'2" 9'3" 10'1" 10'2" 11'1 5'3" 5'4
13 II
40 40 30
13'1" 14'1" 14'2 11'2" 11'3" 12'1" 5'4" 5'5
III
22 22 20
 juk; 13 ngsjpfg; Gtpapay;

Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
8.0 G+Nfhsf; fhyepiy 8.1 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd;  fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa
khw;wj;jpw;Fg; kPJ jhf;fk; mwpKfk;
gq;fspf;Fk; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;iff;  fhyepiy khw;wj;Jf;Fg;  fhyepiy khw;wj;jpid
16
fhuzpfisAk; fhuzq;fis gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tiuaiw nra;thu;.
nrad;KiwfisAk; tptupg;ghu;. ,aw;iff; fhuzq;fs;  fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;Ff;
guprPypj;J #oypd; - gr;irtPlL; tpisT fhuzkhd ngsjpfr;
rkepiyiag; - #upag; Gs;spfs; nrad;Kiwfis
NgZtjw;fhfr; - vupkiyfs; tptupg;ghu;.
nraw;gLthu;. - rKj;jpu Nkw;gug;G
ntg;gepiy
NtWghLfs;
- vy;epNdh> yhepdh
xvii

8.2 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpy;  fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; kPJ

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
khdplf; fhuzpfis khdplf; fhuzpfSk;  fhyepiy khw;wj;jpy; kPJ
tptupg;ghu;. mtw;wpd; jhf;fKk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
- capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUl; khdplf; fhuzpfis
fspd; gad;ghL tptupg;ghu;.
- ifj;njhopyhf;fk;
- tptrhak;
- fhy;eil tsu;gG ;
- fhlopg;G
Nkhrkhd thAf;fspd;
ntspNaw;wk;
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
8.3 fhyepiy khw;wk;  kdpj eltbf;iffspd;
vt;thW khdpl kPJ fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd;
eltbf;iffisg; jhf;fk;  fhyepiy khw;wk;
ghjpf;fpd;wJ - tptrhak; vt;thW khdpl
vd;gij tptupg;ghu;. - tho;tplk; eltbf;iffisg;
- ifj;njhopy; ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij
- Rfhjhuk; cjhuzq;fSld;
tptupg;ghu;.
8.4 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd;  kpif Efu;tpidf;
jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Fiwg;gjw;F kdpjd;  fhgd; ntspNaw;wj;jpid  fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd;
vt;thW gq;fspf;f ,optsthf;Fjy; ghjpg;Gf;fis
KbAk; vd;gij  Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; ,optsthf;Ftjw;F
xviii

Muha;thu;. nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; kdpjd; vt;thW gq;fspf;f

gupe;Jiufis Vw;W KbAk; vd;gij
elj;jy;. tpsf;Fthu;.

9.0 ePupd; Kf;fpaj;jtj;ij 9.1 cyfpd; ePu;g;  cyfpd; ePu;g;guk;gy;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJld; guk;giyAk; mjd; - Nkw;gug;G ePu;  cyfpd; ePu;g; guk;giyAk;
ePu;tsq;fisg; gz;GfisAk; (epyk;> rKj;jpuq;fs;) mjd; gz;GfisAk; 12
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Mtd fw;wha;thu;. - jiu ePu; tptupg;ghu;.
nra;thu;. (ePUw;Wf;fs;>
cld;Njhd;W ePu;>
ghiwf;Fok;G ePu;)
- tspkz;ly ePu;
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
9.2 cyf  cyfpd; ePu;tsq;fspidg;  cyfpd; ePu; tsq;fisg;
ePu; tsq;fspidg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis
ghjpf;Fk;  ePiug; Ngzpg; tptupg;ghu;.
fhuzpfisf; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Njit.  ePupidg; Ngzpg;
fw;whuha;e;J  ePupidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
ePupidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd El;g mtrpaj;jpid
ghJfhg;gjd; KiwfSk; mtw;wpd; tpsf;Fthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid Kf;fpaj;JtKk;  capupd; epiyj;jpUg;gpw;F
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;;. ePupidg; Ngzpg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
mtrpaj;ij
typAWj;thu;.
xix

10.0 ,yq;ifapd; ePu; 10.1 ,yq;ifapd;  ,yq;ifapd; ePu;tsq;fs;  ,yq;ifapy;

tsq;fis ePu; tsq;fspd; - jd;ik ePut
; sq;fspd;
,dq;fz;L guk;gy; kw;Wk; - ePu; tsq;fs; jd;ikiaAk;
mtw;wpidg; Ngzpg; gz;Gfisf; - guk;gy; %yq;fisAk; tptupg;ghu;.
ghJfhg;gjw;F fw;whuha;thu;.  ,yq;ifapy;
cjTthu;. ePut
; sq;fspd; 12
guk;giyg;
glq;fspDjtpAld;
tptupf;Ff.

10.2 ,yq;ifapy;  ,yq;ifapy; ePu;  ,yq;ifapy; ePu; vt;thW

ePu;pidg; Ngzpg; khriljy; khrilfpd;wJ vd;gij
ghJfhg;gjd;  ePupidr; Nrjkhf;Fjy; tpsf;Fthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid  tsq;fspd; kpifahd
tpsf;Fthu;. Ruz;ly;
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
 Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjd;  ,yq;ifapy; ePu; vt;thW
mtrpak; Nrjkhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ePu;tsq;fs; vt;thW
kpifahfr; Ruz;lYf;F
cl;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yq;ifapy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
ePu;g;ghJfhg;G Kiwfs;
gw;wpa jfty;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
xx

11 ngsjpf 11.1 capupdf; $l;lj;jpd;  capupdf; $l;lq;fs;  capupdf; $l;lk; vd;why;

epyj;Njhw;wj;jpd; (Biomes) cyfg; gw;wpa mwpKfk; vd;dntd;gij
$WfisAk; guk;giyAk;  capupdf; $l;lq;;fspd; tiuaiw nra;thu;.
gz;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; guk;gYk; mtw;wpd;  cyf capupdf; 40
nrad;KiwfisAk; ,ay;GfisAk; ,ay;GfSk; $l;lq;fspd; tiffisg;
guprPypj;J mjidg; tpsf;Fthu;. - mad kiof; fhLfs; ngaupLthu;.
Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; - ,iyAjpu; fhLfs;  capupdf; $l;lq;fspd;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;. - kj;jpajiuf; fhLfs; gz;Gfisf;
- Gy;epyq;fSk; rtd;dhTk; fw;whuha;thu;.
- ghiytdq;fs;  capupdf; $l;lq;fs;
- ijf;fh vjpu;Nehf;Fk;
- Je;jpuh gpur;rpidfis
 capupdf; $l;lq;fis njupe;njLf;fg;gl;l
vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; cjhuzq;fs; %yk;
guprPypg;ghu;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
 ,yq;ifapy; #oy;  ,yq;ifapd; #oy;
11.2 ,yq;ifapd; #oy; njhFjpfspd; guk;gYk; njhFjpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
njhFjpfspd; ,ay;GfSk;  ,yq;ifapd; #oy;
guk;giyAk; - fhLfs; njhFjpfspd; mk;rq;fis
,ay;GfisAk; - gw;iwf; fhLfs; vLj;Jf;$wp Muha;thu;.
tpsf;Fthu;. - Gy;epyq;fs;  ,yq;ifapy; #oy;
- <u epyq;fs; njhFjpfspd; guk;giy
 ,yq;ifapy;; #oy; glj;jpDjtpAld;
njhFjpfs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lthu;.
gpur;rpidfs;  ,yq;ifapy;; #oy;
njhFjpfs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk;
gpur;rpidfisg;
guprPypg;ghu;.
xxi

 ,yq;ifapy;  ,yq;ifapd; #oypay;

11.3 ,yq;ifapd; #oy; gpd;tUtdtw;Wld; xOf;fnewpfspd;
njhFjpfisg; njhlu;Gila #oypay; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
Ngzpg; xOf;fnewpfs; Muha;f.
ghJfhj;jYld; - <u epyq;fs;  ,yq;ifapd; #oypay;
njhlu;Gila - fhLfSk; tdtpyq;Fg; njhFjpfisg; Ngzpg;
xOf;fnewpfis Gfyplq;fSk; ghJfhg;gjw;F
kjpg;gpLthu;. - fiuNahuq;fs; vLf;fg;gl;LtUk;
- ePu;j; Njf;fq;fs;> eltbf;iffis
Fsq;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; tpsf;Fthu;.
,ize;J fhzg;gLk;
capu;j;njhFjpfs;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
 ,yq;ifapd; #oypay;
njhFjpfisg; Ngzpg;
ghJfhg;gjw;F
vLf;fg;gl;LtUk;
eltbf;iffs;.

12.0 ,aw;if ,lu;fSk;  ,aw;if ,lu;fSk; mdu;j;  ,aw;if ,lu;fis 26

mdu;j;jq;fSk; 12.1 ,aw;if jq;fSk; (Natural Hazards tptupg;ghu;.
ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdpl ,lu;fSf;Fk; and Disasters) - mwpKfk;  ,aw;if
epyj;Njhw;wj;jpid mdu;j;jq;fSf;Fk; mdu;jj; q;fis
vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wJ ,ilapyhd tptupg;ghu;.
vd;gjpidg; guprPypg;ghu;. NtWghl;il
tpsf;Fthu;.
xxii

 cyfpy; epfOk; ,aw;if  cyfpd; gpujhd ,aw;if

12.2 cyfpy; epfOk; ,lu;fs; ,lu;fis
,aw;if ,lu;fis - GtpeLf;fq;fs;; cjhuzq;fSld;
tpsf;Fthu;. - tul;rpfs; tptupg;ghu;.
- fhl;Lj; jP
- Rdhkp
- kpd;dy; jhf;fk;
- #whtspfs;
- nts;sg;ngUf;F -
- vupkiyr; nraw;ghL
- epyr;rupTfs;
- gdpkiy tPo;r;rpfs;
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
12.3 cyfpd; ,aw;if  ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;  ,aw;if ,lu;fs;
,lu;fs; fhuzkhf fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; fhuzkhfg; ngsjpfr;
Vw;gLk; ngsjpf> - ngsjpfj; jhf;fq;fs; #oypy; Vw;gLk;
khdplj; - khdplj; jhf;fq;fs; Nrjq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
jhf;fq;fisf;  ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;
fw;whuha;thu;. fhuzkhf khdplr;
#oYf;F Vw;gLk;
Nrjq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

12.4 ,aw;if  ,aw;if ,lu;fspd;  ,aw;if ,lu;fspd;

,lu;fspd; nrwptpid mjpfupf;Fk; nrwptpid mjpfupg;gjw;F
nrwptpid khdpl eltbf;iffs; khdpl eltbf;iffs;
mjpfupf;Fk; - Kiwaw;w vt;thW gq;fspf;fpd;wd
xxiii

khdpl epyg;gad;ghL vd;gjid

eltbf;iffisg; - jpl;lkplg;glhj cjhuzq;fSld;
guprPyid nra;thu;. fl;ll epu;khzpg;G Kd;itg;ghu;.
- fhlopg;G
- ifj;njhopy;
eltbf;iffs;

13.0 ngsjpf> khdpl 13.1 ,yq;ifapd;  mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk;  mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk;

epyj;Njhw;wj;ijg; mdu;j;j gw;wpa mwpKfk; vd;why; fUjg;gLtJ 12
Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F  mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt ahnjd;gij tptupg;ghu;.
guhkupg;gjw;Fk; nraY}f;fj;Jld; tl;lk;  ,yq;ifapy; mdu;j;j
cjTk; tifapy; gq;fspg;Gr; - jzpj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtg;
Neu;fzpa nra;t hu; . - Maj;jepiy nghwpKiw gw;wpa
kdg;ghq;Fld; ele;J - gjpypWj;jy; jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
nfhs;thu;. - kPzn
; lOjy;
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
 ,yq;ifapy; mdu;j;j
Kfhikj;Jtg; nghwpKiw

14.0 ,aw;iff;Fk; 14.1 ru;tNjr kw;Wk;  If;fpa ehLfspd;  ru;tNjr kw;Wk;

gpuhe;jpa #oypay; gpuhe;jpa #oypay; 12
r%fj;Jf;Fk; #oypay; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;
,ilapy; ,zf;fkhd epWtdq;fspd; (UNEP) epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa
,ilj;njhlu;Gfis tfpgq;fpidg;  ,aw;ifiag; Ngzpg; jfty;fspid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> guprPypg;ghu;. ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ru;tNjr Kd; itj;Jf;
Gtp kw;Wk; mjpy; rq;fk; (IUCN) fw;whuha;thu;.
tho;Nthu; njhlu;ghfg;  fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa
Nghjpa tpsf;fj;Jld; If;fpa ehLfspd; rktha
nraw;gLthu;. tiur;rl;lk; (UNFCC)
 njd; Mrpaf; $l;LwT
xxiv

#oypay;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; (SACEP)

14.2 ,yq;ifapd;  kj;jpa #oypay; mjpfhu

#oypay; rig (CEA)  ,yq;ifapd;
epWtdq;fspd;  Njrpa ePu;tho; tsq;fs; #oypay;
tfpgq;fpidg; Muha;r;rp Kftufk; epWtdq;fspdhy;
guprPypg;ghu;. (NARA) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
 fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; gq;fspg;gpid Muha;thu;.
jpizf;fsk; (CCD)
 Njrpa fl;ll kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp epWtdk;
(NBRO)
 Gtpr;rupjtpay; mstPL
kw;Wk; Ruq;fkfo;Tg;
gzpkid (GSMB)
 khdplg; Gtpapay;
Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
7.0 Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopypd; 7.1 cyfpd; Ruq;ff;  Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy;  Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy; 14
Nghf;Ffisg; guprPyid ifj;njhopypd; guk;gy;> gw;wpa mwpKfk;. vd;why; vd;dntd;gij
nra;J fdpa cw;gj;jp> tu;j;jfk;>  njupT nra;ag;gl;l Ruq;ff; tiutpyf;fzk; nra;thu;.
tsq;fisg; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; ifj;njhopyf ; s;:  fdpanea;> epyf;fup>
gad;gLj;Jtjd; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpf; - fdpanea; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ
mtrpaj;jpid fw;wha;thu;. - epyf;fup Mfpatw;wpd; cyfg;
tpsf;Fthu;. - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ guk;giyg; glnkhd;wpd;
(guk;gy;> cw;gj;jp JizAld; tpsf;Fthu;.
kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk;)  fdpanea; rhu;e;j
- Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy; ifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk;
njhlu;ghd mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpg;
Nghf;FfSk; nghUl;fis tptupg;ghu;.
gpur;rpidfSk;  fdpanea;apd; cyf
xxv

tu;jj; fg; gz;Gfis

 fdpa tsq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
epiyNgz; jd;ikAld;  cyf epyf;fup cw;gj;jp
gad;gLj;jy;. kw;Wk; mJ rhu;e;j
ifj;njhopy;fis
tptupg;ghu;.
 cyfpd; epyf;fup
tu;jj; fj;jpd; gz;Gfis
tptupg;ghu;.
 cyfpy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk;
rhu;e;j gz;Gfis
tptupg;ghu;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
 cyfpd; Ruq;ff;
ifj;njhopypy;
fhzg;gLk; Nghf;Ffis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 cyfpd; Ruq;ff;
ifj;njhopypy;
fhzg;gLk;
gpur;rpidfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 fdpa tsq;fis
epiyNgz; jd;ikAld;
vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ
vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
xxvi

8.0 ,yq;ifg; 8.1 ,yq;ifapd; fdpa  ,yq;ifapd; fdpa  fdpa tsq;fis

nghUshjhuj;jpy; 24
tsq;fspd; tsq;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfk; tiuaiw nra;thu;.
fdpa tsq;fspd; gad;ghl;by; guk;gy;>  ,yq;ifapd; njupT  ,yq;ifapd; njupT
ngWkjpiag; guprPypj;J cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; nra;ag;gl;l fdpa
nra;ag;gl;l rpy fdpa
mtw;wpd; epiyNgz; Nghf;Ffs; tsq;fs; rpytw;wpd;
tsq;fs;:
gad;ghl;bd; Mfpatw;iwg; guk;giyg; glnkhd;wpd;
- fhuPak;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid guprPypg;ghu;. JizAld; tpsf;Fthu;.
- fdpa kzy;
tpsf;Fthu;.
- mg;gj;ijl;L  ,yq;ifapd; njupT
(,tw;wpd; guk;gy;> cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l fdpa
kw;Wk; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpf; tsq;fs; rpytw;wpd;
fye;JiuahLthu;). cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
Nghf;Ffis tpsf;Fthu;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
8.2 ,yq;ifapd;  ,yq;ifg;  ifj;njhopy;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; fdpa %yg;nghUs; vd;w
fdpa tsq;fspd; tsq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: tifapy; fdpa
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij - Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; tsq;fspd;
typAWj;Jthu;. kPjhd gq;fspg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
- njhopy; tha;g;G tptupg;ghu;.
- gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd  fdpa tsq;fSld;
gq;fspg;G ,ize;J fhzg;gLk;
- ifj;njhopy; %yg; njhopy;tha;gG; f;fs;
nghUshf cs;sik gw;wpj; juTfisg;
- ngWkjp Nru;j;jy; gad;gLj;jp tptupg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; gpuNjr
mgptpUj;jpapy; fdpa
xxvii

tsq;fspd;
gq;fspg;gpidj;
tpsf;Fthu;.
8.3 ,yq;ifapy; fdpa  fdpa tsq;fspd;
tsq;fisg; gad; gad;ghLk; gpd;tUtd  ,yq;if fdpa
gLj;Jtjpdhy; kPjhd mtw;wpd; tsq;fspd; gad;ghL
Vw;gLk; #oypay; jhf;fKk;: fhuzkhf
jhf;fq;fis - ngsjpf epyj;Njhw;wk; Vw;gLk; #oypay;
,optsthf;Fk; - ePu; tsq;fs; jhf;fq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
Nehf;fpy; - epyk; jukpoj;jy;
nraw;gLthu;. - tsp khriljy;
 #oypay; jhf;fq;fis
,optsthf;Fjy;.
- #oy; Nea
kdg;ghq;Ffis
tpUj;jp nra;jy;
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
- Njitahd  fdpa tsq;fspd;
xOq;Ftpjpfis gad;ghl;bd; NghJ
mKyhf;Fjy; Vw;gLk; #oypay;
- murpay; mu;g;gzpg;G jhf;fq;fisf;
- gpuirfs; FOtpd; Fiwg;gjw;F vLf;ff;$ba
nraw;wpwd;kpf;f eltbf;iffisg;
gq;fspg;Gk; mtu;fis gpNuupg;ghu;.
tYT+l;lYk;.

9.0 ifj;njhopy; 9.1 cyff; ifj;njhopy;  ifj;njhopy;fspd;  cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fs; 26

miktplf; miktplj;jpy; miktplj;jpy; vd;why; vjidf;
fhuzpfisg; guprPypj;J nry;thf;Fr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fUJfpd;wJ vd
xxviii

mtw;wpd; Nghf;Ffisf; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;whuha;thu;. fhuzpfis - %yg;nghUl;fs;  ifj;njhopy;
cjhuzq;fSld; - tYr;rf;jp miktplj;jpy;
guprPypg;ghu; - Kjy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
- njhopyhsu; fhuzpfis> njupT
- njhopy;El;gk; nra;ag;gl;l rpy
- re;ij ifj;njhopy;fisj;
- Kaw;rpahz;ik Jizahff; nfhz;L
- mur nfhs;iffs; tptupg;ghu;.

 ifj;njhopy;  ifj;njhopy;
miktplk; njhlu;ghd miktplj;jpd;
mz;ikf;fhyg; fhzg;gLk;
Nghf;Ffs; mz;ikf;fhyg;
Nghf;Ffis tpsf;Fthu;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
9.2 ,yq;ifg;;  ,yq;ifg;  ,yq;ifg;;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F nghUshjhuj;jpw;F
ifj;njhopy;fspd; gpd;tUk; ifj;njhopy;fspd; ifj;njhopy;fspd;
gq;fspg;ig gq;fspg;G gq;fspg;igg;
tptupg;;ghu;. - rPnke;J guprPypg;ghu;.
- rPdp
- ijj;j Milfs;
- ,wg;gu;> gpsh];bf;
nghUl;fs;
- ghuk;gupa iftpidg;
nghUl;fs;

9.3 ,yq;ifapy;  ,yq;ifapy;  ,yq;ifapy;

xxix

ifj;njhopy;fspd; ifj;njhopy;fspd; ifj;njhopy;fspd;

miktplj;jpy; miktplj;jpy; miktplj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;. fhuzpfisj; njupT
fhuzpfisg; nra;ag;gl;l rpy
guprPypg;ghu;. ifj;njhopy;fisj;
Jizahff; nfhz;L
tptupg;ghu;.

 ,yq;ifapy;  ,yq;ifapy;
ifj;njhopy;fspd; ifj;njhopy;fspd;
miktplj;jpy; miktplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
fhzg;gLk; Nghf;Ffs; Nghf;Ffis tptupg;ghu;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
10.0 ,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyhf; 10.1 ,yq;ifapy;  ,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyhf;  ,yq;ifr; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;
14
ifj;njhopypd; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; gz;Gfs; njhopypd; gz;Gfis
jw;Nghija ifj;njhopypd; - cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lr; tpsf;Fthu;.
epiyikiag; gz;Gfisf; Rw;Wyh  ,yq;ifg;
guprPypj;J> gz;ghL fw;whuha;thu;. - Rw;Wyhj; Jiwfs;: nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ
kw;Wk; #oypay; #oy; - Rw;Wyh Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd;
fupridAld; mjd; nghOJNghf;Fr; Rw;Wyh jhf;fj;jpidj; juTfspd;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd fyhrhur; Rw;Wyh JizAld; tptupg;ghu;.
MNyhridfis mofpay; Rw;Wyh  ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpd; kPJk;
Kd;itg;ghu;. Jzpfu tpisahl;Lr; gz;ghL kw;Wk; #oy;
Rw;Wyh  kPJk; Rw;Wyhf;
Rw;Wyhtpd; jhf;fk; ifj;njhopypd;
- nghUshjhu> r%f> jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
xxx

gz;ghl;L kw;Wk;
#oypay;.
10.2 ehl;bd; gz;ghl;L  ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhf;
 Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; ifj;njhopypid tpUj;jp
milahsj;jpidg;
tsu;r;rpf;F Mjuthd nra;tjw;F vLf;ff;$ba
ghJfhf;Fk;
eltbf;iffs; eltbf;iffis
mNjNtis
- ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhf; tpsf;Fthu;.
,yq;ifapd;
ifj;njhopYld;
Rw;Wyhf;
njhlu;ghd
ifj;njhopypd;
nfhs;iffis
tsu;r;rpia
,w;iwg;gLj;jy; .
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
- Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd;
MNyhridfis
ghJfhg;gpid
Kd;itg;ghu;.
cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
#oiy cUthf;fy;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
- cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyhf;
ifj;njhopypid
Nkk;gLj;jy;.
- Rw;WyhTf;fhd khw;Wj;
Jiwfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
- Rw;Wyhtpd; rhjfkw;w
ghjpg;Gf;fis
,optsthf;Ftjw;fhd
eltbf;iffs;.

11.0 G+Nfhskakhf;fypd; 11.1 G+Nfhskakhf;fk;  G+Nfhskakhf;fk; gw;wpa  G+Nfhskakhf;fk; gw;wp 20

jd;ikia xg;gl P ;L vd;gjd; fUj;J mwpKfk; tpsf;Fthu;.
uPjpahd Nehf;fpy; ahJ vd;gijf;  G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd;  G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd;
xxxi

guprPypg;ghu;. fw;whuha;thu;. gz;Gfs; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk;

 G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd; jPikfisg; gFg;gha;T
ed;ikfSk; jPikfSk;. nra;thu;.
 G+Nfhs kakhf;fj;jpd;
gpujhd $Wfis
mwpKfk; nra;thu;.
 G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd;
11.2 G+Nfhs  G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd; Cf;fpfis
kakhf;fj;jpd; Cf;fpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
Cf;fpfisf; - jfty; kw;Wk;  G+Nfhskakhf;fj;Jf;F
jfty; kw;Wk;
fw;whuha;thu;. njhlu;ghly;
njhlu;ghly;
njhopy;El;gk;
njhopy;El;gk;> kw;Wk;
- gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs;
- khdpl efu;tpid Mfpatw;wpd; gq;fspg;ig
tpiuTgLj;jy;. tptupg;ghu;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
 tpiuTgLj;jg;gLk; khdpl
efu;Tfs; g+Nfhs
kakhf;fj;jpid vt;thW
ghjpf;fpd;wnjd;gij
tptupg;ghu;.

11.3 G+Nfhskakhf;fk;  tpUj;jpaile;J tUk;  tpUj;jpaile;J tUk;

tpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspd; kPJ ehLfspd; kPJ
ehLfis G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd; G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd;
vt;topfspy; Neu;f zpa kw;
W k; Neu;fzpa kw;Wk;
ghjpf;fpd;wnjd;gijg; vjpu;fzpag; ghjpg;Gf;fs;. vjpu;fzpag; ghjpg;Gf;fid
guprPypg;ghu;. - nghUshjhu tptupg;ghu;.
- r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L  ,yq;ifapd;kPJ
xxxii

- mwpTk; G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd;
njhopy;El;gKk; jhf;fj;jpid
cjhuzq;fSld;
tptupg;ghu;.

12.1 njupT nra;ag;gl;l  njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy  gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; 08

12.0 gpuhe;jpa
rpy gpuhe;jpa gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; vd;gJ vjidf;
mikg;Gf;fspd; - gpuhe;jpa
mikg;Gf;fspd; fUJfpd;wJ vd;gjid
tfpgq;fpidg; xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd tpsf;Fthu;.
tfpgq;fpidf;
guprPypj;Jg; gpuhe;jpa njd;dhrpa mikg;G  rhu;f; (SAARC) mikg;gpd;
fw;whuha;thu;.
xj;Jiog;Gf;fhf (SAARC) njhopw;ghLfis
tpopg;Gzu;Tld; - njd;fpof;fhrpa tptupg;ghu;.
nraw;gLthu;. ehLfspd; rq;fk;  Mrpahdpd; (ASEAN)
(ASEAN) njhopw;ghLfis
- INuhg;;gpa xd;wpak; (EU) tptupg;ghu;.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
 INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd;
njhopw;ghLfis
tptupg;ghu;.
 gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fspy;
mq;fk; tfpf;Fk;
ehLfisg; glq;fspd;
JizAld;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
xxxiii
 nra; K iwg; Gtpapay;

Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
5.0 juTfs; kw;Wk; 5.1 juT %yhjhuq;fisf;  juTfs;  juTfis 76
jfty;fisg; fw;whuha;thu;. - tiutpyf;fzk; tiutpyf;fzk;
gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk;; - juT %yhjhuq;fs; nra;thu;.
tptuzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; - juTfspd; tiffs;  juTfspd; ,ay;Gfis
Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; - juTfSf;Fk; tpsf;Fthu;.
Gs;sptpgu jfty;fSf;Fk;  juTfSf;Fk;
El;gq;fisAk; tiuG ,ilapyhd NtWghL jfty;fSf;Fk;
KiwfisAk; ,ilapyhd
gad;gLj;Jthu;. NtWghl;bid
tpsf;Fthu;.

5.2 juT Nrfupg;G  Kjdpiyj; juTfisr;  juTfisr; Nrfupf;Fk;

xxxiv

Kiwfisg; Nrfupf;Fk; Kiwfs; Kiwfis

guprPypg;ghu;. - mstPLfs; cjhuzq;fSld;
- Neu;fhzy;fs; tptupg;ghu;.
- mtjhdpg;G
- gupNrhjidfs;

 ,uz;lhk; epiyj;
juTfspd; %yhjhuq;fs;
- E}yf %yhjhuq;fs;>
- vz;zpyf;fj; jfty;fs;
- glq;fs;
- thd; xspg;glq;fs;>
- nra;kjpg; gbkq;fs;
(Satellite images)
- rpj;jpug; glq;fs; kw;Wk;
xspg;glq;fs;
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
 juTfis xOq;fikj;jYk;  juTfis xOq;FgLj;jp
ml;ltizg;gLj;jYk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
- kPbwd; guk;gy; xd;wpid  juTg; guk;gnyhd;iw
mikj;jy; mikj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
 juTg; gFg;gha;Tf;F  Gs;sptpgutpay;
5.3 Gs;sptpgutpay; vspikahd El;gKiwfisg;
El;gKiwfisg; Gs;sptpgutpay; gad;gLj;jpj; juTfisg;
gad;gLj;jp El;gKiwfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J
juTfisg; gad;gL;Jthu;. tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.
gFg;gha;T nra;J - ikag;Nghf;F
tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;. msitfs; - Mfhuk;>
,il> ,ilak;.
- gpupf;if> tPr;R>
xxxv

fhyizfs;> gpupf;if>
tiuglq;fs;> ,ilf;
fhyiz tPr;R
- ruhrup tpyfy;> epak
tpyfy;

 juTfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;jy;
- ,ioatiuaq;fs;>
kPbwd;fs;> kPbwd;
gy;Nfhzp> kPbwd;
tisap> jpul;L kPbwd;
tisap> rjtPj jpul;L
kPbwd;; tisap.
 Nju;r;rp ghl
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
5.4 juTfisg;  tiugpay; Kiwfs;:  tiugpay; Kiwfspidg;
gFg;gha;T nra;aTk; - Nfhl;L tiuGfs; gad;gLj;jp juTfisg;
tptuzg;gLj;jTk; (vspa kw;Wk; gy; gFg;gha;T nra;J
tiuG Kiwfisg; Nfhl;L) tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. - ghu; tiuGfs;
(vspa kw;Wk; gy; ghu;)
- $k;gf ghu;
- tl;l tiuglq;fs;
(gpupf;fg;gl;l tl;lq;fs;)

5.5 juTfisg;  gltiufiyapay;  gltiufiyapay;

gFg;gha;T El;gKiwfs; El;gKiwfisg;
xxxvi

nra;tjw;F - rk fzpag; glk; gad;gLj;jp juTfisg;

gltiufiyapay; - ,lfzpag; glk; gFg;gha;T nra;J
El;gKiwfisg; tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 fhyepiy khw;wk;
Nju;r;rp : 8.0 G+Nfhsf; fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfisAk;
nrad;KiwfisAk; guprPypj;J #oypd; rkepiyiag;
NgZtjw;fhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;: 8.1 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;iff;

fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.
8.2 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; khdplf;
fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.
8.3 fhyepiy khw;wk; vt;thW khdpl eltbf;iffisg;
ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij tptupg;ghu;.
8.4 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;F
kdpjd; vt;thW gq;fspf;f KbAk; vd;gij Muha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 16

fw;ww;NgWfs; :  fhyepiy khw;wj;jpid tiuaiw nra;thu;.

 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd ngsjpfr; nrad;Kiw
fis tptupg;ghu;.
 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; khdplf;
fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.
 fhyepiy khw;wk; vt;thW khdpl eltbf;iffisg; ghjpf;
fpd;wJ vd;gij cjhuzq;fSld; tptupg;ghu;.
 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; ghjpg;Gf;fis ,optsthf;Ftjw;F
kdpjd; vt;thW gq;fspf;f KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

mwpKfk;
gz;ila fhyk; Kjy; fhyepiy khw;wk; Vw;gl;L te;Js;sJld; jw;fhyj;jpy; khdpl
eltbf;iffspd; nry;thf;fpdhy; mjd; Nghf;F mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; vjpu;fhy
cyfj;jpw;fhfr; #oy; rkepiyiag; Ngzpr; nry;yYk;> ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhfj;
jw;fhyj;jpy; #oy; Neak;kpf;f eltbf;iffisg; gpd;gw;wYk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
mjw;fhf fhyepiy khw;wq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;> nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ngsjpf
kw;Wk; khdplf; fhuzpfs;> fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; Nghf;fpidf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghff; fw;gJ ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ tsg;gad;ghL kw;Wk; #oy; Neak;kpf;f vz;zf;fU
tpUj;jp milAk; tpjj;jpy; fw;wy; tha;gG
; fisAk; KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;jy; ,q;F
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

8.1 fhyepiy khw;wk;

 30 tUl fhyk; epyTk; thdpiy epiyikfspd; ruhrup epiyikNa fhyepiy

vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
 fhyepiy fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; khw;wk; ngwf;$baJ vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;
cs;sd.
 kdpjdhy; Gtpapd; ngsjpf mk;rq;fs; khw;wg;gLtjdhy; fhyepiyAk; mjw;F
1
 xg;ghdtifapy; khw;wkile;J te;Js;sJ.
 fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd ehLfSf;fpilapyhd rigapd; (Inter-gov
ernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2007Mk; Mz;L mwpf;ifapd; gb tsp
kz;ly ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wik cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 GtpNkw;gug;gpd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;j fhyg; gFjpahf 1995 - 2006 tiuahd
fhyg;gFjp fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. 1906 njhlf;fk; 2005 Mk; Mz;L tiu 100
Mz;L fhyj;jpw;Fs; ntg;gepiy 0.74 ghif nry;rparpdhy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
 fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tiuglk; %yk; G+Nfhsj;jpd; ntg;gepiy khw;wj;jpd;
Nghf;F fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

tiuglk; 1 : Gtpapd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy khw;wk; 1860 - 2000

fhyepiy khw;wk; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; ,aw;i ff; fhuzpfs;

 #upadpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; fjpu; tPry; rf;jpia Nrkpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mstpw;F

Vw;gNt Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy jq;fpAs;sJ.
 #upaj; njwpg;G kw;Wk; Gtpj;njwpg;G Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;bidf;
nfhz;L #upa rf;jpr; rkdpiy jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
 rf;jpr; rkdpiy khw;wkiltjhy; fhyepiy khw;wkilfpd;wJ.
 ,r;rf;jpr; rkepiy kPJ jilia Vw;gLj;Jk; midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk;
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.

2
 fhyepiy khw;wk;


tpisT

Gwr;


mfr; nraw;ghL


nraw;ghL

fhuzk; fhuzk; eilngWk;


Gtpj; njhFjpf;Fs;
#upaf;
fUk;Gs;sp Gtpr;
Rw;Wif
fhuzk; fhuzk;
fhuzk;

gr;ir tPlL
; vupkiy rKj;jpu
tpisT ntbg;G Rw;Nwhl;lk;

khWgLk; vy;epNdh yhepdh

gr;irtPlL
; thAf;fs;

fhgdPnuhl;irl;

FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd;

CO2 kPNjd;
iew;u]; xf;irl;
CH4
N2O
CFC -11 SF6
HFC

 
CFC - 12

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;iff; fhuzpfs;

3
gr;i rtPl;L tpisT
 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd fhuzpahf tspkz;
ly ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jiy vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;. mjw;Fg; gr;irtPl;L
tpisT fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
 gr;irtPl;L tpisT Xu; ,aw;ifahd nrad;KiwahFk;. mJ GtpNkw;gug;Gk;
tspkz;lyKk; ntg;gkila cjTfpd;wJ.
 capu;fspd; epiyg;gpw;fhd ctg;ghd #oy; cUthtjw;F ,aw;ifahf
epfOk; gr;irtPl;L tpisT Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 ,jD}lhf Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; ruhrup ntg;gepiyia 15 ghif nry;rpa];
mstpy; Ngz KbAk;.
 ,g;gr;irtPlL
; tpisT ,lk;ngwhtpbd; Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; ntg;gepiy 18 ghif
nry;rpa]hff; fhzg;gLk;.
 Gtpapdhy; ntsptPrg;gLk; nel;liyf; fjpu;fs; tspkz;lyj;ij Nehf;fp
njwpg; gilAk;NghJ fhgdPnuhl;irl; (Co2)> kPNjd; (CH4)> iew;u]; xr;irl;
(N2O)> FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; (CFC)> XNrhd; (O3) Mfpa thAf;fspdhy;
cwpQ;rg;gl;L kPz;Lk; Gtpia Nehf;fp tPrg;gLk;.
 ,r;nraw;ghL ,iltplhJ epfo;tjdhy; Gtp mjpfstpy; ntg;gkilfpd;wJ.
 1750 Mk; Mz;lstpy; Muk;gpjj
; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l Kiwaw;w
khdpl eltbf;iffs; NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; tspf;Nfhsj;jpd; kPJ
vy;iyaw;w tifapy; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fis ntspapl;ljdhy; G+Nfhs
ntg;gkiljy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ,jd;fhuzkhf G+Nfhs ntg;gepiy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. fPNoAs;s
ml;ltiz %yk; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; fhl;lg;
gl;Ls;sd.

ml;ltiz 1
tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; gr;i rtPl;L thAf;f spd; mstpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;w q;fs;

1750 ,w;F Kd;du; khwd; jw;nghOJ khwd;

thA
kz;lyj;jpd; tsp mlu;j;jp kz;lyj;jpd; tsp mlu;jj
; p

(mlu;j;jp xU ,yl;rj;jpw;F)
fhgd; thAf;fs; 280 385

(mlu;j;jp xU kpy;ypaDf;F)
kPNjd; 700 1857 - 1735
iew;u]; xf;irl; 270 321 - 320
(mlu;j;jp xU wpy;ypaDf;F)
CFC - 11 0 246 - 243
CFC - 12 0 541 - 537
HFC 0 49 - 41
SF 6 0 6.40/6.03

%yk; : fhyepiy khw;wq;fSf;fhd cs;Su;jPu;Tfs; tptrhag; gl;lg;gpd;

gbg;Gfs; epWtfk;> Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofk;.
4
 G+Nfhs gr;i rtPl;L thAf;f spd; ntspNaw;wk;

Vidait 11%

tYr;rf;jp 26%

Nghf;Ftuj;J 13%

tptrhak; 14%
ifj;njhopy; 19%

fhlopg;G 17%

5
G+Nfhs gr;i rtPl;L thAf;fspd; gq;fspg;G
G+Nfhs gr;irtPl;L thAit ntspapLk; gpujhd Jiwfshf tpsq;FtJ> rf;jptY Jiw
(26%)> ifj;njhopy; (19%)> kw;Wk; fhlopg;G (17%) MFk;. mNjNghy; tptrhak; (14%)>
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw (13%) MfpadTk; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wd.

#upaf; fUk;G s;s p

- tspf;Nfhsj;njhFjp ntg;gkiltJ #upadpd; fjpu;tPry; %ykhFk;.
- ,e;epiy ngUk;ghYk; khw;wkiltJ #upadpd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
ntbg;Gfs; fhuzkhfNt MFk;.
- ,t;ntbg;Gfs;> #upadpd; cs;Ns epfOk; mfr; nraw;ghl;bd; tpisthFk;.
- ,t;thwhd ntbg;Gfspdhy; #upadpy; ghupa jPr;Rthiyfs; cUthFk;.
jPrR
; thiyfs; cUthtjdhy; mit moptila 11 Mz;Lfs; NjitahFk;
vd Ma;Tfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;ntbg;G epfOk; ,lq;fs; fU
epwkhf Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. ,it #upaf; fUk;Gs;spfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
- njhlu;r;rpahfr; #upaf; fUk;Gs;spfs; Vw;gLtjdhy; Gtp ngWk; ntg;gj;jpd;
msTk; khw;wkilfpd;wJ.
- ,t;thW ngWk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT tspf;Nfhsj;jpdhy; cWQ;rg;gLtjpdhy;
ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
- ,jd;tpisthf tul;rp Vw;gly;> ghiytdkhjy;> jhtu tsu;rr
; p ghjpgg
; iljy;>
fhl;Lj; jP Mfpa epfo;Tfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.

jP g ; g hiw
- jPgg
; hiwr; nraw;ghLfs; %yKk; Gtpapd; tspf;Nfhsk; ntg;gkilfpd;wJ.
- Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; ntbg;Gfs;> Jisfs;> gpsTfs; Nghd;w gytPdkhd
gFjpfspd; Clhf Gtpapd; cl;gFjpapy; cs;s kf;kh GtpNahl;bd;
ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fp te;J Fspu;r;rpailAk;NghJ mjpfkhd ntg;gk;
tspf;Nfhsj;jpw;Fs; ntsptplg;gLfpd;wJ.
- NkYk; rhk;gy;> Gif> J}R Mfpa nghUl;fSk; mjpfstpy; tspfN
; fhsj;jpwF
; s;
Nru;fpd;wd.
- ,jd; fhuzkhf fhw;wpd; Nghf;fpy; khw;wq;fs;> mjpf ntg;gepiy kw;Wk;
mjpfkhd kiotPo;r;rp Mfpa epfo;Tfs; ,lk;ngWk;.

rKj;jpu Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiyapy; khw;wq;f s; Vw;gly;

- tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfupj;j ntg;gepiyia fly; ePu; cWQ;R
tjD}lhf mjd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;J ,Wf;fk; Fiwtile;J fdtsT
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
- ,e;j rKj;jpu ePu; CLUtypdhy; Gtpapd; fiuNahug; gFjp khw;wkilfpd;wJ
vd fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
- cjhuzkhf> Nfhil fhyj;jpy; gRgpf; fiuNahu ntg;gg; gFjpfspy; jho;
mKf;fKk; Fspu;e;j rKj;jpu gFjpfspy; cau; mKf;fKk; fhzg;gLtjdhy;
njhlu;r;rpahdJk; NtfkhdJkhd fhw;W tPRfpwJ.
- rKj;jpu Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy khw;wkiltjpdhy; ntg;g kw;Wk; Fspu;
ePNuhl;lq;fspd; Nghf;F khw;wkiljy;> fhw;wpd; Nghf;Ffs; khw;wkiljy;>
Gay;fs; Vw;gLjy;> jho;epyq;fs; %o;Fjy;> fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; moptiljy;>
fly; ePu; CLUTjy; Mfpa gy epfo;Tfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
6
vy;epNdh (El - nino)
- fly; Nkw;gug;gpy; epyTk; ntg;gepiyg; Nghf;fpd; tpNrl jd;ik fhuzkhf
vy;epNdh Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
- NgU kw;Wk; <f;FtNlhu; FbauRfspd; gRgpf; rKj;jpu ePupd; ntg;gepiy
mjpfkhjyhy; tspaKf;fk; kw;Wk; fhw;wpd; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
vy;epNdh Vw;glf; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
- ,e;epiyikapd;NghJ gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; 3 - 5 Mz;LfSf;F
xU Kiw mjpf ntg;gepiyAld; $ba ePu; Nkw;gug;nghd;W cUthfp mJ
Xuhz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fhyk; KOtJk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
- ,e;epiy nghJthf ej;jhu; fhyg;gFjpapy; epyTtjdhy; Foe;ij ,NaR
vDk; nghUSld; “vy;epNdh” vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
- vy;epNdh fhuzkhf Gtp kPJ kiwKfkhd fhyepiy epiyik Vw;gl;L
G+Nfhs ntg;gkhf;fk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.

fPNoAs;s glj;jpd; %yk; vy;epNdh nraw;ghL epfOk; tyaq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

gRgpf; rKj;jpuk;

<f;tNlhu;

,e;NjhNdrpah nfyghNfhrp jPTfs;

Ng& gpNwrpy;
vy ; e p Nd h j hf; f k; ,l k; n gWk;
gpuNjrk;
rpyp

fLk; kiotPo;r;rp gdpg;Gay;

vy; e pNdhthy;
Vw;g Lk; fhyepiy
khw; w q; f s;

tul;rp
#whtsp

yh epdh (La-nina)
- vy; epNdh epiyik epiwtiljYld; yh epdh epiyik cUthfpd;wJ.
- ];ghdpa nkhopapy; yh epdh vd;gJ “rpwpa ngz; Foe;ij” vd;gjhFk;.
- vy; epNdhtpdhy; mjpf ntg;gk; cUthd gFjpfspy; yh epdh epiyikapdhy;

7
 Fspu;e;j #oy; cUthfpd;wJ.
- njd;Nkw;Fg; gRgpf; rKj;jpu gFjpfspy; mrhjhuz Fspu; ePu; Nkw;gug;G
cUntLf;fpd;wJ.
- cjhuzkhf> 1998 [{d; khjk; gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpd; fpof;F ePu;g;gug;G jpBnud
Fspu;r;rpaile;J tsp mKf;fk; mjpfupj;J ePu; miyfspd; Ntfk; khw;w
kile;jJ.

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

- fly; ePu;kl;lk; mjpfupj;jy; (18 - 59 nr.kP. tiu)
- 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Gtpntg;gk; 1.1 nry;rparpypUe;J 6.4 tiu mjpfupj;jy;.
- mbf;fb ntg;gk; mjpfupj;j fhyq;fSk; fLk; kiotPo;r;rpAk; Vw;gly;.
- tul;rp> #whtsp kw;Wk; fly; kl;l khw;wq;fs; Vw;gly;.
- ,t;tidj;Jr; nraw;ghLfspdhYk; khdpl kw;Wk; ngsjpfr; #oYf;F ghjf
khd tpisTfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.

8. 2 fhyepiy khw;wq;fspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; khdplf; fhuzpfs;

- ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rpAld; Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; $Wfs;> ,ay;Gfs;> epiyikfs;
kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; khw;wkiljy; Ntfkhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
- ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp ,jw;Fg; ngUk;gq;F tfpj;Js;sJ.
- kdpjdpd; jiyaPlb ; dhy; Vw;gLk; Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdk;> fhlopg;G
Mfpatw;why; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupj;jy; fhyepiy
khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpAs;sd.
- tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; Nru;f;if 280ppm (xU
kpy;ypadpy; cs;s $Wfspd; msT) 2017Mk; Mz;lstpy; 440ppm I tpl
mjpfkhfpAs;sJ. ,J gr;irtPl;L tpisTf;Ff; fhuzkhfpAs;sJ.

capu;r ;R tl;L vupnghUs; jfdk;

- kj;jpa Nfhl;L kiof;fhLfspd; jhtuq;fs; cf;Ftjpdhy; capu;r;Rtl;L
vupnghUs; cUthfpd;wJ.
- mt;Tapu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; epyf;fup> ngw;Nwhypak; kw;Wk;
,aw;if thA vd gythW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
- 1800Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,Ue;J 200 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf ,it cf;Ftjdhy;
tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; CO2 ,d; msT Vwj;jho 30% mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
- ,jw;F Kjd;ikahd tifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JtJ ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwfspd; nraw;ghLfshFk;.

ifj;n jhopy; kakhf;f k;

- fhyepiy khw;wj;jpwF
; VJthFk; gpujhd nraw;ghlhf khdpl eltbf;ifahd
ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fj;jpid milahsk; fhzKbAk;.
- ifj;njhopy; eltbf;ifapd;NghJ capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; tYr;rf;jpahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
- ,q;F gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; gy tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; ,izfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;
iew;u]; xf;irl; (N2O) kPNjd; (CH4)> XNrhd; (O3)> i`l;Nuh GNshNuh

8
 fhgd; (HFCs)> ry;gu; n`f;ry;Ngl; (SF6)> gu;GNshNuh fhgd; (PFCs)
gpujhdkhditahFk;.
- gr;irtPlL
; thA mjpfupg;gpy; 19% gq;fspg;gpid ifj;njhopNy nra;fpd;wJ.
- ,jw;fhd mjpf gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpapUg;gJ ifj;njhopy; ehLfshFk;.

tptrhak;
- Gtpapy; 40% - 50% tiuapyhd gpuNjrq;fspy; tptrha epyq;fs; guk;gpAs;sd.
- tptrha eltbf;iffspd; NghJ gr;ir tPl;L thAf;fshd fhgdPnuhl;irl;>
kPNjd;> iew;u]; xf;irl; Mfpa thAf;fs; ntsptplg;gLfpd;wd.
- kz;izj; jahu;gLj;Jk;NghJ ntsptplg;gLfpd;w Nrjdg; nghUl;fs;.
- new;gapu;r; nra;if epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J kPNjd; thA ntspg;gly;.
- kz;zpw;F ,lg;gLk; iejurd; fye;j grisfspd; ghtid Nghd;wd
,jw;F VJthfpd;wd.
- ,urhadg; gris cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; ntsptUfpd;wd.
- tptrha nraw;ghLfspdhy; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;w iew;u]; xf;irl; thAtpd;
MAl;fhyk; Vwj;jho 150 Mz;Lfs; vd;gjdhy; G+Nfhs ntg;gkiljypy;
,J ghupa gq;fspg;gpidr; nra;fpd;wJ.

fhy;e il tsu;g;G
- fhy;eil tsu;gG ; eltbf;iffSk; gr;ir tPlL
; tpistpd; Clhff; fhyepiy
khw;wj;jpw;F VJthfpd;wJ.
- fhy;eilfspd; kyk;> ryk;> ,iukPl;Fk; czTfs; vd;gdTk; kPNjd; thA
cUthtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
- fhy;eil tsu;gG
; eltbf;iffs; mjpfstpy; ,lk;ngWtJ ,ilntg;g tya
ehLfspyhFk;.

fhlopg; G
- fhlopgG
; k; fhyepiy khw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd fhuzpahFk;.
fhlopg;Gk; capu;f;$Wfs; vupf;fg;gLjYk; gr;irtPl;L tpistpw;Fg; ngupJk;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
- jw;Nghja fzpg;gl
P ;bd;gb xU Vf;fu; fhl;bDs; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;w fhgd;
msT Vwj;jho 100 njhd;fs; MFk;.
- fhlopgG
; f; fhuzkhf tspfN
; fhsj;jpy; cs;s fhgdPnuhl;irl; cWQ;RjYf;Fj;
Njitg;gLk; fhyk; Fiwtilfpd;wJ.

9
8. 3 fhyepiy khw;wk; khdplr; nraw;ghLfspd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; nry;thf;F

tptrhak;
- fhyepiy khw;wk; tptrhaj;jpd; kPJ Neubahfr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpdw
; J.
- kiotPo;r;rpf; Nfhyk; khWgLtjd; %yk; ,J ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
- fhyepiy khw;wj;jhy; Neha;fs; kw;Wk; gPilfs; mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
- jhtuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngWk; gad; FiwtiltJld;> fhyk; jho;jj
; pa
mWtilfSk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
- tul;rp epiyik fhuzkhf kz;zpd; mkpyj;jd;ik cau;tile;J
tpisepyq;fs; gapu;r;nra;iff;F ctg;gw;wjhf khWfpd;wd.
- fly; ePu;kl;lk; cau;tiljy; fhuzkhf fiuNahu tpisepyq;fs; gapupl
Kbahj epiyia milfpd;wd.
- tptrha mWtil Fiwtiljy; fhuzkhf tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rp
ailaf;$Lk;.
- czTg; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; cUthFk;.
- ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspd; mjpfupg;gpdhy; gapu; epyq;fs; moptilAk;.
- rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; mWtil ngwf;$ba fhyk; ePl;rpaile;J ,yhgfukhd
epiyikfSk; cUthf KbAk;.

ifj; n jhopy;
- gr;irtPlL
; thAtpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cyfpd; gy;NtW ehLfs;
fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd G+Nfhs cld;gbf;iffspy; ifnahg;gk;
,Ltjpdhy; ifj;njhopypy; gpd;dilT Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
- ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; mjpfupg;gjdhy;
ifj;njhopy; epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpfs; moptilfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; : [g;ghdpy; Vw;gl;l Rdhkp epiyik.
- ePug
; g
; w;whf;Fiwf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLtJld; ifj;njhopy; NjitfSf;fhd
ePu; tiuaWf;fg;gLk;.
- kPd;gpbg; gpuNjrq;fspd; guty; kw;Wk; kPd;fspd; thoplk; kPJ Vw;gLk;
jhf;fk;

thoplk;
- G+Nfhs ntg;gkiljy; fhuzkhf rKj;jpu ePuk
; l;lk; mjpfupg;gjdhy; fiuNahu
thoplq;fs; moptilfpd;wd.
- cyf rdj;njhifapy; Vwj;jho 50% khNdhu; flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;J 60
fp.kP. J}uj;jpw;Fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. cyf efuq;fspy; Vwj;jho 3/4 msT
fiuNahuj;jpy; mike;Js;sd.
- Gtp ntg;gkiljy; mjpfupg;gjd; fhuzkhf #oy; ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jYk;
thoplq;fspDs; tpNrlkhf efu;g; gFjpfspy; njhlu;khb tPLfspy; tho;tJ
fbdkhfpAs;sJ.
- tYr;rf;jpg; ghtidapdhy; tPLfspDs; tho;jy; ,yFthf;fg;gLtjpdhy;
tYr;rf;jpg; gad;ghL mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
- thoplq;fs; mikg;gjw;fhd nryTfs; mjpfupj;jy;.
10
 - ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; thoplq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; mjpfupj;jy;.
- tul;rp kw;Wk; nts;sg;ngUf;F Mfpa ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; thoplq;
fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;.
- kiwKfkhd thdpiy epiyikfshy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;.
cjhuzk;: #whtsp> Gay;fs; vd;gd

Rfhjhuk;
- Neha;f;fhtpfshy; gug;gg;gLk; Neha;fs; mjpfupj;jy;. cjhuzk; : nlq;F>
kNyupah> ahidf;fhy; Nghd;w Neha;fs;
- mjpf ntg;gk; kw;Wk; Fspu; epiyfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tsp khrilthy;
,Uja Neha;fs; my;yJ Njhy; Gw;W Neha;fs; mjpfupj;jy;.
- fhyepiy khw;wk; cw;gj;jpfSf;Fg; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jp czT kw;Wk;
Nghriz kl;lk; Fiwtiljy; Clhf FiwNghriz Mfpa FiwghLfs;
rhu;e;j Neha;fs; tpUj;jpailAk;.
- #oy; ntg;gepiy mjpfupgg
; jdhy; Rthrk; njhlu;ghd Neha;fSk; mjpfupfF
; k;.

8. 4 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F kdpjdhy;

Nkw;n fhs;s f;$ ba gq;f spg; G f;f s;

kpjkpQ;r pa ghtidiaf; Fiwj;j y;

- kdpjd; rpff
; yhd NjitfSld; gy;nghUs; gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gof;fg;gl;Ls;shd;.
rpwg;ghf tsu;r;rpaile;j ehLfspy; ,e;epiy tpNrlkhfpAs;sJ.
- mbg;gilj; Njitfshff; fUjg;gLk; ePu>; czT> Milazpfs;> thoplq;fs;
vd;gtw;Wf;F mjpf Nfs;tp fhzg;gLtJld; kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fSf;fhd gupkhw;W Clfr; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy;
mjpf Nfs;tp fhzg;gly;.
- ,jdhy; #oypd; tsq;fs; mjpf gad;ghl;bw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; d. cjhuzk; :
ePu;> kz;> fdpa tsk;> tsp> fhLfs; vd;gd mjpf Efu;Tf;F cl;gl;Ls;sd.
- ,jdhy; capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; ghtidia tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- fhLfisg; Ngz;jF tifapy; gad;gLj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
- tpidj;jpwdhd tsg;gad;ghl;bd; Clhf kpjkpQr
; pa ghtidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbAk;.

fhgd; ntspNaw;w j;i jf; Fiwj;jy;

- fhLfisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; kPsf
; hlhf;fj;jpd; %yk; Gtpapd; fhl;L tsj;ijg;
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. gr;irtPl;L thAf;fis cWQ;rf;$ba rf;jptha;e;j
,aw;if Clfk; fhLfshFk;.
- Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdkhdJ fhgd; ntspNaw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzp
vd;gjhy; mjd; jfdj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- tYr;rf;jpg; ghtidapd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupjj; y;> tYr;rf;jpg; ghtidiaf;
Fiwj;jy;> khw;W tYr;rf;jpfs; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jy;> fhy;eil tsu;gg ; pidf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupj;jy;> fopT Kfhikj;
Jtk;> vspikahd nghwpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vspikahd tho;f;if Kiw
apidg; Ngzy; Nghd;wd %yk; fhgd; ntspNaw;wj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;s
KbAk;.
11
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; xg;ge;jq;fSf;F ,irthf;fk;
ngwy;
- If;fpa ehLfspd; fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd jpl;lkplg;gl;l
cld;gbf;iff;F Vw;gr; nraw;gLjy; (1992 upNah xg;ge;jk;)
- If;fpa ehLfspd; fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghf jpl;lkplg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fisg;
G+Nfhs uPjpapy; cupa Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;luPjpahd
fpNahl;Nlh khehl;il cUthf;FjYk; mjw;F ,irthf;fk; ngWjYk;.
- fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd ghup]; COP21 (Conference of Paris) kw;Wk;
ghup]; cld;gbf;iff;F Vw;g eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sy;. ,jw;F 55 ehLfs;
ifnahg;gk; ,l;Ls;sd.

,yq;i fapd; gq;f spg;G

- 1993Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd;
jpl;lkplg;gl;l cld;gbf;ifapd; gq;Fjhuuhdik.
- #oy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if ts mikr;rpd; fPo; fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghf
nrayfk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
- Njrpa fhgd; epjpaj;jpidj; jhgpj;jy;> Njrpa XNrhd; gpupnthd;iwj; jhgpjj
; y;
- ,yq;ifg; gpuirfspd; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf fhyepiy njhlu;ghd jpl;l
nkhd;iwj; jahupj;jpUj;jy; (2015). ,jd; fPo; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfs; jpl;lkplg;
gl;bUe;jd.
cjhuzk; :- capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;> ePu;g; ghJfhg;G>
fhLfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> kPshf;ff;$ba rf;jptY %yq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;>
kio ePu;g; ghtid> fhyepiy gw;wp mwpTWj;jy;> thfdg; Gif ntspNaw;
wj;ij Fiwf;Fk; nfhs;iffSk; rl;lq;fSk;.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. fhyepiy khw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpAs;s fhuzpfisf; FOr; nraw;ghl;
bd; %yk; Kd;itj;jy;.
2. fhyepiy khw;wk; kPJ ,aw;iff; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijf;
fhl;Lk; glq;fs;> Gifg;glq;fs; mlq;fpa ifNaL xd;wpidj; jahupj;jy;.
3. Gtp tspf;Nfhsj;jpd; gr;irtPl;L tpistpw;F kdpj nraw;ghLfs; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Js;s tpjj;jpidf; fhl;Lk; jfty;fs; mlq;fpa Rtu;gg
; j;jpupif xd;wpidj;
jahupj;jy;.
4. fhyepiy khw;wk; kdpjdpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;
Kd;itg;G xd;wpid khztu;fs; jahupj;Jg; ghlrhiyapd; Vida
khztu;fSf;F njspT+l;Lk; epfo;r;rp xd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
5. fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfis ,optsthf;Ftjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;iffis cs;slf;fpa Xtpak;/ Ngh];lu; Nghd;w
tw;iw epu;khzpj;jy;.

12
 ePu; tsq;fSk; ePu;tsg; ghJfhg;Gk;
Nju;r;rp : 9.0 ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJld; ePu; tsq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Mtd nra;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 9.1 cyfpd; ePu;g; guk;giyAk; mjd; gz;GfisAk; fw;wha;thu;.

9.2 cyf ePu; tsq;fspidg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfisf; fw;whuha;e;J

ePupidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;;.

ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww;NgWfs; :  cyfpd; ePu;g; guk;giyAk; mjd; gz;GfisAk; tptupg;ghu;.

 cyfpd; ePu; tsq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.
 ePupidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mtrpaj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 capupd epiyj;jpUg;gpw;F ePupidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjd;
mtrpaj;ij typAWj;Jthu;.

mwpKfk;
ePuhdJ capupdq;fspd; epiyg;gpwF; mj;jpatrpakhd tskhFk;. ePu; ,d;wp %d;W ehl;fSf;F
Nky; vk;khy; capu;tho KbahJ. Gtp mjpfstpy; ePuhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk;
capu;fspd; gad;ghl;bw;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba ePu; tsk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. nkhj;j
G+Nfhs ePupd; mstpy; kdpj gad;ghl;bw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ePuhdJ 0.03% kl;LNkahFk;.
kdpj nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ,e;j tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ePUk; khrile;j tz;zKs;sJ.
ePu;tsj;jpd; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf mjd; ngWkjp mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ePiu tpiynfhLj;Jg;
ngwNtz;ba epiyik kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. G+Nfhsj;jpd; ePu;g;guk;gy;> G+Nfhs ePu;
tsj;jpd;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; ePu;g; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisf; fw;gNj ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

- ePyf;Nfhs; - Nfhs;fspy; ePu; fhzg;gLk; xNu Nfhs; GtpahFk;.
- ePupd; ,urhadr; Nru;f;if H2O MFk;. ,J Ijurd; mZf;fs; ,uz;ilAk;
xl;rprd; mZ xd;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
- ePupd; gy;NtW epiyfs;
jpz;k epiy - kiyg;ghq;fhd gpuNjrq;fspy; gdp%LifahfTk;
(Ice Caps), JUtg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gdpg;ghiwfshfTk;
(Glacier) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jput epiy - Gtp Nkw;gug;G ePu;> fly;> MW> Vup> Fsk;> epyf;fPo;
ePu;
thA epiy - ePuhtp> ePu;j;Jsp

13
ePu pd; guk;g y;
- Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpy; 71% ePuhy;
%lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- mjpy; 97.5% rKj;jpu ePuhFk;.
,J ctu; ePuhFk;. kpFjp 2.5%
ed;dPuhFk;.
- ed;duP pd; mstpy; 68.7% gdpgg ; hiw
fshfTk;> 30.1% jiuf;fo P ; ePuhfTk;>
0.8% GtpNkw;gug;gpYk;> 0.4% tspf;
Nfhsj;jpd; ePuhfTk; fhzggLfp
; d;wJ.
- ntspg;Gwj;jpYk; tspf;Nfhsj;jpYk;
gpd;tUkhW ePu; guk;gpAs;sJ:
ed;dPu; Vupfs; 67.5%
kz;zPu; 12.0%
tspf;Nfhs ePu; 9.5% jiuf;f Po; ePu ;
rJg;Gepy ePu; 8.5%
ejp ePu; 1.5%
jhtu ePu; 1.0%
- juk; 12 ,y; fw;Ws;s ePupay;
tl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy;
khztupd; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jf.
- ePupay; tl;lr; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuz
khf capupay; nraw;ghl;bw;F
mtrpakhd ePu; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
- Gtp Nkw;gug;gpw;F ePu; fpilg;gJ
kiotPo;r;rp %ykhfthFk;. mjpy;
xU gFjp epyf;fPo; ePuhf epyj;jpw;
Fs; CLUTfpd;wJ. vQ;rpait
ejpfs;> Vupfs;> Xilfs; %yk; rKj;
jpuq;fisr; nrd;wilfpd;wd.
cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd
Mw;W tbepyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
269 vd;gJld;> mtw;wpd;
gug;gsT 231>059>898 rJu fpNyh
kPw;wu; MFk;. mjhtJ Gtpapd;
gug;gstpy; 45.3% MFk;.

14
Gtpapd; ePu; g; guk;gy;
Nkw;gug;G ePu;
epyf;fo
P ; ePu;
tspf;Nfhs ePu;

Nkw;gug;G ePu;
- jputepiy ePupy; mjpfkhdsT Nkw;gug;G ePuhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpYk;
mjpfsthd ePu; rKj;jpuq;fspy; mlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J ctu; ePuhfTs;sJ.
- ejpfs;> Vupfs;> Xilfs; vd;gtw;wpy; ed;dPu; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
- kdpjDf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ ed;dPuhFk;.

jiuf;fPo; ePu;
- jiuapd; fPo;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; ePuhFk;.
ghiwf;Fok;G ePu; - epyj;jbapy; gbe;jpUf;Fk; ePu;
cld;Njhd;Wk; ePu; - mNrjdg; gbTfSf;fpilapy; Njq;fpapUf;Fk; ePu;
Cw;W ePu; - Cw;Wf;fspy; Njq;fpapUf;Fk; ePu;

tspkz;ly ePu;
- ePuhtp> ePu;jJ
; spfs;

capu; tho;tjw;Fk; Vida kdpj eltbf;iffSf;Fk; ePu; mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.

- clypay; NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLk;.
- tptrhak; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gad;gLk;.
- ifj;njhopy; eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gad;gLk;.
- tPl;Lg;ghtidf;Fg; gad;gLk;.
- ePu;> czTf;fsQ;rpakhFk;. (kPd;fs;> ePu;j; jhtuq;fs;)
- Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLk;.
- rf;jp ts cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLk;.
- nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; tpisahl;LfSf;Fg; gad;gLk;.

15
9. 2 cyf ePu;tsk; njhlu;gpy; nry;thf;F r; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk;
ePu ;g ; g hJfhg; g pd; Kf; f paj;J tk;

cyf ePu;tsj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

- ePu;g; guk;gYk; tpUj;jpAk;
mjpfupf;Fk; rdj;njhiff;F Vw;g ePu;jN
; jitfSk; mjpfupj;jy;.
- efuhf;fk;
mjpf ePu;gg
; ad;ghLk;> ePu; topfs; jilg;glYk;.
- foptfw;wg;gLjy;.
tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> Nritfs;> kw;Wk; tPl;Lj; Njitfspd; NghJ
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTfspdhy; Vw;gLk; ePu; khrilT.
- gris kw;Wk; tptrha ,urhadg; ghtid
ePUld; gy ,urhadg; nghUl;fs; fyj;jy;.
- fhy;eilfspd; fopTg; nghUl;fisr; Nru;j;jy;.
ePu; J\;gpuNahfKk;> khriljYk;
- ifj;njhopy;fs;
epyf;fup> ngw;Nwhypak; kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopy; fhuzkhf fopTfs; ePUld;
fyf;fpdw ; d.
- ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;
nts;sg;ngUf;F> vupkiy ntbg;Gg; Nghd;wtw;why; ePu; khrilfpd;wJ.

ePu ;g; ghJfhg;g pd; Kf;fpaj;J tk;

- ePu;g; ghJfhg;gpd; Njitia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; ,U gpujhd fhuzpfs; cs;sd.
1. Njitf;Fg; NghJkhdjhf ePu;tsk; ,d;ik.
2. fhzg;gLk; ePu; njhlu;r;rpahf khriljy;.
- 2025Mk; Mz;by; cyf rdj;njhifapy; 2/3 gFjpapdu; ePug
; ; gw;whf;Fiwahd
gFjpfspy; tho NeupLk; vd vjpu;T $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- Mgpupf;ff; fz;lj;jpYs;s 25f;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfs; 2025Mk; Mz;lstpy;
Njitahd Fiwe;j gl;r ePiuAk; ngw Kbahj epiy Vw;gLk;. (xU
tUlj;jpy; jdpegUf;F Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r ePupdsT 1700m3 (fd
kPw;wu;) MFk;.
- jw;fhyj;jpy; cyf rdj;njhifapy; 20% MNdhu; ghJfhg;ghd FbePu;
ngwKbahj epiyia vjpu;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,jdhy; gy;NtW Neha;fisAk;
kuzj;ijAk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpWtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhFk;.
- ,e;j E}w;whz;by; ePiug; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhd gpur;rpidfs; vof;$Lk;
vd If;fpa ehLfs; ];jhgdk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

ePu ; khriljy;
- khdpl nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf ePu;tsj;jpd; juk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ.
- khrile;j ePu; gy;NtW topfspy; capu;r;#oypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
- capug; ; gy;tifik ghjpg;giljy;> rpy tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs; mUfpr;
nry;yy;> kugZf;fs; khw;wkiljy;> kdpjd; gy;NtW Neha;fSf;F MshFjy;>
Fzkilaf;$ba> Fzkila Kbahj mr;RWj;jyhd Neha;fSf;F MshF
jy; Nghd;wd ,lk;ngWk;.
16
 - Nkw;gug;G ePu;NghyNt jiuf;fPo; ePUk; khrilfpd;wJ.
- ,jdhy; ePu;g; ghJfhg;gpd; Njit Njhd;wpAs;sJ.

eP u ;g ; ghJfhg;G
- Nkw;gug;G kw;Wk; jiuf;fPo; ePu;tsj;jpidg; ghJfhj;jy;> Kfhik nra;jy;>
tpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; khrilitj; jLj;jy;> vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhfr; Nrkpj;jy;
vd;gd ,jdhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
- ePu; ghJfhg;gpd; NghJ fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,U mk;rq;fs; cs;sd.
1. mjpfupf;Fk; ePupd; Nfs;tpapidg; G+u;jj
; p nra;Ak; tifapy; ePu;
tpepNahfj;jpidg; Ngzy;.
2. ePupd; juj;ijg; NgzYk; tpUj;jp nra;jYk;.

ePu;g;ghJfhg;Gf;fhd gy;NtW eltbf;iffs;

- ePiug; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;jy;.
- kio ePupidg; gad;gLj;jy;.
- ePu;g; ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf kf;fis mwpTWj;jy;.
- jiuf;fPo; ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba toptiffisj; jpl;lkply;.
- Gjpa ePu; epiyfis cUthf;Fjy;.
- ctu; ePupYs;s ctu;j; jd;ikia ePf;fpg; gad;gLj;jy;.
- gad;gLj;jpa ePiur; Rj;jpfupj;J kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jy;.
- ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
- ePu; khriljiyj; jLj;jy;.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. G+Nfhs ePu;tsk; njhlu;ghfr; Rtnuhl;b xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.
2. ePu;tsj;jpidg; ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;gpy; fPNo cs;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; jdp
ahf my;yJ FO mwpf;if xd;iw xOq;FgLj;jy;.
- ePu; khriltjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
- ePu;g; ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
- ePu;g; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;iffs;
- ckJ tPl;by; ePu;g; ghtidapd;NghJ ePu;tsj;jpidg; ghJfhg;gjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;iffs;

17
 ,yq;ifapd; ePu;tsq;fs;
Nju;r;rp : 10.0 ,yq;ifapd; ePu; tsq;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpidg; Ngzpg;
ghJfhg;gjw;F cjTthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 10.1 ,yq;ifapd; ePu; tsq;fspd; guk;gy; kw;Wk; gz;Gfisf;

fw;whuha;thu;.
10.2 ,yq;ifapy; ePu;pidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;
jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww;NgWfs; :  ,yq;ifapy; ePut; sq;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; %yq;fisAk;

tptupg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; ePut; sq;fspd; guk;giyg; glq;fspDjtpAld;
tptupg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; ePu; vt;thW khrilfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;F
thu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; ePu; vt;thW tpuakhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 ePu;tsq;fs; vt;thW kpifahfr; Ruz;lYf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ePu;gg
; hJfhg;G Kiwfs;
gw;wpa jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
mwpKfk;:
,yq;ifapd; ePu;tskhdJ Nkw;gug;G ePu; kw;Wk; jiuf;fo
P ; ePu; vDk; tifapy; guk;gpAs;sJ.
Nkw;gug;G ePupd; xUgFjp jiuf;fPo; ePuhtJld;> jiuf;fPo; ePupd; xU gFjp Nkw;gug;G
ePuhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. vdNt ,tw;Wf;fpilapy; rkepiy Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;if ePu;tsj;jhy; nropj;j ehlhFk;. vkJ ehl;bd; ePu;tsj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; gpujhd

fhuzp kiotPo;r;rpahFk;. ,t;tj;jpahak; %yk; ePu;tsj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;> guk;gy; kw;Wk;
ePu;tsg;gad;ghL njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; fw;fg;gLk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

10.1 ,yq;if ePu;tsj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; guk;gy;
- ,yq;if ePu;tsk; epiwe;j ehlhFk;. vkJ ehl;Lf;Fg; gpujhdkhf ePu;
fpilg;gJ kiotPo;r;rpapdhyhFk;.
- gy;NtW topfspy; Mz;L KOtJk; kiotPo;r;rp fpilf;fpd;wJ.
cifg;G kio / Nkw;fhTif
gUtf;fhw;W
#whtsp
- kiotPo;r;rpapd; msT
Mz;L kiotPo;r;rpapd; ruhrup msT 1861kp.kP. MFk;.
kj;jpa kiyehl;bd; njd;Nkw;Fg; gFjpg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; ,jd;
msT 5000 kp. kPw;wu;fis tpl mjpfkhFk;.
miutus; gFjpfspy; ,J 1000 kp. kPw;wu;fis tplf; FiwthFk;.
- ePu;tsj;jpd; mikTf;F Vw;g mJ ,U tifg;gLk;.
Nkw;gug;G ePu;
jiuf;fPo; ePu;
- ePupd; ,ay;Gf;F Vw;g mjidg; gpujhdkhf %d;W tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
ed;dPu;
ctu; ePu;
rtu; ePu;
18
Nkw;g ug;G ePu ;
Nkw;gug;G ePu; gpujhdkhf %d;W epiyfspy; guk;gpAs;sJ.
Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;
cs;Su; ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;
fsg;Gfs; / fldPNuupfs;

Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;
gpujhd ejpfs; 103 MFk;. ,jpy; 80 ejpfs; cyu; tyaj;jpw;F cupj;jhtJld;
mjpy; mjpfkhdit gUtfhy ejpfshFk;.

vQ;rpa ejpfs; <u tyaj;jpw;F cupj;jhd epue;ju ejpfshFk;. kfhtyp fq;if

ePskhd ejpahtJld; <u tyak; kw;Wk; cyu; tyak; Mfpa ,uz;L gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk;
ePupid toq;Ffpd;wJ.

kfhtyp fq;ifapd; ePNue;J gpuNjrkhf 10327 rJu fpNyh kPw;wu;fs; cs;sd.

ePsk; $ba ,uz;lhtJ ejpahd ky;tj;J Xahtpd; ePNue;J gpuNjrk; 3246 rJuf;
fpNyh kPw;wu;fshFk;.

vkJ ehL ngWk; kioePupy; mjpfkhd msT fliyr; nrd;wilfpd;wJ. ,J

tpuakhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. <utya ejpfspd; tpuak; cyu; tya ejpfspd;
tpuaj;ijtpl mjpfkhFk;.

Nkw;gug;G ePu ;g; guk;g y;

ePsk; ePNue;J Mw;W Kfj;jpy; tPz;tpuak;
ejpfs; gpuNjrk; tUlhe;j (rjtPjk;)
(fp.kP)
(rJu.fp.kP) kiotPo;r;rp (kp.kP)
1 kfhtyp 335 10,327 1946 20
2 ky;tj;J Xah 164 3,246 1332 4
3 fyh Xah 148 2,772 1192 12
4 fsdp 145 2,278 3452 43
5 ahd; Xah 142 1,520 1404 6
6 njJW Xah 142 2,616 1728 36
7 tsit 138 2,442 1774 8
8 khJW Xah 135 1,541 1750 8
9 k`h Xah 134 1,510 2722 42
10 fSfq;if 129 2,688 3605 42
11 fpupe;jp Xah 117 1,165 1618 4
12 Fk;Gf;fd; Xah 116 1,218 1622 24
13 khzpf;f fq;if 114 1,272 1670 16
14 [pd;fq;if 113 922 2887 48
15 kP Xah 109 1,516 1218 2
16 fy;Nyhah 108 1,792 2032 7

%yk; : ,yq;if Njrg;glj; njhFjpapd; ghlrhiy gjpg;G - 2015> gf;. 59.

19
 ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;gug;G ePu;g;guk;gy;

%yk; : ,yq;if Njrg;glj; njhFg;G (ghlrhiy gjpg;G) 2015> gf;fk; - 59)

20
cs;sf ePu ;j;Njf;fq;f s;
,yq;ifapd; cs;sf ePu;j;Njf;fq;fshy; epuk;gpAs;s epyj;jpdsT 2905 rJu fpNyh
kPww
; u;fshFk;. ,jpy; 731 rJu fpNyh kPw;wu;fs; tl kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; gue;Js;sd.

ehl;bd; fiuNahuj;ijr; #og; gy fsg;Gfs; / fldPNuupfs; mike;Js;sd. kzw;

jilfshy; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s xLq;fpa tha;g; gFjpapdhy; flYld; njhlu;GWk;
,f;fsg;Gfspy; rpy rpwpa MWfs; gha;fpd;wd. fsg;Gfspy; ,Ug;gJ rtu;ePuhFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G> Gj;jsk; fsg;G> fynkl;ba vd;gd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;.

jiufPo; ePu ;
jiuapDs; CLUtpj; Njq;fpAs;s ePu; jiuf;fPo; ePuhFk;.
ghiwfspYs;s (Jisfspd; msT) kw;Wk; CLUTk; jd;ik kPJ jiuf;fPo;
ePupdsT jq;fpAs;sJ.

,yq;ifapd; jiuf;fPo; ePu;g;guk;gy;

%yk;: mu;[{dhtpd; Njrg;gl E}y;

21
,yq;i fapd; ePu ;g ;g ad;g hL

fPo;tUk; gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhf ePu; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

- FbePu;
- tPlL
; j;Njit
- tptrhak;
- ifj;njhopy;
- kPd;gpbf; njhopy;
- tpisahl;L kw;Wk; nghOJ Nghf;F eltbf;iffs;
- Rw;Wyh eltbf;iffs;
- Nghf;Ftuj;J eltbf;iffs;
- ePu; kpd; cw;gj;jp
- myq;fhu eltbf;iffs;

22
10.2 ,yq;i fapy; ePu ;g; ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,yq;ifapy; ePu ; khriljy;
- gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;du; ,yq;ifapypUe;j jiuNkw;gug;G ePu; kw;Wk;
jiuf;fo
P ; ePu; mUe;Jtjw;Fk; Vida NjitfSf;Fk; Neubahfg; gad;gLj;jf;
$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
- vdpDk; jw;fhyj;jpy; ePupd; juk; Fiwe;Js;sJ. ehL KOtJk; FbePu;
Nghj;jy; ghtid Ntfkhf mjpfupg;gJ ,jid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
- jw;fhyj;jpy; ePu;njhlu;ghd Kf;fpa gpur;rpid ePu; khriljyhFk;.
- ePu; khriljy; fhuzkhf Neha;fs; mjpfupj;jy;> kdpju;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;
,wj;jy; Mfpa ghuJ}ukhd epiyikfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sd.
- ePu; khriljyhdJ ,aw;iff; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; khdplr; nraw;ghLfs;
Mfpa ,U topfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ePupd; juk; Fiwtilfpd;wJ.
- ,aw;iff; fhuzpfshy; ePu; khriljy;
- fly; ePu; fyj;jy;
- Ez;Zapu;fs; fyj;jy;
- khdpl nraw;ghLfshy; ePu; khriljy;
- kyryf; fopTfs; #oYf;Fj; jpwe;J tplg;gly;.
- tPl;Lf;fopTfs; mfw;wg;gly;.
- nraw;ifg; grisg; ghtid.
- fpUkpehrpdpg; ghtid.
- gPilehrpdpg; ghtid
- ifj;njhopy; fopTfis ePUf;Fs; jpwe;Jtply;.
- mRj;jkhd thAf;fs; fyj;jy;
- Ruq;fk; mfo;jy;> kzy; mfo;jy;> fspkz; mfo;jy;

ePu ; tPz ;t puakhjy;

- ePu; njhlu;ghd kw;WnkhU gpur;rpidahf ePu; tPzt
; puakhjy; fhzg;gLfpdw
; J.
gpujhdkhf ,yq;ifapd; efug; gFjpfspy; tPl;Lj; NjitfSf;fhf> ePu;
tpepNahfj;jpy; mjpfupj;j nrytpid Vw;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
- efuhf;fg; gFjpfspy; jw;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epy %Lif eltbf;if
fs; (nfhd;fpwPl; %Lif) fhuzkhf kioePu; jiuapdhy; cWQ;rg;glhik
kw;Wk; fopTg; nghUl;fs; mjpfupg;G vd;gd epyf;fPo; ePu; kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
tpisTfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
- tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; Nrit eltbf;iffspd; NghJ ePu; mjpfstpy;
tPz; tpuakhfpd;wJ.

ePu ;tsj;j pd; kpjkpQ;r pa ghtid

“Fwpj;j xU gFjpapy; Cw;nwLf;Fk; ePupd; msit tpl
mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jy; kpjkpQ;rpa ghtid”
vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. - World Economic Forum
- ,jdbg;gilapy; ePu;tsj;jpd; kpjkpQ;rpa ghtid vd;gJ gy;NtW gpuNjrq;
fSf;F Vw;g NtWgLk; fhuzp vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.

23
- ePu; tsj;jpd; kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidiag; gy;NtW Jiwfspd; Clhf Muha
KbAk;.
- czT cw;gj;jp
- ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp
- md;whl Efu;T
- #oy; myq;fhuk;
- czT cw;gj;jpf;fhf ed;dPu; 60% gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; gapu;r;nra;iff;Fg;
gad;gLk; ePu;gg
; hrd Kiwf;Nfw;g Vwj;jho 50% ePu; tpuakhfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;
ePu;g;ghtid kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ.
- ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfspd; NghJ ePu; kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ.
Milf; ifj;njhopy;> gPq;fhd; fsp rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy; vd;gtw;Wf;F mjpf
ePu; Njitg;gLfpdw; J. kzy; mfo;T> czT cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy>; nfhq;wl
P ;
cw;gj;jp> fl;ll epu;khzf; ifj;njhopy; vd;gtw;Wf;F vkJ ehl;by; mjpf
ePu; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidAk; epfo;fpd;wJ.
- ehshe;jg; gad;ghl;L eltbf;iffspd; NghJk; kpjkpQr
; pa ghtid epfo;fpdw
; J.
fOTjy; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ (Mil> thfdk;> ehshe;jj; Njitfs;)
Njitg;gLk; Fiwe;jgl;r ePupd; msittpl mjpf ghtid md;whlk;
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
- vkJ ehl;by; myq;fhu eltbf;iffSf;fhf ePu; mjpfstpy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
mg;ghtidapdN ; ghJ ePu; tPz; tpuaKk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf FbePiug;
gad;gLj;JtJ ghupa gpur;rpidahFk;.

,yq;ifapy; ePu;g; ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

gy jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;du; ,yq;ifapd; ePut ; sk; fl;Lg;ghbd;wp mjpfsT gad;gLj;jf;$ba
epiyapy; fhzg;gl;likapdhy; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpid votpy;iy.

vdpDk; jw;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW khdpl eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf ePut; sk; Ntfkhf khrile;J
tUfpd;wJ. mNjNghy; Kiwaw;w ghtid fhuzkhf ePu; ghupastpy; tpuakhfpd;wJ. ePu;
khriljy; kw; W k; tpuaj; j pd; jw; f hy epiyik> gpur; r pidfs; Nghd; w tw; i wf;
Fiwj;Jf;nfhz;L vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhf ePu;tsj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

- ePu;g; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf
1. ePiu tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;jy;.
2. ePupd; kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidiaj; jLj;jy;.
3. ePu; khriljiyj; jLj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

1. ePiu tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;jy;

- ePiu kPs; cw;gj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jy; (3R vz;zf;fU - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)

2. kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidiaj; jLj;jy;

- Fspj;jy;> cilfisf; fOTjy;> foptiwfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jy; Mfpa
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePiu tPz; tpuak; nra;ahJ gad;gLj;jy;.
- kioePiug; gad;gLj;jy;> ePiur; Rj;jpfupj;J kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jy;> etPd
njhopEl;g cgfuzg; ghtid Mfpa El;gq;f@lhf tpuak; kw;Wk; kpjkpQ;rpa
ghtidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

24
 - tptrha eltbf;iffspd; NghJ rpwg;ghd ePu; Kfhikj;Jtj;ijg; Ngzy;>
gapuf ; Sf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; ePupd; msit kl;Lg;gLj;jpg; gad;gLj;jy;> gy;NtW
ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopEl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy; Kf;fpakhditahFk;
- ifj;njhopYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePu; tpuakhfhj tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

3. ePu; khriljiyj; jLj;jy;

- kyryf; fopTfis mfw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;.
- tPl;Lf;fopTfis> vr;rq;fis kPsR
; ow;rpf;F cl;gLj;jy;
- nraw;ifg; grisfs;> gPil nfhy;ypfs;> fpUkpehrpdpfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
gad;ghl;il ,optsthf;fYk; kw;Wk; kl;Lg;gLj;jYk;
- ifj;njhopy; fopTfis mfw;Wtjw;fhd rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wjy;
- kzy; mfo;jy;> Ruq;fk; mfo;jy;> fspkz; mfo;jy; Mfpa eltbf;iffisf;
Fiwj;jy;
- kf;fSf;F tpopg;G+l;Ljy;
- rl;lq;fis kPWNthUf;Ff; fLe;jz;lidfis tpjpj;jy;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. ,yq;ifapd; ePut
; sg; ghJfhg;gpwf
; hf ePug
; g
; htidapd; NghJ gpdg
; w;w Ntz;ba
topKiwfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; / Rtnuhl;b jahupj;J mijg;
ghlrhiyapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
2. ghlrhiyiar; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspd; ePu;%yq;fs;> ePu;g;gad;ghL kw;Wk;
ePu; khriljy; gw;wpa rpW tpsf;fj;Jldhd mwpf;ifapidj; jahupj;jy;.
3. tPl;by;> ghlrhiyapy; ePu; tsj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;F ck;khy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;
$ba eltbf;iffis Kd;nkhope;J mJ njhlu;gpy; khztu;fis mwpTWj;
Jk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;itf;Ff.
(,r;nraw;ghLfspy; xd;iw my;yJ rpytw;iw jdp / FOr; nraw;ghlhf
jpl;lkpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;Jf)

25
 capu;j; jpzpTfSk; #oy; njhFjpAk;
Nju;r;rp : 11 ngsjpf epyj;Njhw;wj;jpd; $WfisAk; gz;GfisAk;
nrad;KiwfisAk; gupry P pj;J mjidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 11.1 capupdf; $l;lj;jpd; (Biomes) cyfg; guk;giyAk; mtw;wpd;

,ay;GfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

11.2 ,yq;ifapd; #oy; njhFjpfspd; guk;giyAk; ,ay;Gfis

Ak; tpsf;Fthu;.

11.3 ,yq;ifapd; #oy; njhFjpfisg; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;jYld;

njhlu;Gila xOf;f newpfis kjpg;gpLthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 40

fw;ww;NgWfs; :  capupdf; $l;lk; vd;why; vd;dntd;gij tiuaiw nra;thu;.

 cyf capupdf; $l;lq;fspd; tiffisg; ngaupLthu;.
 capupdf; $l;lq;fspd; gz;Gfisf; fw;whuha;thu;.
 capupdf; $l;lq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisj; njupe;
njLf;fg;gl;l cjhuzq;fs; %yk; guprPypg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; #oy; njhFjpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; #oy; njhFjpfspd; mk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;$wp
Muha;thu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; #oy; njhFjpfspd; guk;giyg; glj;jpDjtpA
ld; tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; #oy; njhFjpfs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpid
fisg; guprPypg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; #oypay; xOf;fnewpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
Muha;thu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; #oy; njhFjpfisg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;F
vLf;fg;gl;L tUk; eltbf;iffis tpsf;Fthu;.

mwpKfk;
capu;f;Nfhsj;jpd; xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g #oy; njhFjpfisaLj;J capu;j;
jp zp Tf i s , d q; f h z K b A k; . mi t c y f k; K O tJ k; g u k; gp A s ; s d .
capu;gn; gUe;jpzpTfspd; ,ay;Gfs; gy;tifik nfhz;litahFk;. mg;gy;tifik kPJ
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzp fhyepiyahFk;. ,jd;gb cyfpd; gpujhd VO capuj ; j
; pzpT
tiffis ,dq;fhz KbAk;. ngUk;ghYk; Gy;epyq;fs; kw;Wk; rtd;dh capuj ; j
; pzpTfis
,U gpupTfshff; fUjp vl;L capu;j;jpzpTfshf fhl;Lk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L.
,t;Tapu;j;jpzpTfs; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;wd.

capu;j;jpzptpw;Fs; gy #ow;nwhFjpfs; fhzg;glyhk;. #ow;nwhFjp gUkdpy; rpwpajhFk;.

,jd;gb ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLtJ ehd;F gpujhd #ow;nwhFjpfs; MFk;. ,yq;ifapd;
#ow;nwhFjpfspd; ,ay;Gfs; ntt;Ntwhdit. mtw;wpy; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; epyTfpdw; d.
mNjNghy; #ow;nwhFjpfspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; mit njhlu;ghd xOf;f newpj; njhFg;G
xd;Wk; ,yq;iff;F cs;sJ.

capu;jj
; pzptpd; mwpKfk;> gy;NtW capu;jj
; pzpT tiffs;> cyfpy; mtw;wpd; guk;gy;>
,ay;Gfs;> kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; #ow;nwhFjpfspd; guk;gy; kw;Wk; ,ay;Gfs;> mtw;wpd;
ghJfhg;Gld; njhlu;Gila vz;zf;fUf;fs; mj;Jld; xOf;f newpfs; njhlu;ghfTk;
fw;gJ ,t;tj;jpahaj; jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
26
 ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

11.1 capu;j;jpzpTfspd; cyfg; guk;gy; kw;Wk; mtw;w pd; ,ay;Gfs;

“capupdf; $l;lk; vd;gJ VjhtnjhU fhyepiy tiff;F ,irthf;fk; ngw;w
epr;rapf;fg;gl;l jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpd r%fj;ijAila xU #oyhFk;”

cyfpd; gpujhd capupdf; $l;lq;fs; / jpzpTfs;

1. mad kiof; fhLfs;
2. ,ilntg;g tyaf; fhLfs;
3. kj;jpa jiuf; fhLfs;
4. Gy;epyq;fs; kw;Wk; rtd;dhf;fs;
5. ijf;fh fhLfs; (Crpapiyf; fhLfs;)
6. ghiytdq;fs;
7. Je;jpuhf; fhLfs;

cyf capu;j;jpzpTfspd; guk;gy;

mad kiof; fhLfs; ijf;fh fhLfs; Gy;epyq;fs; ghiytdq;fs;

vd;Wk; gRikahdf; kj;jpa jiuf; fhLfs; rtd;dhf;fs; J}e;

J jpuh
fhLfs;

1. mad kiof; fhLfs;

guk;gy;
- Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> njd; mnkupf;fh> kj;jpa mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; gRgpf; rKj;
jpuj; jPTfspy; mad kiof; fhLfisf; fhzKbAk;.
- kj;jpa Nfhl;bw;F ,UkUq;fpYk; ,it guk;gpAs;sd. (tl mfyf;NfhL 10
ghif kw;Wk; njd; mfyf; NfhL 10 ghiff;F ,ilapy;)
- mad kiof; fhLfspy; xU gFjp njd;dnkupf;f ehlhd gpNwrpypy;
mike;Js;sJ.

27
fhyepiy
- 27 ghif nry;rpa]; - 30 ghif nry;rpa]; tiuahd ntg;gepiy Mz;L
KOtJk; epyTfpd;wJ.
- Mz;L KOtJk; mjpf kiotPor
; r
; p epyTfpd;wJ. 2500 - 5000 kpy;yp kPww
; u;fs;
tiu NtWgLfpd;wJ.
- ruhrup <ug;gjd; 79% - 90% tiuahd cau; ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWk;.
- kz;zpd; <uj;jd;ik Mz;bd; mjpf fhyk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.

jhtu ,ay;Gfs;
- jhtuq;fs; mlu;jj
; pahdit.
- jhtuj;jpd; jz;Lg;gFjp Neuhff; fhzg;gLk;. caukhf tsUk;.
- kuq;fisj; jhq;fpg;gpbg;gjw;fhf fpilahf mike;j gf;f Ntu;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
- jhtug; gy;tifik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
- cyfpd; tpNrl jhtu tiffspy; Vwj;jho 60% khdtw;iw ,f;fhLfspy;
fhzyhk;.
- ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; capu;gy;tifikAk; mjpfkhFk;. cyfpd; tpNrl fPo;epy
tsupfspy; Vwj;jho 65% khditAk; tpNrl G+r;rpapdq;fspy; 70% - 80%
tiuAk; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspNyNa tho;fpd;wd.
- xspiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bathW jhtug; gil mike;jpUf;Fk;.
- ntspg;gil
kpf caukhd kuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 35 - 45 kPw;wu; tiuahd
cauKila kuq;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf mike;jpUf;Fk;.
- tpjhdg;gil
tpjhdg;gilapd; jhtuq;fs; xd;Wf; nfhd;W neUf;fkhf
mike;jpUf;Fk;. 25 - 35 kPw;wu; tiuahd cauq;nfhz;lit.
- cg tpjhdg;gil
15 - 25 kPw;wu; msT cauq;nfhz;lit.
- gw;iwj; jhtug;gil
5 - 15 kPw;wu; msT cauq;nfhz;lit
jhtuj; njhFjp nropg;ghdJ. (jhtuj; jz;Lfs; kPJ G+f;fSk;
goq;fSk; fhzg;gly;)
- gy;YUtj; jhtuq;fs; mjpfkhFk;.
jhtuq;fspy; tUlk; KOtJk; Ntfkhd tsu;r;rp epyTk;. epyj;jpw;F xsp
fpilf;Fk; msT Fiwthifahy; fPo;tsupfs; FiwthFk;.
- jhtu tif - fUq;fhyp> n`hu> ehfkuk;> jhio tifj; jhtuq;fs;>
Njf;F> %q;fpy;> kNfh`dp
- tpyq;F tif
Fuq;fpdq;fs; - gG+d;> fUq;Fuq;F> rpWts Fuq;F> rpk;gd;rp
Cu;td - mdnfhz;lh> Gilad;> ehfghk;G
gwitapdk; - fpsp> fhfk;> kuq;nfhj;jp
NtW tpyq;Ffs; - fub> rpWj;ij> Kjiy> ej;ij
28
2. ,ilntg;g tyaf; fhl;L capu;g;n gUe;jpzpTfs;
guk;gy;
- miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; ,UkUq;fpYk; mfyf;NfhL 50 ghif - 60 ghif ,ilg;gl;l
tyaj;jpy; guk;gpAs;sJ.
- tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjp> INuhg;ghtpd; tlf;F gFjp kw;Wk;
kj;jpa gFjp> Mrpahtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjp (nfhupah> [g;ghd;> fpof;F rPdh)
mT];Nuypahtpd; fpof;F kw;Wk; njd; fiuNahug; gFjpfs;> njd; mnkupf;fh
tpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuNahuj;ij mz;ba gFjpfs;.
fhyepiy
- njspthd gUt khw;wq;fisf; fhzKbAk;.
- ntg;gepiyahdJ Mz;L KOtJk; rPuw;wjhf ,Ug;gNjhL mJ Vwj;jho
15 ghif nry;rpa]; tiuapy; fhzg;gLk;.
- Vwj;jho 750 - 1500 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fs; tiuahd kiotPo;r;rp epyTfpd;wJ.
- kiotPo;r;rp FiwntdpDk; jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Fg; NghJkhdjhf cs;sJ.
- Fspu; gUtj;jpy; gdpgbe;J kpfNtfkhf mit cUfpr; nry;fpd;wd.
- Nfhilg; gUtj;jpy; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy tPo;r;rp kpf mjpfkhFk;.
- kz; kpf tsKilaJ. mjpf Nghriz nfhz;lJ.
jhtu ,ay;Gfs;
- jhtuq;fs; mjpfstpy; glu; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lit.
- gpujhd jhtuq;fspd; cauk; 25 - 30 kPww
; u;fs; msT nfhz;lJld; Vidait
8 - 32 kPw;wu;fs; tiu cauk; nfhz;litahFk;.
- Fwpgg
; pll
; stpyhd gilnahd;W cs;sJ. cauq;$ba jhtuq;fs;> fPot
; supfs;>
Gw;fs;> ghrp tiffs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhzKbAk;.
- gUt fhyq;fSf;F Vw;gj; jhtuq;fspd; jd;ik NtWgLk;. Fspu;fhyj;jpy;
jhtu ,iyfs; cjpu;tilAk;.
- mad kiof; fhLfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ Fiwe;j capu;g; gy;tifikNa
,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpNrl jhtu tiffs;
- Xf;> gPr;> Ngr;> Nkgps;> vy;k;> nr];el;
tpNrl tpyq;F tiffs;
- Mgpupf;f vUik> khd;> eup> Ks;sk;gd;wp> Gwh> ku mzpy;> Me;ij> Fapy;

fhyepiy kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; NtWghl;bw;Nfw;g ,f;fhLfs; ,U cg gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.

1; ,ilntg;g tya ,iyAjpu; fhLfs;
2. ,ilntg;g tya vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs;

3. kj;jpajiuf; fhLfs;
guk;gy;
- ,t; capu;gn
; gUe;jpzpT tiffs; midj;Jf; fz;lq;fspdJk; fiuNahug;
gFjpfspy; fhzyhk;. INuhg;gh kw;Wk; tl Mgpupf;fhtpd; kj;jpa jiuf;
fliyr; #o;e;j gFjpfspYk;> tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fypNghu;zpah> njd;d
29
 nkupf;fhtpd; Nkw;F fiuNahug; gFjpfs; (rpyp> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; Nfg;uTz;
rhu;e;j gFjpfs; kw;Wk; mT];jpNuypahtpd; Ngu;j; kw;Wk; ml;yhz;l;ilr;
#o;e;j gFjpfspy; ,t;Tapu;g;ngUe;jpzpT tiffs; gue;Js;sd.
fhyepiy
- tuz;l ntg;gf; fhyepiy epyTk;.
- ntg;gf; fhyj;jpd; ntg;gepiy 26.6 ghif - 32.2 ghif nry;rpa]hfTk;
Fspu;fhyj;jpd; ntg;gepiy 10 ghif nry;rpa]; mstpYk; fhzg;gLk;.
- kiotPo;r;rp Fspu;g;gUtj;jpNyNa fpilf;Fk;.
- Mz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; kiotPo;r;rp 762 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fshf miktJld;
kiotPo;r;rp rPuhdjd;ikiaf; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
- Fspuhd khupAk;> kiotPo;r;rpaw;w NfhilAk; tpNrlkhd ,ay;Gfshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jhtuq;fs;
- Nfhil tul;rpiaj; jhq;ff; $ba tifapy; ,irthf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd.
- jhtu ,iyfs; Kl;fSld; $bait. ,iyfs; nkOF my;yJ Gif
epwj;jpdhy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
- ,iyfs; #upa xspf;F vjpu;j;jd;ikAilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
- jbg;ghd NjhYk;> Kbr;RfSld; $ba jz;Lg; gFjpfSk; fhzg;gLk;.
- Moj;jpy; guk;gpa Ntu;jn
; jhFjpfspD}lhfj; jiuf;fPo; ePiu cWQ;Rk;.
- Nkw;gug;G> Gw;fshy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjd;Nky; kuq;fSk; Gju;fSk;
tsu;e;jpUf;Fk;.
tpNrl jhtuq;fs;
- A+f;fypg;];> rPju;> Xf;> xypt;> upAypg;> igd;> Nuh];Nkup> yTz;lu;> NjtjhU
tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- khd;> mofpa gwit ,dq;fs;> eupfs;> fhl;L eha; (bd;Nfh)

4. Gy;epyq;fs; kw;Wk; rtd;dh

,t;Tapu;g;ngUe;jpzptpy; ,Utifahd Gy;epyq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ,ilntg;g tyag; Gy; epyq;fs;
2. mad tyag; Gy;epyq;fs;

guk;gy;
,ilntg;g tyag; Gy; epyq;fs;
kj;jpa mfyf; Nfhl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspd; fz;l cl;gFjpfspy; gutpAs;sd. u\pahtpd;
];nug;]; (njg;G) Gy;ntsp> tl mnkupf;fhtpd; gpNwawp];> Mn[d;jd
P htpd; gk;gh];>
mT];jpNuypahtpd; lTz;];> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; nty;l;.

madtyag; Gy;e pyq;fs;

Mgpupf;fhtpd; rtd;dh> gpNwrpypd; fk;ngh];> nfhyk;gpah kw;Wk; ntdpRntyhtpd;
yhNdh];

30
 fhyepiy
- ,il ntg;g tyag; Gy;epyq;fis mz;b ePzL
; tuz;l gUtfhyKk;
FWfpa kiotPo;r;rpAk; fhzg;gLk;.
- tUl kiotPo;r;rp 250 - 750 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fs; tiu fhzg;gLk;. fhl;bDila
tpUj;jpf;F ,J NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy.
- ntg;gepiy tPo;r;rp kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy; fhzg;gLk;.
- Fspuhd khjj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gepiyahd Vwj;jho 18 - 20 ghif nry;rpa];
fhzg;gLk;.
- mad tyag; Gy;epyq;fis mz;ba gFjpfspy; 1016 - 1500 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fs;
tiuahd kiotPo;r;rp fhzg;gLk;.
- tuz;l fLk; fhw;W tPRk;.
jhtuq;fs;
- ,ilntg;g tyag; gpuNjrq;fspy; Gy;epy tiffSk;> rtd;dh Gy;epyq;fspy;
caukhd kuq;fSk;> fPo; tsupfSk; fhzg;gLk;. mjpfstpy; Gy; tiffisf;
fhzKbAk;.
tpNrl jhtuq;fs;
- ,ilntg;g tya Gy;epyq;fspd; Gy; tiffs;> Xf;> tpNyh vd;gdTk;>
mad tyag; Gy;epyq;fspy; mf;Nfhrpah kw;Wk; gNahghg; jhtuq;fisAk;
fhzKbAk;.
tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- ,ilntg;g tyag; Gy;epyq;fspd; tpyq;Ffshf fgpyf; fub> vypf;> eup
MfpadTk;> madg; Gy;epyq;fspy; rpq;fk;> tupf;Fjpiu> ahid> fhl;nlUik>
xl;lfr;rptpq;fp> rpWj;ij Mfpa tpyq;FfSk; tho;fpd;wd.

5. ijf;fh capu;g ;n gUe;j pzpTfs; (Crpapiyf; fhLfs;)

guk;gy;
- tl mnkupf;fhtpd; tl mfyf;NfhL 45 ghif - 55 ghif tiu tlf;fhfTk;
Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpd; tl mfyf; NfhL 50 - 60 ghif tiu tlf;fhfTk;
gutpAs;sJ.
- tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; cs;s fz;lq;fspy; Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;F tiu
XU njhluhfg; gutpAs;sJ.
cjhuzk; :- fdlh> tl INuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;J irgPupah tiu
fhyepiy
- Nfhil khupg; gUtk; rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gLtJld; ,iyAjpu; fhyKk; tre;j
fhyKk; FWfpajhFk;.
- ntg;gepiy xg;gl P ;lstpy; FiwthFk;. tUlk; KOtJk; tuz;l ntg;gepiy
epyTk;. ruhrup tUl ntg;gepiy 21 ghif - 54 ghif nry;rpa]; tiuahFk;.
- Xu; Mz;bDs; ntg;gepiy 0 ghifia tplf; Fiwe;j khjq;fs; MW
MFk;.
- Fspu; fhyk; kpfTk; fLikahf ,Uf;Fk;.
- ,iyAjpu; fhyj;jpYk; kpf ePz;l gfy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

31
 - tUl kiotPo;r;rp 350 - 850 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fs; tiuahFk;. mjpfsthd
kiotPo;r;rp ,iyAjpu; fhyj;jpd; ,ilg;gFjpapy; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
jhtuq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;
- jhtuq;fs; Crp Nghd;w ,iyfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J mjpf gdp gbjiyj;
jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$ba tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
- tpNrl jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if FiwthFk;.
- jhtuq;fspd; cauk; 12 - 20 kPw;wu;fs; tiu kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;.
- fPo;tsupfs; FiwthFk;.
- Fiwe;j capu;g;gy;tifik fhzg;gLk;.
tpNrl jhtuq;fs;
- x];bad; igd;> gu;> ];G&];
tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- eup> nrk;khd;> khL> vy;f;> Ks;sk;gd;wp> fub> Kay;.

6. ghiytd capu;g ;n gUe;j pzpT

cyfpd; epyg;gug;gpy; 20% khdit ghiytdq;fshFk;. ,jd; tpNrl ,ay;G
Fiwthd kiotPo;r;rpahFk;.
ntg;gepiyapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghiyepyq;fs; ,U gpupTfshfg; gpupff
; g;
gLfpd;wd.
1. ntg;gg; ghiytdk; (mad tyaj;ij mz;b)
2. Fspu;g; ghiytdk; (,ilntg;g tyaj;jpy; cs;sit)
guk;gy;
- tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;F mfyf; NfhL 20 ghif - 35 ghiff;F ,ilapYs;s
tyaj;jpy; ntg;gg; ghiytdg; guk;gy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
- fz;lq;fspd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
- Mgpupff
; htpd; rfhuh kw;Wk; fyfhup> mNugpag; ghiytdk; mT];jpNuypahtpd;
ngupa mT];jpNuypag; ghiytdk; vd;gd ntg;gg; ghiytdq;fshFk;.
- Mrpahtpd; Nfhgp> tl mnkupf;fhtpd; netlh ,lNfh> xwpNfhd;>
njd;dnkupf;fhtpy; mw;wfhkh Nghd;wd Fspu; ghiytdq;fshFk;.
fhyepiy
- ntg;gg; ghiytdq;fspd; Mz;L kiotPo;r;rp 150 kpy;yp kPww
; u;fis tplf;
FiwthFk;.
- Mz;L KOtJk; rPuhd ntg;gepiy epyTk;. mJ 20 ghif - 25 ghif
nry;rpa]; tiuahFk;. rpy re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; mrhjhuz ntg;gepiyAk; epyTk;.
43 ghif - 49 ghif nry;rpa]; tiu ,J mikAk;.
- ehshe;j ntg;gepiy cau;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
- tsp tuz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.
- ,uT gfy; ,uz;bYk; tuz;l fhw;W tPRk;.
- Fspu; ghiytdq;fspy; Fspu; gUtj;jpd; ntg;gepiy 02 ghif nry;rpa]; -
4 ghif tiu miktJld; Nfhilg;gUtj;jpy; 21 ghif - 26 ghif nry;rp
a]; tiu mikaf;$Lk;.
32
 - gdpahy; %bf;fhzg;gLk;. tre;jfhyj;jpy; kiotPo;r;rpiag; ngWk;.
mJ 150 - 260 kpy;yp kPww
; u;fs; tiuahFk;.
jhtuq;fs;
- jhtu %Lif gutpf; fhzg;glhJ.
- nropg;ghd epyk; kw;Wk; kiotPo;r;rp ngWk; ,lq;fis mz;ba gFjpfspy;
rpwpastpy; jhtu %Liffs; fhzg;gLk;.
- fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; Fiwe;j ntg;g tPr;Rf;F ,irthf;fk; ngw;Wf;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy;
* nky;ypa ,iyfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
* ,iyfs; nkOFj; jd;ikAld; ,Uj;jy;.
* fPo; Nehf;fpa ,iyfshff; fhzg;gly;.
* ePzl ; Ntu;jn; jhFjp.
* Kl;fs; er;Rj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
* rijg; gpbg;ghd jz;L nfhz;l jhtuk;.
Nghd;wd ,j;jhtuq;fspd; tpNrl ,ay;GfshFk;.

tpNrl jhtuq;fs;
fs;spapdq;fs;> itukhd kuq;fs;> fw;whis> Kl;Gju;fs;> ghrpapdq;fs;.
tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- tpyq;Ffs; ntg;gj;jpw;F ,irthf;fk; ngw;wit.
ePiu Nrkpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w jd;ikAila xl;lfr; rptpq;fp rpwe;j
cjhuzkhFk;.
- tpyq;Ffs; fha;e;j rUFfis cz;L thOk;.
- ngUk;ghyhd tpyq;Ffs; ,utpNyNa elkhLk;.
- jiuapd; ntg;gepiyapy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;F Vw;wtifapy; rpy
gwitfs; 300 kPw;wUf;F Nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; gwe;J nry;Yk;.
- ghiytdr; #oYf;F ,irthf;fk; ngw;w tpyq;Ffs; tho;fpd;wd. xl;lfk;>
ghiytd Xzhd;> vWk;Gfs;> ghiytd vyp (Jerboa)> Cu;td> Xzhd;
tiffs;.

7. Je;j puh capu;g ;n gUe; j pzpT

capu;gn; gUe;jpzpTfspy; Fspuhd capu;gn
; gUe;jpzpT ,JthFk;. ,J Ml;bf;
Je;jpuh kw;Wk; my;igd; Je;jpuh vd ,U gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
guk;gy;
- tl mnkupf;fh> INuhg;gh> Mrpah kw;Wk; fpwPd;yhe;jpd; tl JUtj;ij
mz;ba gFjpfspy; Ml;bf; Je;jpuh capu;gn; gUe;jpzpTfs; guk;gpAs;sd.
- vtnu];l>; my;g;]; Mfpa kiyr; rpfuq;fspy; my;igd; Je;jpuh capu;g;
ngUe;jpzpTfs; guk;gpAs;sd.
fhyepiy
Ml;bf; Je;jpuh
- kpff; fLikahd ePz;l Fspu; gUtk; cz;L.
- Fspu; gUtj;jpy; ntg;gepiy -34 ghif nry;rpa]; MFk;.

33
 - Nfhilg; gUtj;jpd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy 3 ghif - 12 ghif nry;rpa];
tiu NtWgLk;.
- gdp fye;j ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho MW khjq;fs; tiu fhzg;gLk;. gy
thuq;fs; ,Us; #o;e;J fhzg;gLk;.
- tUl kiotPo;r;rp 150 - 250 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.
- MW khjq;fs; xsp fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,J jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jilahf cs;
sJ.
- ve;NeuKk; gdpg;gbTk;> gdpj;J}wYk; ,lk;ngw;w tz;zk; fhzg;gLk;.
- kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;F 200 fpNyh kPw;wu;fs; Ntfj;jpy; fhw;W tPRk;.
my;igd; Je;jpuh
- cauk; $lf; $l ntg;gepiy Fiwtiltjhy; ,g;gFjpfspy; Je;jpuh
capug; ; ngUe;jpzpTfspd; ,ay;Gfs; cUthfpdw ; d. tUlk; KOtJk; gdpahy;
%lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ntg;g fhyj;jpy; ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho 10 ghif nry;rpa]hff;
fhzg;gLk;.
jhtuq;fs;
- FWfpa tre;j fhyj;jpy; khj;jpuk; jhtuq;fs; tsu;r;rpailfpd;wd.
- Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jilahf ,Ug;gjpdhy; Fiwthd
jhtug; gy;tifikNa epyTfpd;wJ.
- gdpahy; %lg;gl;l gFjpfspy; tOtOg;ghd ghrpfs; tsu;fpd;wd.
- Je;jpuh jhtur; r%fj;jpy; Kjd;ik ngWtJ Gw;fshFk;. ,it Mq;fhq;Nf
Gju;fshff; fhzg;gLk;.
- jz;Lld; $ba jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
- jhtu ,iyfs; nky;ypait. ,iyfs; cl;Gwk; Nehf;fp tise;J fhzg;gLk;.
tpOJfs; fhzg;gLk;.
tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- tpyq;Ffspd; tho;f;iff;F ctg;ghd #oy; ,y;iy. fLikahd Fspuhd
#oYf;Fg; gof;fg;gl;Ls;s gdp Me;ij> gdpkhd;> ngd;Fapd;> rPy; kPd;fs;
kw;Wk; ,lk;ngau; gwitfisf; fhzKbAk;.

jw;fhyj;j py; capu;g ;n gUe;j pzpTfs; vjpu;n fhs;S k; rthy;f s;

jw;fhyj;jpy; midj;J capu;gn
; gUe;jpzpTfSk; gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;
nfhLf;fpd;wd. mitahtd>
1. khdpl nraw;ghLfshy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fs;
2. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fshy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fs;

khdpl nraw; g hLfs;

- tptrha eltbf; i ffs;
gapu; epyq;fs; tpupTgLj;jg;gLtjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w fhlopg;G mad tya
fhl;L capu;g;ngUe;jpzpTfisg; ghupastpy; ghjpf;fpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :- mNkrd; gs;sj;jhf;F> nfhq;Nfh gs;sj;jhf;F> njd;fpof;fhrpag;
gFjpfs;.
- mNefkhd gFjpfspy; tpisepyq;fs; tpupthf;fg;gLtjdhy; ghiytdkhf;fk;
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
34
 cjhuzk;: Mgpupf;f rfhuhg; ghiytdj;jpd; njw;fpy; mike;Js;s gFjpfs;.
- tptrhaj;jpdN
; ghJ fpUkp ehrpdpfs; kw;Wk; ,urhadg; grisfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLtjpdhy; ePu; capu;gn
; gUe;jpzpTfSf;Fg; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
- ntl;Lkuf; ifj;njhopy; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w fhlopg;G madtyaf; fhl;L
capug
; n
; gUe;jpzpTfspd; capug
; g
; y;tifikf;Fg; ghjpgG
; fis Vw;gLj;Jfpdw
; d.
- gy;NtW ifj;njhopyf; spdhy; tsp khriljy; kw;Wk; ePuk
; hriljy; fhuzkhf
capu;gn
; gUe;jpzpTfspy; gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. mkpykiog; nghopT
fhuzkhf ijf;fh capu;g;ngUe;jpzpTfSf;Fg; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
- mfo;Tf; ifj;njhopypd; fPo; fdpa vz;nza; mfo;T fhuzkhf rKj;jpu
capu;gn
; gUe;jpzpTfs; mjpfsthd gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;wd.
- Ruq;f mdu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs; mjpfstpy;
khw;wKWfpd;wd. 2010 Mk; Mz;by; nkf;rpf;Nfhtpd; fuPgpad; flypy; Vw;gl;l
tpgj;J kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; rKj;jpug; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhuzkhf
rKj;jpu capu;gn ; gUe;jpzpTfs; gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;fpd.
- ngUe;njUf;fs; mikj;jy; Nghd;w mgptpUj;jpg; gzpfSk; capu;g; ngUe;
jpzpTfSf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :- mNkrd; fhl;bDs; ,lk;ngWfpd;w gy;NtW mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffs;.

,aw;i f mdu;j ;jq;fs;

- jfl;Nlhl;lr; nraw;ghLfs;> Gtpajpu;T> Rdhkp> nts;sg;ngUf;F> tul;rp>
kz;rupT> #whtsp Mfpa ,aw;if mdu;jj ; q;fspdhYk; capug
; n
; gUe;jpzpTfs;
gy;NtW gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wd.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;Ff. xU FOtpw;F xUtif
capu;g;ngUe;jpzpT tPjk; toq;fp capu;gn
; gUe;jpzpTfspd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk;
gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf jkJ Mf;fj;jpid Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;gg
; k; toq;Ff.
,jpy; ,aYkhdtiu glq;fspd; %yk; fUj;Jf;fis cWjpg;gLj;j Vw;ghL
nra;f.

35
11.2 ,yq;ifapy; #oy; njhFjpapd; guk;gYk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk;
#oy;njhFjp vdg;gLtJ xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Gila capUs;s kw;Wk; capuw;w
$Wfspd; ,ay;GfSld; $ba ,aw;ifahd my;yJ kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
myfhFk;. ,yq;if mad tyaj;jpy; mike;j 65610 rJu fpNyhkPww ; u;fs; gug;Gila
jPthFk;. fhyepiyapy; ghupa NtWghLfs; fhzg;glhtpbDk; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk;
jPthf mike;jpUj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; #oy; njhFjpfspy; gpuNjr NtWghLfs;
epyTfpd;wd.

ghl tplaj;i j tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;f

 ,yq;ifapd; #oy; njhFjpfs;
,yq;ifapy; ehd;F gpujhd #oy; njhFjpfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
1. fhLfs;
2. Kl;Gju;f; fhLfs;
3. Gy;epyq;fs;
4. <u epyq;fs;

1. fhl;Lr; #oy;njhFjp
fhl;Lr; #oy;njhFjp %d;W tifg;gLk;.
1. madtya kiof;fhLfs;
2. tuz;l tya vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs;
3. kiyf; fhLfs;
(,yq;if jhtu tya Njrg;glk; : ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj; njhFjp> ghlrhiy ntspaPL>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G> 2015> gf;f ,yf;fk; 69)

mad kiof; fhLfs;

- cyf capu;g;ngUe;jpzpTfspy; mad kiof;fhLfs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
jho;epyk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa gFjpapd; <u tyaj;jpy; gutpAs;sd. rpq;fuh[>
fd;ndypa> nujpfy> ehfpahnjdpa> W}zfe;j> wd;kyfe;j Mfpad
cjhuzq;fshFk;.
- ,yq;ifapd; KO epyg;gug;gpy; Vwj;jho 8% epyj;jpy; guk;gpAs;sd.
- capu;g; gy;tifik kpf cau;ej
; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,lkhf ,f;fhLfis
milahsk; fhzKbAk;.

fhyepiy
- kiotPo;r;rp 2500 - 5000 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.
- Mz;L KOtJk; gutyhd kiotPo;r;rp ngWk;. mjpfstpy; Nk - nrg;nlk;gu;
khjq;fspy; ngWfpd;wJ.
- Mz;L KOtJk; epyTk; ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho 27 ghif nry;rpa]; MFk;.

jhtuq;fs;
- mjpfsthd jhtug; gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJld; vd;Wk; gRikahdJ.
- ,yq;iff;Nf cupjj
; hd jhtuq;fspy; Vwj;jho 100 - 140 tiu fhzg;gLfpdw
; d.
- mfykhd ,iyfs;> ePu;tbe;J tpof;$bait (,iyfspd; kPJ tpOfpd;w
ePu; tope;J nry;tjw;fhf)

36
 - ntsprr
; k; Fiwthff; fpilg;gjdhy; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfs;
mfykhditahff; fhzg;gLk;.
- jhtuq;fs; gilfs; nfhz;litahfTk;> jdpj; jz;Lg; gFjpiaf; nfhz;l
jhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
- jhtuq;fspd; gilfs; 35 - 45 kPw;wu;fs; tiu cauj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
gpujhd jhtuq;fs; - n`hu> J}zh> fhl;L <ug; gyh
- tpjhdg;gil 20 - 25 kPw;wu;fs; tiu cauKilajhFk;.
vlg> njhk;g> fPd> fhl;L <ug;gyh> kpy;y.
- cg tpjhdg;gil 10 - 15 kPw;wu;fs; tiu cauKilaJ.
fpj;Js;. nfhlgu> jpagu> fue;j
- fPo;gil Vwj;jho 3 kPw;wu; cauj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
gpuk;G> %q;fpy;
- fPot
; supfs; neUf;fkhf tsu;ej
; pUg;gjhy; fhl;bw;Fs; gpuNtrpg;gJ fbdkhFk;.
- Nky; xl;Lj;jhtu tif
urfpe;j> gpuk;G> kukQ;ry;> xf;fpl;]; tif

tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- rpWj;ij> Cu;td> gwitfs;> ej;ijfs; kw;Wk; tpNrl G+r;rpapdq;fs;
- ,yq;iff;Nf cupj;jhd tpyq;Ffspy; 74% khdit ,f;fhLfspNyNa
tho;fpd;wd.

gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; (vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs;)

guk;gy;
- ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 3/5 gFjpapy; gutpAs;sd.
- tuz;l tyaj;jpYk;> <u tyaj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspYk;
gutpAs;sd. (WFZ> ahy> cltsit Nghd;w tdg; G+q;fhf;fs; cs;s
lq;Ffpd;wd) tlf;F> njw;F> tl kj;jpa> njd; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy;
guk;gpAs;sJ.

fhyepiy
- tUl kiotPo;r;rp 1250 - 2000 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.
- Mz;L KOtJk; Vwj;jho 30 ghif - 35 ghif nry;rpa]; tiuahd
ntg;gepiy epyTk;.
- MtpAapu;gG
; mjpfk;.
- Nk - nrg;nuk;gu; tiuapyhd fhyk; tul;rp epyTk;.

jhtuq;fs;
- NtWgl;l kiotPo;r;rpf;F ,irthf;fk; ngw;w jhtuj; njhFjpahFk;.
- tul;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,iy cjpu;Tk;> kiof;fhyj;jpy; Ntfkhd tsu;r;rpAk;
,lk;ngWk;.
- jhtuq;fs; gilahf;fj; jd;ikaw;W jdpj;jdpahf mike;J fhzg;gLk;.
- jhtu cauk; Vwj;jho 15 - 20 kPw;wu;fshFk;.
37
 - Xu; myF epyj;jpd; capu;gg
; y;tifik xg;gl
P ;lstpy; FiwthFk;.
- jhtuq;fspd; Nkw;gFjp ngUk;ghYk; njspthd jd;ikiag; ngWk;.
- epyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpwF
; ed;F #upa xsp fpilg;gjdhy; fPo; tsupfs; mjpfkhFk;.
- Nky; xl;bj; jhtuq;fSk;> VWnfhbfSk; FiwthFk;.
- nfhbfs;> kpy;y> ahtuiz> fUq;fhyp> Kjpiu> Njf;F> Ntk;G> tPiu
Mfpa jhtuq;fs; ed;F tsUk;.

tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- ahid> Fuq;F> rpWtd; Fuq;F> ,lk;ngau; gwitfs;> kiu> khd;> rpWj;ij>
fhl;Lg;gd;wp

kiyf; f hLfs;
guk;gy;
- fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1200 kPww
; u;fis tpl caukhd gpuNjrq;fspy; gutpAs;sJ.
- gPJWjhyfhiy> Nghgj;jyht> fpf;fpypakhd> rptndhspghjkiy> ef;fps;];

fhyepiy
- tUl kiotPo;r;rp 3500 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fis tpl mjpfkhFk;. Mz;L KOtJk;
gutyhff; fpilf;Fk;.
- ntg;gepiy 20 ghif - 24 ghif nry;rpaRf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;. ehshe;j
kw;Wk; tUlhe;j khw;wq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
- Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; fLq;fhw;W tPRk;.

jhtuq;fs;
- jhtug; gy;tifik FiwT.
- nky;ypa ,iyfs; kw;Wk; ,iyfs; nkOFj; jd;ik nfhz;litahff;
fhzg;gLk;.
- caukhf tsu;tjpy;iy. (cauk; 10 - 15 kPw;wu;fs;) Vwj;jho 2000 kPw;wu;
caug; gpuNjrq;fspy; jhtuq;fspd; cauk; FiwT. (8 - 10 kPw;wu;fs;)
- gilfs; ,y;iy. jhtuq;fSf;fpilapy; ,ilntsp mjpfk;.
- tise;j jhtuj; jz;Lfs; fhzg;gLk;.
- fhw;Wf; fhuzkhf jpupGila Kbr;RfSld; $ba jz;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpdw
; d.
- jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; kPJ xf;fl
P ]
; ; tiffs;> ghrp Nghd;w Nknyhl;bj; jhtuq;fs;
mjpfkhFk;. khdhg;Gw;fs; mjpfkhf tsUk;.
- fPdh> nrz;gfkuk;> kiyf;fhl;L %q;fpy;> jk;g Mfpad mjpfkhFk;.

tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
khd;> kiu> fhl;Lg;gd;wp Nghd;w ghY}l;bfs;> tpNrl Xzhd; tiffs; kw;Wk;
gwitapdq;fs;.

38
2. Kl;Gju; #oy; njhFjp
guk;gy;
- ,yq;ifapd; miutus; tyaj;jpfF ; upjj
; hd kd;dhu;> Gj;jsk;> mk;ghe;Njhl;il>
Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fhyepiy
- tUl kiotPor ; r
; p 1200 kpyy
; p kPww
; u;fis tplf; FiwthFk;. vdpDk; mjpfkhd
,lq;fspy; 800 - 1000 kpy;yp kPw;wu;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;.
- 30 ghif nry;rpa]; tiu cau; ntg;gepiy epyTk;.
- khu;r; - nrg;nuk;gu; tiuahd fhyk; tul;rpf; fhykhFk;.
- kz; tpiutpy; tul;rpj; jd;ikiag; ngw;WtpLk;.

jhtuq;fs;
- tuz;l fhyepiyf;Fj; jhtuq;fs; ,irthf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd.
- kuq;fs; 3 - 6 kPw;wu;fs; cauk; nfhz;lit.
- jhtuq;fs; $uhd Kl;fisAk; jbj;j ,iyfisAk; nfhz;lit.
- ePiur; NrkpjJ
; f; nfhs;Sk; jhtuq;fs; gue;Js;sd. mtw;wpd; Ntu;jn
; jhFjpfs;
ePz;l gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gutpapUf;Fk;.
- tPiu> gY> k`fgu Mfpa jhtuq;fs; gutpAs;sd. ,lj;jpw;fplk; tsu;e;j
fhl;L Kl;nrbfshd fs;sp> me;jiu> nghd;dhtuR> FFs; fL> udtuh>
fw;whis> et`e;jp> jYf; Mfpatw;iwf; fhzyhk;.

tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- fhl;nlUik> gd;wp> kapy; kw;Wk; gwit ,dq;fs;

3. Gy;epyr; #oy; njhFjp

guk;gy;
- ,yq;ifapy; fhLfsy;yhj jhtuj;njhFjpfSs; gpujhdkhf Kf;fpak; ngW
git Gy;epyq;fshFk;.
- gpuNjr NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; fhyepiy mbg;gilapy; Gy;epyj; njhFjpfs;
ehd;fpid ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
1. <ug; gj;jidg; Gy;epyq;fs;
- 5000 mbapid tpl caukhd N`hl;ld; rkntsp> rPjh vypa>
re;jnjd;d> mf;fugj;jid> mk;Ngnty kw;Wk; fe;jnghy gpuNjrq;fspy;
gutpAs;sd.
- Kjd;ikahd jhtuk; Gw;fshFk;. gw;iwj; jhtuq;fs; (nrt;tuj;ij)

2. tuz;l gj;jidg; Gy;epyq;fs;

- fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1500 - 3000 kPww
; Uf;F ,ilapyhd cauj;jpYs;s
gpuNjrq;fshd Cth gs;sj;jhf;F> rpq;fuh[tdj;ij mz;kpj;j
,wf;Fthid gpuNjrj;jpYk;> gz;lhutis kw;Wk; ntypkil cau;epyg;
gpuNjrq;fspYk; fhz KbAk;.
- fpilf;Fk; kiotPo;r;rpapd; msT FiwthFk;.

39
 - jw;NghJ ,q;F Njrpa jhtuky;yhj jhtu tiffs;
tsu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

3. jyhitg; Gy;epyq;fs;
- fy;Nyhah> nghydWit> khJW Xah Mfpa jho;epy cyu;
tyag; gFjpfspy; gutpAs;sd.
- khdhGy;> ,Yf;Fg;Gy; Nghd;w Gy;tiffs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

4. tpy;Y
- kiotPor
; r
; p ngWk; gFjpapy; ePupdhy; %o;fpa> ePu; Njq;Ffpd;w jho;epyq;
fis mz;bf; fhzKbAk;.
- Nrhkhtjp> kd;dk;gpl;ba> tpy;gj;J Njrpa tdg;G+q;fh Mfpatw;wpy;
gutpAs;sd.

jhtuq;fspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs;

- Kjd;ikahd jhtuk; Gw;fshFk;.
- Mq;fhq;Nf tsu;fpd;w cauk; Fiwe;j kuq;fisAk; kw;Wk; rpwpa
Gju;fisAk; fhz KbAk;.

tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
- Fuq;F> kiu> fhl;Lg;gd;wp> tpNrl Cu;tdq;fs; kw;Wk; gwit ,dq;fs;.

4. <uepy #oy; njhFjp

<u epyk; njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;ifahd “uk;rhu;” cld;gbf;ifapd;gb
rJg;G epyq;fs; vd;gJ ePuhy; epuk;gpa kuq;fSldhd gpuNjrq;fs;> ,aw;ifahf
my;yJ jw;fhypfkhf cWjpaw;w epyq;fspy; ePu; Njq;fpAs;s my;yJ gha;e;J
nry;fpd;w ed;dPu;> ctu;ePu; my;yJ rtu; ePu; cila gpuNjrq;fSk;> tw;Wf;
fhyj;jpy; Mok; 6 kPw;wu;fis tpl mjpfupf;fhj epyq;fs; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLk;.
,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; 41 <uepyq;fs; cs;ehl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
<uepyq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

,yq;ifapd; <uepyq;fs;

,aw;ifahd <uepyk; nraw;ifahd <uepyk;

• cg;gsq;fs;
ed;dPu; rtu;ePu; • mikf;fg;gl;l ePuj
; N
; jf;fk;
• tptrha epyk; (tay;fs;)
• mfo;Tf; Fopfs;
•cs;ehl;L ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs; • nly;lh (fopKfk;)
•MWfs;> mUtpfs; • fz;ly; epyk;
• ed;dPu; Nrw;Wepyk; • fsg;G
• nts;sr;rkntsp • nts;sr;rkntsp
• tpy;Y • fliy mz;ba <uepyk;
• rtu; ePUld; $ba <uepyk;
• gtsg; ghiwfs;
40
 ed;dPu; <uepyq;fs;
- nts;sr;rkntsp kw;Wk; tpy;Y
Mw;Wr; rkntspfis mz;b kw;Wk; cau;epyq;fSf;fpilapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
mbf;fb ePupy; %o;Ftjpdhy; ve;NeuKk; ePu; Njq;fpapUf;Fk;.
cjhuzk; : kP Xahit mz;ba tdhj;J tpy;Y> fyh Xah> kfhtyp
- ed;dPu; Nrw;Wepyk;
epyf;foP ; eP&w;Wf;fs;> ePNuhl;lq;fs; my;yJ Mw;W ePu; fhuzkhf ve;NeuKk;
<uypg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzk; : N`hl;ld; rkntsp
- Nrw;Wepyf; fhLfs;
jhtu r%fk; Kjd;ik ngWfpd;w Mokhd ePu;jn; jhFjpahFk;.
cjhuzk; : fSj;Jiw khtl;lj;jpd; tj;Jwhd Nrw;W epyk; (cyfpd;
ftdj;ij mjpfk; <u;jJ
; s;sJ)
- rtu; ePu;
fldPNuup kw;Wk; fopKfk;
fz;ly;> rKj;jpuq;fis mz;ba Gy;epyq;fs; kw;Wk; fopKfk; (nly;lh).
cjhuzk; : Gj;jsk;> aho;gg
; hzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G> ePu;nfhOk;G fldPNuup
- jho;epy Nrw;Wepyk; (Low lying marsh)
ctu; ePUf;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$ba Gy; ,dq;fs; kw;Wk; rtu; ePu;
- tw;Wg;ngUf;Fg; gFjpfs; (Tidal flats)
ePu; nfhz;l Nrw;Wepyq;fshFk;. rJg;Gf; Fopfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
mit ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;w fiuNahu jho;epyg; gpuNjrq;fshFk;.
cjhuzk; : Ke;jy;> Ge;jy> jpUNfhzkiy.
- nraw;ifahd <uepyk;
Fsq;fis mz;ba Gw;gLf;iffspy; ,Ue;J kuq;fs; tiuahd ,il
ntspiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fis mz;bg; gutpAs;sd.
cjhuzk; : kpd;Ndupah> fpupj;jy.
jhtuq;fs;
- <uepyq;fis mLj;J mjpfstpy; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLtJ fz;ly; jhtuq;fshFk;.
cyfpd; fz;ly; jhtu ,dq;fspy; ngUksT ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- #oYf;F mjpf ,irthf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd.
* fhw;Wf;Fk; ePupd; Ntfj;jpw;Fk; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$ba tifapy;
gf;fNtu;fisAk;> tpOJfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
G+q;fz;ly;> ngUq;fpz;iz> Ks;sp> fpz;iz>
ePu;j;njd;id> ntz;fz;ly; tpijfisf; nfhz;l
jhtuq;fSk; Gju;j;jhtuq;fSk; mjpfstpy; cs;sd.
* rpy ePu;fz;ly;fs;
- tpijfSld; $ba mlu;jj
; pahd jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; gw;iwj; jhtuq;fs;
fhzg;gly;.
- flw; Gy;epyq;fs; (ePu; nfhOk;G> kz;iljPT> NfhNzrGuk;> kd;dhu; Flh)
`gut> nff;fl;ba> vu> kpnjy;y Mfpa jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

41
tpNrl tpyq;Ffs;
epue;jukhf tho;tdTk; ,lk;ngau; gwitfSk; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; : ,Utha;fF ; Utp (Nfjj;jh)> ePuf ; hfk;> nfhz;ilf;fpshj;J kw;Wk; NtW
nfhf;F ,dq;fs;> ePu;g;gwitfs;> kPd;nfhj;jp>
,lk;ngau; gwitfs;
f];gpad; fliyf; fle;JtUk; ehlw;Gwh> u[rpaf;fhupa (nfhe;jd;)
kPd;fs; (ed;dPu;> rtu;ePu; vd;gtw;wpy; tho;td)
ez;L> ,why;> Nrw;W rpq;f ,why;

,yq;i fapd; #ow;n jhFjpfs; vjpu;N ehf;F fpd;w gpur;r pidfs;

- ,yq;ifapd; #ow;njhFjp vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpid fhlopg;ghFk;.
1900fspy; tdf;fhg;G 70% MFk;. 1920fspy; ,yq;ifapd; fhl;Lg;Nghu;it nkhj;jg;
gug;gpy; 49% Mf ,Ue;jJld; 2005,y; 20% ,dhy; Fiwtile;Js;sJ.
- ,yq;ifapd; #ow;nwhFjp rhu;ej
; gpur;rpidfSf;F khdpl nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf
mikfpd;wd.
- <utyaj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf efu kakhf;fYf;fhd Nfs;tp fhLfs; kPJ mr;RWj;jiy
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
- fhLfis mz;ba fpuhkq;fs; kw;Wk; efuq;fs; tpupthf;fg;gLjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs;
mjpfupj;jy;.
- kugZf; nfhs;is> kugZ Vw;Wkjp fhuzkhf <utyaj; jhtuq;fSf;Fk; tpyq;F
fSf;Fk; mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
- rl;ltpNuhjkhf ntl;Lkuj; njhopypy; <Lgly;. rpq;fuh[ tdg; gFjpapy; kuq;fs;
ntl;lg;gLtjhy; kz; mupg;Gf;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.
- vupnghUl;fSf;fhf tpwfpidg; gad;gLj;jy;.
- kiyehl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; rl;ltpNuhjkhd ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;Tfs;. cjhuzk;
NfN`y;fK Xah> ,uj;jpdGup
- FbapUg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhf ePu;jN
; jf;fq;fis mikj;jy;.
- <u epyq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy;>
epug;Gjy;> fl;Lkhdq;fs;. cjhuzk; : fsprhu; ifj;njhopy;
- kdpj nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; mopTWjy;. - ePu;nfhOk;G
cjhuzk; : ,why; tsu;g;G

11.3. ,yq;i fapd; #ow;n whFjpg; ghJfhg;Gld; njhlu;Gila vz;z f;f Uf;fSk;
xOf;f q;f Sk;

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

#ow; n whFjpg; ghJfhg; G

ePu;tsk;> kz; kw;Wk; capu;g; gy;tifikiag; Nghd;W #oypd; rkepiyiag;
ghJfhg;Gld; NgZtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gzpfs; msg;gupad. kdpjd; jdJ Njitfisg;
G+u;jj
; p nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf #oy; njhFjpiag; gy;NtW tiffspy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whd;.
tYr;rf;jp cw;gj;jp> tptrhak;> tdhe;juf; ifj;njhopy; Nghd;w gy;NtW cw;gj;jpf;
ifj;njhopyf ; s; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopyf
; s; vd;gtw;Wf;F #oy; tsq;fs; mjpfstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

42
 Ntfkhd rdj;njhif mjpfupg;gpdhy; tsq;fs; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,jdhy; #oypy; ,Jtiu fhzg;gl;l rkepiy tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. #ow;nwhFjp
ghjpgg
; iljy; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; Kjd;ikahd gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ.
,jdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjf tpisTfspypUe;J #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;F kdpjdhNyNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghL #oy; ghJfhg;G vdg;gLk;. ,jd;gb #oy; ghJfhg;G vd;gjhy;
fUjg;gLtJ kdpjdpd; NjitfSf;fhf #oypd; tsq;fis Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd tifapy;
gad;gLj;jy; vd;gjhFk;.

tdf;f hg;g pw;f hf Nkw; n fhs;s g; g l;l nraw;g hLfs;

- tdf;fhg;gpd;NghJ kf;fsplk; #oy;Nea vz;zf;fUf;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
- fhlopg;G kw;Wk; gad;ghL njhlu;ghfTs;s rl;ljpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;
gLj;jy; Mfpa ,U KiwfisAk; muR eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

gy;N tW rl;l jpl;l q;f is eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

1. 1907Mk; Mz;L 16 Mk; ,yf;f tdr;rl;lk;
fhLfs; njhlu;ghd KjyhtJ nraw;ghlhFk;. murhy; fhLfspd; ghJfhg;gpw;
fhfg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. 1995,y; 25Mk; ,yf;f tdr;rl;lk; vd ,J kW
rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jD}lhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fs; mwptpf;fg;gLjYk; fhLfspd; vy;iyfs;
khw;wg;gLjYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdj;jpDs;
cl;gpuNtrpj;jy; kw;Wk; CWtpistpj;jy; rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vd mwptpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.

2. 1937Mk; Mz;L tdtpyq;F kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;.

,yq;ifapd; tdtpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; ,jd; Nehf;f
khFk;.
VjhtJ xU tyaj;ijg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fshf my;yJ vy;iyg;gLj;jg;
gl;l tyakhf mwptpf;Fk; ,aYik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. 1980 Njrpa Rw;whly; rl;lk;

,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig (CEA) epWtg;gl;lJ.
1988 kWrPuikg;gpD}lhf mjw;F mjpfhurig vDk; mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
2000Mk; Mz;by; kPz;Lk; kWrPuikg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
VNjDk; #oy; eltbf;ifapd;NghJ my;yJ mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fspd; NghJ
kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurigapd; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; tdq;fs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhj;jy;> ,aw;if
tsq;fis Ngz;jF tifapy; gad;gLj;jy;> kPdg ; pb eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;
gLj;jy;> kl;ghJfhg;G> epyj;jpid cr;r tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;ljhfg; gad;
gLj;jy; Nghd;wd ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4. 1988 Njrpa kuGupikfs; tdepyr; rl;lk;

,jd;%yk; ngWkjp tha;e;j tdepyg; gFjpfisg; ngaupLfpd;w mjpfhuk;
Rw;whly; mikr;Rf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njrpa cupikAila td epyj;jpDs; mDkjpapd;wp cl;gpuNtrpj;jy; my;yJ
#ow; ghjpg;gpw;F VJthFk; tifapy; VNjDk; eltbf;ifapy; <Lgly; jil
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
rl;lj;jpid kPWjy; jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
muRf;F cupikaw;w VNjDk; nrhj;J vdpDk;> mij ,jw;Fs; cs;slf;f
KbAk;.

43
 5. Vw;Wkjpr; rl;lk;
Rw;whly; mikr;rpd; 03 - 2001 ,yf;f Rw;W epUgj;jpw;fika tdq;fSf;F
cupj;jhdtw;iw Vw;Wkjp nra;jy; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sd.
Vw;Wkjpiaj; jilnra;tjw;fhd Mtzk; xd;Wk; ,jDld; Kd;itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; td kw;Wk; tpyq;F ruzhyaq;fis epWTjy;

tpyq;F ruzhyaq;fspd; rpy tiffs;
1. mjptpNrl ruzhyaq;fs; - `f;fy> ahy (kj;jpa)> upjpfy

2. ,aw;if ruzhyaq;fs; - jpUNfhzkL> kpd;Ndupah> fpupj;jiy> nts;sr;

rkntspfs; (Flood Plain)> `pf;fLit
KUiff;fw;ghiwg; G+q;fh

3. Njrpa tdg;G+q;fhf;fs; - tpy;gj;J> ahy fpof;F> t];fKt> Ge;jy>

cltsit> N`hl;ld; rkntsp cl;gl jw;NghJ
14 cs;sd.

4. ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fs; - tpf;Nlhupah> ,ue;jpdpfy> ,ue;njk;ik> Mid

tpOe;jhd;> Kj;Juh[ty> Rz;bf;Fsk; Mfpa
28 ,lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(,yq;if Njrg;glj; njhFjp> ghlrhiy ntspaPL> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G> gf;fk;
73I ghu;f;fTk;)

,yq;i fapy; #oy; vz;zf;fUf;fSk; xOf;fnewpfSk;

,yq;if gd;kjr; #oypDs; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l r%f> fyhrhug; gz;Gfshy; MdJ.
midj;Jr; rkaq;fSk; #oy; njhlu;ghfTk;> #oYf;Fk; kdpjDf;Filapyhd
njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLfpd;wd.
- tdq;fs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs; cl;gl #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
gw;wp midj;J kjq;fspYk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
- #oypd; rkdpiyiag; ghjpf;Fk; ve;jnthU nraw;ghl;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;tJ
#oiyg; ghjpf;fr; nra;Ak;.
- jw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; mjpfkhd fhLfs; #oy; vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk;
#oy; xOf;fnewpfisg; ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfisg;
gpd;gw;WtJ ,jdhNyNaahFk;.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. ,yq;ifapd; #oy; njhFjpfs; njhlu;ghd Gifg;glq;fs; my;yJ fhnzhsp
fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

2. fsg; gazq;fs;
FOthfg; gpupe;J #ow;nwhFjpfs; njhlu;ghf ntt;Ntwhd jfty;fisr;
Nrfupj;jYk; mjD}lhf mwpf;if xd;wpid Kd;itj;jYk; my;yJ
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp Kd;itg;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

3. ,yq;if #ow;nwhFjpfspd; jhtuq;fspd; ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; rpj;jpuq;fs;

(fopTf; fhl;Nghl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jhtuq;fspd; mikg;igg;Nghy;
cUthf;Fjy;) nfhz;l Rtnuhl;b jahupj;jy;. ,jw;fhf khztu;fisf;
FOthf;fp xt;nthU #ow;nwhFjp njhlu;ghd jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff.
44
 ,aw;if ,lu;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk;
Nju; r ; r p : 12.0 ,aw;if ,lu;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdpl
epyj;Njhw;wj;jpid vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjpidg; guprP
ypg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; : 12.1 ,aw;if ,lu;fSf;Fk; mdu;jj
; q;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
NtWghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
12.2 cyfpy; epfOk; ,aw;if ,lu;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
12.3 cyfpd; ,aw;if ,lu;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ngsjpf>
khdplj; jhf;fq;fisf; fw;whuha;thu;.
12.4 ,aw;if ,lu;fspd; nrwptpid mjpfupf;Fk; khdpl eltbf;
iffisg; guprPyid nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 26

fw;ww;NgWfs; :  ,aw;if ,lu;fis tptupg;ghu;.

 ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
 cyfpd; gpujhd ,aw;if ,lu;fis cjhuzq;fSld;
tptupg;ghu;.
 ,aw;if ,lu;fs; fhuzkhf ngsjpfr;#oypy; Vw;gLk;
Nrjq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
 ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf khdplr; #oYf;F
Vw;gLk; Nrjq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
 ,aw;if ,lu;fspd; nrwptpid mjpfupg;gjw;F khdpl
eltbf;iffs; vt;thW gq;fspf;fpd;wd vd;gjid
cjhuzq;fSld; Kd;itg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;
jw;fhyj;jpy; ,aw;if ,lu;fisAk; mdu;j;jq;fisAk; ghupa gpur;rpidahf
,dq;fhz KbAk;. mdu;j;jj;ij ,dq;fhZk; Kd; ,lu; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;. Gtp kPJ capu;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ Kjy; ,aw;if ,lu;fs; Muk;gkhfpd
vdf; nfhs;s KbAk;. vdpDk; mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;gpy;
mf;fhy kdpjupilNa NghJkhd njspT fhzg;gltpy;iy. mNefkhf mit njhlu;ghd
%l ek;gpfi; ffs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUe;jd. vt;thwhapDk; jw;fhyj;jpy; tpQQ
; hd njhopEl;g
tsu;r;rpAld; ngsjpf #oypd; khw;wq;fSk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd
njspT kdpjdplj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyfk; KOtJk; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk; gy;NtW ,lu;fs; Vw;gLfpdw ; d. ,j;jifa

,lu;fs; cf;fpukile;J kdpj capu;fSf;Fk;> nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Nrjq;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ
mdu;j;jk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. G+kpajpu;T> Rdhkp> ,b kpd;dy;> #whtsp> nts;sg;ngUf;Ffs;
kw;Wk; gdpgg
; hiw cUFjy; Nghd;wd mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf
khdpl nraw;ghLfspdhy; Vw;gLk; mdu;jj ; q;fisAk; fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;. ngUk;ghyhd
,aw;if ,lu;fs; khdpl nraw;ghLfspD}lhf mjpfupg;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. mjdbg;gilapy;
,aw;if ,lu;> mdu;j;jkhFk; Kiw kw;Wk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mdu;j;jq;fspd; ngsjpf
nrad;Kiw Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mwpahik kw;Wk; jLf;f
Kbahj fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLk; ngsjpf ,lu; mdu;j;jkhf khwp kdpjDf;Fk; ngsjpf

45
#oYf;Fk; gy;NtW ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. md;whl kdpj tho;T ghjpg;GWk;
tz;zk; #oypd; rkepiy tPo;r;rpailjy; ,jdhy; Vw;glyhk;. mt;thwhd Mgj;Jf;fspd;
jd;ikia mjpfupff; khdpl nraw;ghLfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;gg
; q;fs; mjpfkhFk;.
mitnjhlu;ghf mwpTWj;jg;gLjy; fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;. ,t;tj;jpahak; Nky; Fwpgg ; pll
;
fUj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

12.1. ,aw;i f ,lu;fs; kw;Wk; mdu;j;jq;fs;

,lu; (Hazard): ,aw;ifahd nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf r%fj;jpw;F my;yJ

nrhj;Jf;fSf;F kw;Wk; #oYf;F ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba re;ju;gg
; k; ,luhFk;.

mdu;j;jk; (Disaster) : ,lnuhd;W cf;fpukile;J kdpj capu;fSf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;

fSf;Fk; mj;Jld; #oYf;Fk; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jkhapd; mJ mdu;jj ; k; vdg;gLk;.
ngUk;ghYk; kdpj nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhfTk; ,lu; my;yJ mdu;jj ; k; Vw;glyhk;.

12.2. cyfpd; ,aw;if ,lu;fs;

,aw;if ,lu;fspd; ghFghLfs;

,aw;if ,lu;fs; gy;NtW tifapy; ghFgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; ,U Kiwfs;
,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. tyaq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
(I). gy;tif ,lu;fs; - Gtpajpu;Tld; $ba Rdhkp> jhoKf;fj;Jld;
$ba #whtsp kw;Wk; nts;sg;ngUf;F
(II). Fwpg;gpl;l tyaq;fspy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fs; - Gtpajpu;T> #iwg;Gay;>
vupkiy ntbg;G
(III). ve;jnthU tyaj;jpYk; ,aw;ifahf Vw;glf;$ba ,lu;fs; :- #whtsp>
,b kpd;dy;> nts;sg;ngUf;F

2. ,aw;if ,lu;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWk; mbg;gilapyhd ghFghL

(I). Gtpapay; uPjpahdit - Gtpajpu;T> Rdhkp> vupkiy> kz;rupT
(II). fhyepiyapay; - #whtsp> nts;sg;ngUf;F> ,b kpd;dy;
tul;rp> gdpkiy tPo;r;rp
(III). capupay;rhu; ,lu;fs; - fhl;Lj; jP

epyeLf;fk; (Earthquake)
- cyfpd; Kf;fpakhd gFjpfspy; mjhtJ Gtpj; jfl;NlhLfis
mz;b mjpfstpy; ,dq;fhzf;$ba ,aw;if epfo;thFk;.
- Gtp Xl;by; fhzg;gLk; rf;jpahdJ CLUtp Gtpapd; jfl;;L vy;iyfspy;
ntspg;gLk; jpBu; mirT my;yJ mjpu;T epyeLf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
- epyeLf;f tyaq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;bUg;gpDk; mit vt;tplj;jpy; vr;re;ju;g;
gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; vd;w vjpu;T$wy;fis ntspapl tsu;r;rpaile;j tpQ;Qhd
njhopEl;gj;jhYk; KbahJs;sJ.
- epyeLf;fj;jpd; msTf;F Vw;g mjd; mdu;jj
; j;jpd; msTk; khWgLk;.

46
 nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; capu;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLtJld;> mJ Vw;gLk;
gpuNjrj;jpd; rdj;njhifr; nrwpT kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l gzpfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,lu;fSk; mdu;j;jkhf khWtNjhL> mdu;jj ; j;jpd; ghjpg;G
jPtpuj;jd;ik vd;gd mjpfupf;Fk;.

#whtsp (Cyclone)
- mad tyaj;jpDs; tsu;r;rpailfpd;w> Roy; fhw;whdJ jhoKf;fj;ij
Nehf;fp Ntfkhfg; gazpf;Fk; Gayhf #whtspia ,dq;fhzyhk;
- Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; epytNtz;ba ruhrup thdpiy epiyik jw;fhypfkhf
NtWglf; fhuzkhfpd;w thdpiy epfo;nthd;whfr; Roy; fhw;wpidf; Fwpg;
gplyhk;.
- tya mbg;gilapy; #whtsp gy;NtW ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
- ,e;J rKj;jpu tyaj;jpy; - #whtsp
- tlgRgpf; rKj;jpu tyaj;jpy; - ijG+d;
- tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpu tyaj;jpy; - `upf;Nfd;
- gpypg;igd;];Rf;F tlf;fpy; - ghfpa];
- ,tw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf gpuNjr mbg;gilapy; FWfpafhyk; njhopw;gLk;
#whtspfs; ,uz;Lk; cs;sd.
- tl mT];jpNuypah - tpyp tpyP];
- fuPgpad; fliy mz;b - #iwg;Gay; (Tornado)
- tUlnkhd;Wf;F ruhrupahf 80 - 100 tiuahd #whtspfs; kj;jpa Nfhl;Lg;
gpuNjrj;jpy; tpUj;jpailfpd;wd.
- gy;tif ,luhd #whtspAld; $ba fLk;kio> nts;sg; ngUf;Fldhd
#whtspapwf;fk; (fly; ePu; ngUf;nfLj;jy;) Vw;gLtJld; mjdhy; capu;
kw;Wk; nrhj;Jr; Nrjq;fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

tul;rp (Drought)
- ,aw;iff;F khwhf ePzl ; fhykhff; $bf; FiwAk; kiotPor
; r
; pf; Fiwthy;
Vw;gLk; ePu;gg
; w;whf;Fiw tul;rpahFk;.
- cyfpy; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLk; mdu;jj
; khd tul;rp> gpujhdkhf %tifg;
gLk;.
1. thdpiy tul;rp - kiotPo;r;rpapd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; NghJkhdsT
ePu; fpilf;fhjNghJ mjd; cf;fpuj;jd;ik kw;Wk; fhyj;jpd; mbg;
gilapy; tul;rpapd; jd;ik jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
2. tptrha tul;rp - thdpiy tul;rpapd; gy;NtW ,ay;Gfs; tptrha
tul;rpapd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wp ,q;F ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLk;. kz;zPupy; gw;whf;Fiw epyTk;.
3. ePupay; tul;rp - thdpiy tul;rpapdhy; rpy khjq;fspd; gpd; MWfs;>
ePuj
; N
; jf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; ePuk
; l;lk; FiwtiljYk;> jiuf;fo
P ; ePupd;
msT tPo;r;rpailjYk; ePupay; tul;rp vdg;gLk;.

- ePz;lfhy tul;rp ,luhdJ mdu;j;jkhtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

gythFk;.
1. jiuf;fPo; ePu; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gly; (Foha;f; fpzWfs;> tptrhaf;

47
 fpzWfs; Nghd;w cyu; tya gFjpfspd; ePu;g;gad;ghL)
2. kiotPo;r;rpiaf; Fiwthfg; ngWk; gFjpfspy; ePupidr; Nrkpf;Fk; Kiw
NghJkhdjhf ,d;ikAk; ,Ug;gitfis Kiwahfg; guhkupf;fhikAk;.
3. ePz;lfhykhf epyTk; tul;rpapd;NghJ tPl;Lj;Njitf;fhf ePiu tpepNahfpg;
gjdhy; jiufPo; ePu; Fiwtilfpd;wJ.
4. mjpfsT kw;Wk; Kiwaw;w tifapy; ePiug; gad;gLj;jy;.
5. mjpfstpy; ePiu cWQ;Rk; jhtu tiffisg; gapupLjy;.

,b kpd;dy; jhf;fk; (Lightning)

- kpdd
; pay; jd;ikAld; cUthfpAs;s Kfpyf; s; tsu;rr
; paile;J ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
Gtpapd;kPJ gy;NtW tifapy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dpay; jhf;fq;fs; ,b kpd;dy;
vdg;gLk;

,b kpd;dy; Vw;glf;$ba rpy Kiwfs;

- Kfpy;fspypUe;J Gtpia Nehf;fp Vw;gLk; kpd;dpay; jhf;fk; (Gtp kpd;dy;)
- Kfpy;fspd; kPJ ikaq;nfhz;L ,lk;ngWfpd;w kpd;dpay; jhf;fq;fs; (Kfpy;
kpd;dy;)
- Kfpy;fSf;Fk; tpz;ntspf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngWk; kpd;dpay; jhf;fq;fs;
- ,tw;wpy; Gtpiag; ghjpf;Fk; jhf;fk; VwgLtJ Gtp kpd;dypdhyhFk;.
- ruhrupahf ,b kpd;dypd; Ntfk; 2500 mk;gpau; vd;gJld; mjd; Nthy;l;lsT
100 kpy;ypadhFk;.
- ntg;gk; kw;Wk; <uypg;ghd tspf;Nfhs epiyikfspd; fPo; tpUj;jpailfpd;w
kpf caukhd fbdkhd Kfpy;fspdhy; kpd;dy; kw;Wk; ,b Vw;gLfpd;wd.
- ,aw;ifahf Vw;gLfpd;w ,b kpd;dy; %yk; cyfpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;
,lu;fs; Vw;gl KbAk;.
- ,b kpd;dy; ,luhdJ mdu;j;jkhFk; re;ju;gg
; q;fs; gythFk;.
- tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf jpwe;j ntspapy; epw;wy;.
- tPl;by; kpd;dpay; cgfuzq;fspd; ghtid.
- cau; epyq;fspy; epw;wy;.
- ePupy; gpuahzk; nra;jy; my;yJ ePe;Jjy; Mfpa ghJfhg;gw;w eltbf;
iffs;

Rdhkp (Tsunami)
- ,aw;if epfo;thd Rdhkp cyfpd; tpNrl tyaq;fis kl;Lk; ghjpf;Fk;
,luhFk;. ,jpy; rpy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
1. flYf;fbapy; Vw;gLk; Gtpajpu;T
2. flYf;fbapy; Vw;gLk; vupkiy ntbg;G
3. flypd; kPJ vupfw;fs; cile;J tpOjy;
- ,tw;Ws; mz;ikf;fhykhf flYf;fbapy; ,lk;ngWk; Gtpajpu;tpd; %yNk
mjpfstpy; Rdhkp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;NghJ GtpNahl;bYs;s xU Gtpj;jfL
,d;ndhd;Wld; NkhJtjhy; jfl;bd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; ePu; jpBnud Nky;Nehf;fpr;
nry;tjhy; Vw;gLk; miyfs; flw;fiu tiu gazk; nra;Ak;NghJ Rdhkp
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

48
 - Mokhd flypy; miyfspd; Ntfk; kzpf;F 800 fpNyh kPw;wu;fis tplTk;
mjpfkhtNjhL miyfspd; cauk; kpfTk; FiwthFk;.
- fiuia mz;kpf;Fk;NghJ mjd; Ntfk; kzpf;F 50 fpNyh kPw;wu;fshfTk;
cauk; Vwj;jho 50 kPw;wu;fshfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
- Rdhkp ,lu; mdu;j;jkhf khWtjpy; rpy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
1. Rdhkp njhlu;ghf my;yJ mjw;F Kfq;nfhLj;jy; njhlu;gpy;
mwpe;jpuhik.
2. fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; jhtug; gilfs; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
3. fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; Kiwaw;w fl;ll epu;khzq;fs;
4. Kd;dhaj;jk; ,y;yhjpUj;jy;.

nts;sg;n gUf;F ( Floods)

- cyfpy; njhlu;r;rpahf ,lk;ngWfpd;w mdu;j;jkhd nts;sg;ngUf;F
gy;NtW topfspy; ,lk;ngw KbAk;.
1. ejpapd; ,aw;ifg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; epuk;gp tope;J ejpg;Nghf;fpy; topAk;
ePu;kl;lk; cau;tile;J me;ePu; ejp gs;sj;jhf;Ffspd; ,U kUq;fpYk;
tope;Njhly;.
2. ePu;g;Nghf;Fj; jilg;gly;. tpNrlkhf efug; gFjpfspy; Vw;gLk;
nts;sg;ngUf;F
3. #whtsp kw;Wk; tw;Wg;ngUf;Ffs; ,lk;ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; flw;
ngUf;fpdhy; Vw;gLk; nts;sk;
- kp#wp kprprpg;gp> Fthq;Nfh> fq;if ejp Mfpa ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; nts;sg;
ngUf;fpdhy; mjpfstpy; ghjpg;gilAk; gFjpfshFk;.
- ,aw;if epfo;thd nts;sg;ngUf;F kdpj nraw;ghLfshy; mdu;jj
; khf
khWfpd;wJ.
- ejpfis mz;ba epyq;fis epug;Gjy;> ,lu;fs; njhlu;gpy; mwpahik>
tWik kw;Wk; Kiwaw;w epu;khzpg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;why; nts;sg;ngUf;F
mdu;j;jk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
- ejpff
; iu Xuq;fspd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; nts;sg;ngUf;fpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; gpujhd fhuzpahFk;.

fhl;Lj; jP (Wild - Fire)

- ,aw;iff; fhLfspy; ,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ kdpj nraw;ghLfspd;
%ykhfNth Vw;gLk; mopTfspy; xd;whff; fhl;Lj; jPiaf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
- fhl;Lj; jP Vw;gLtjpy; rpy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
1. Gtpajpu;tpdhy; Vw;gLk; kf;kh Fok;G
2. fhLfspy; fha;e;j kuq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W cuRjy;
3. ,b kpd;dy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLjy;
- cyfpy; fhl;Lj; jP ghjpg;G mjpfsT Vw;gLk; gpuNjrkhf kj;jpa Nfhl;Lg;
gFjp kw;Wk; ,ilntg;gg; gFjpfspd; tuz;l fhyepiyiaAila gFjpfshd
mT];jpNuypahtpd; epArTj;Nty;]; gpuhe;jpak;> fdlhtpd; vy;gu;lw
; h kw;Wk;
mnkupf;fhtpd; fypNghu;zpah Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
- fhl;Lj; jP mdu;jj
; khf khWtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; rpythFk;.

49
 1. fhl;Lj; jP Vw;gLfpd;w fhLfis mz;bf; FbapUg;Gfis mikj;jy;
2. kdpju;fspd; ehrfhur; nray;fs;

gdpg;ghiwr; rupT ( Avalanche)

- cau; mfyhq;Fg; gFjpfspYk; kiyAr;rpfspYk; fhzg;gLk; mjpf Fspu;
fhuzkhf gdpg;ghiwfs; cUthtJld; mit cau; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J
jho;gFjp Nehf;fp cile;J tpOjy; gdpg;ghiwr; rupT vdg;gLk;.
- ntg;g NtWghL kw;Wk; Gtp <u;g;gpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; gdpg;ghiwfs; rupe;J
tpOk;.
- Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy khw;wkiljy; kw;Wk; <u;gg; pd; nry;thf;fpdhy; gdpg;
ghiwfs; cile;J tpOjy; ,lk;ngWk;. (gr;ir tPl;L thAf;fspd; mjpfupg;G>
ifj;njhopy>; #upaf; fjpu;fs;> vupkiy ntbg;G)
- Gtpajpu;tpdhYk; Vw;glf;$Lk;.

vupkiy (Volcano)
- Gtpapd; cl;gFjpapy; ntg;gkhd jput epiyapYs;s kf;kh GtpNahl;bd;
gytPdkhd ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; JisfspD}lhf Nkw;Gwk; Nehf;fp tUt
jdhy; vupkiyfs; cUthfpd;wd.
- Gtpjj; fl;L vy;iyfs; Clhf ntsptUk; kf;kh fhuzkhf vupkiy cUth
fpd;wJ. cyfpd; gpujhd vupkiy tyaq;fs; ehd;F ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. gRgpf; tyak; (gRgpf; neUg;G tyak;)
2. kj;jpa jiu - ,khya tyak;
3. kj;jpa mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj; njhlu;
4. Mgpupf;f gpsTg; gs;sj;jhf;F tyak;
- vupkiyapd;NghJ yhth my;yJ rhk;gy; ntspNa tUtJld; mit Gtpapd;
Nkw;gug;gpy; my;yJ cs;Ns gbaf;$Lk;.
- vupkiyr; nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; mit %d;W tifg;gLk;.
1. capu;gG
; vupkiy
2. cwq;F vupkiy
3. mtpe;j vupkiy
- njhopw;gLk; vupkiyfspy; Vwj;jho 65% Mdit gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;ijr;
#o mike;Js;sd.
- vupkiy tyaq;fSf;F mz;ikapy; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk; mopTfs;;
mjpfkhFk;.

epyr;rupT ( Landslide)
- <u;g;Gtpir fhuzkhf kiyr;rupTfs; my;yJ fbdkw;w kz;zpdhyhd
gs;sj;jhf;fhd epyg; gFjpfs; topNa kz;> ghiwfs; kw;Wk; NtW nghUl;fs;
rupjy; epyr;rupT vdg;gLk;.
- epyr;ruptpwF
; ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdplf; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpdw
; d.

ngsjpff; fhuzpfs;
1. mjpfupj;j kiotPo;r;rp
2. G+kpmjpu;r;rp
50
 3. ghiwfspd; jd;ik
4. gs;sj;jhf;Fg; ghq;F
5. jiuj;Njhw;wk;
6. kz; kw;Wk; epyf;fPo; ePu;
7. ghiw rpijTwy;

khdplf; fhuzpfs;
1. Kiwaw;w epyg;gad;ghL
2. ,aw;if ePu;topg; ghijfisj; jilnra;jy;
3. cau; epyj;jpy; ePiur; Nrkpj;jy;
4. fhlopg;G
5. Ruq;fk; mfo;jy;
6. ntb itj;jy;

- epyr;rupTg; ghjpg;G mdu;jj

; khtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1. rupT epyg; gFjpfspy; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;jYk; tptrhaj;
jpy; <LglYk;
2. mwpahik fhuzkhfr; rl;lj;ij kjpf;fhik
3. Kd;dhaj;jk; ,d;ik
- cyfpd; epyr;rupTg; ghjpg;G mjpfupj;j ehLfshf n`a;l;b jPTfs;> gpNwrpy;>
rpyp> rPdh Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;.

12.3. ,aw;if ,lu;fspdhy; ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdplr; #oypy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;

mdu;jj
; q;fshy; ngUk;ghYk; ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdplr; #oYf;Fg; gy;NtW ghjpgG
; fs;
Vw;gLtNjhL mjpy; gpujhdkhd ,U mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ,q;F mtjhdk;
nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Vida mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; ghjpg;Gfs; gw;wpAk;
Njbawpa Ntz;Lk;.

epyr; r upT
ngsjpf #oy; kPjhd ghjpg;Gfs;
- kiy KfLfs; rupe;J tpOtjdhy; kiyj;njhlupd; ,ay;G khw;wk; ngwy;
- ePu; Cw;Wfs; nry;Yk;ghij khw;wkiljy; kw;Wk; Cw;Wfs; tw;Wjy; my;yJ
Gjpa Cw;Wfs; cUthjy;.
- fhlopg;G
- kz;zpd; fl;likg;G khw;wk; ngwy;
- nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gly;
khdplr; #oypd; kPjhd ghjpg;Gfs;
- tPLfs; nrhj;Jfs; moptiljy;
- gapu;epyq;fs; ghjpg;giljy;
- cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; ghjpg;giljy;
- ePut
; bfhy; kw;Wk; ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fs; moptiltjpdhy; FbePug
; ; gw;whf;Fiw
Vw;gLjy;

51
Rdhkp
ngsjpfj; jhf;fq;fs;
- fiuNahug; gFjpfspd; jiuj;Njhw;wk; khw;wkiljy;
- mNjNghy; KUiff;fw;ghiwfSk; jPTfSk; khw;wkilAk;
- fiuNahug; gFjp kz;Zld; ctu;ePu; Nru;tjpdhy; ePu; khriljy;
- fiuNahur;#oiy mz;ba mofpa #oy; ghjpg;giljy;

khdplr; #oYf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;

- kdpj capu;fs;> FbapUg;Gfs;> nrhj;Jfs; moptiljy;
- cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; ghjpg;giljy;
- kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy;> tptrha eltbf;iffs; my;yJ fiuNahug; nghUsh
jhu eltbf;iffs; ghjpg;giljy;
- r%f kw;Wk; cstpay; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLjy;

12.4. ,lu;fs; kw;Wk; mdu;j;jq;fs; mjpfupg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; khdplf;

fhuzpfs;

,aw;ifapy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fisj; jLf;f KbahJ. mtw;wpd; ghjpgG ; f;fisf; Fiwj;Jf;

nfhs;tij kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. ghjpg;Gf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf
kdpjd; mdu;jj; q;fspd; ghjpg;Gfis mjpfupg;gijNa Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whd;. mjhtJ
,lupid mdu;jj ; khf khw;Wtjw;fhd tha;gg
; pid mjpfupgg
; jhFk;. ,jw;fhf kdpjdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; rpythFk;.
- Kiwaw;w epyg; gad;ghL
- Kiwaw;w fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gfs;
- ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fk;

Kiwaw;w epyg; g ad; g hL

kdpjdpd; gy;NtW Kiwaw;w epyg;gad;ghl;L Kiwfs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

eltbf;iffspdhy; mjpfkhd ,aw;if ,lu;fs; mdu;jj ; q;fshf khw;wkilfpd;wd.
ve;jnthU mghafukhd gFjpapYk; tPLfis mikg;Nghkhapd; mJ Kiwaw;w
epyg;gad;ghlhFk;. mNjNghy; gapu;r; nra;iff;fhf epyj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
gapu;epyk; kw;Wk; trjpfs; njhlu;ghf kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;Jtu;. mjD}lhf
vOfpd;w #oy; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; vOfpd;w
gpur;rpidfs; gy cs;sd.
- mjpf rupthd gFjpfspy; gapu; nra;tjhy; kz;rupT Vw;gly; / nghUj;jkw;w
gapu;r; nra;if fhuzkhf kz;rupT Vw;gly; (Gifapiy gapuply;)
- rupT epyq;fspy; kz;zupg;Gf; fhuzkhf MWfs; epuk;gp nts;sg; ngUf;F
Vw;gLjy;
- fhLfs; mopff ; g;gl;Lg; gapur; ; nra;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhy; ePu; Cw;Wf;fs;
tw;wpg; Nghjy; kw;Wk; mjD}lhf tul;rp Vw;gly; / cau; epyq;fspy; ePut ; opfs;
jilg;gLk; tifapy; ePu;jN ; jf;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wikahy; kz;zPu;
cau;tile;J kz;rupT Vw;gly;.

52
- MWfis mz;b Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mDkjpaw;w epu;khzpg;Gfs; fhuzkhf
kz;ePupd; msT mjpfupj;J kz;rupT Vw;gly;.
- jho;epyq;fis epug;Gjy;.

Kiwaw; w epu; k hzpg; G fs;

rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fj;jhy; kf;fs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd tPLfs;> cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfisg; Gtpapay; uPjpahf my;yJ nghwpapay; Jiwrhu;e;j MNyhrid ngwg;
glhj nghUj;jkw;w epyq;fspy; epu;khzpf;fpd;wdu;. mjd;gb tPLfs;> tPjpfs; kw;Wk;
NtW fl;llq;fs; #oy; kjpg;gPLfspd;wp epu;khzpf;fg;gLtjhy; ,lu;fs; Ntfkhf
mjpfupf;fpd;wd. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fshtd>
- rha;T Kiw gw;wp mwpahJ tPjpfs;> fl;llq;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gLtjhy;
kz;rupT Vw;gly;.
- ePu; tope;NjhLk; rkntspfis epug;gp fl;ll epu;khzpg;G ,lk;ngWtjhy;
ePu; top jilg;gl;L nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gly;.
- Fsf;fl;Lfs; kw;Wk; mizfs; mikf;Fk; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gytPdkhd
njhopEl;gk; nts;sg; ngUf;F kw;Wk; epyr;ruptpid Vw;gLj;Jk;.
- fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;L mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;NghJ
tul;rp kw;Wk; epyr;rupT Vw;gLk;.
- Gtpajpu;T mghag; gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; Rdhkp mghag; gpuNjrq;fspy;
mghaj;jpwF; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jd;ikaw;w> nghUj;jkw;w njhopEl;gj;Jldhd
fl;ll epu;khzq;fs;
- ,bkpd;dy; jhf;fk; mjpfkhd gFjpfspy; ,bjhq;fpiag; gad;gLj;jhJ
caukhd fl;llq;fis mikj;jy;.
- fhw;W mjpfkhd gFjpfspy; cWjpaw;w $iufisf; nfhz;l fl;llq;fs;>
tPLfis mikj;jy;.

ifj;n jhopy; nraw;g hLfs;

- tsu;rr; pAw;w ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fypdhy; ghupastpy; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs;

cUthf;fg;gLtjw;Ff; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; mg;gpuNjrq;fis mz;b
tul;rp> epyr;rupT> nts;sg; ngUf;F Mfpa ,lu;fs; Vw;gLjy;.
- ifj;njhopy; nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd Copau;fSf;fhd tPjpj;njhFjpfs;
mikf;Fk;NghJ ,aw;if tbfhy; njhFjpfs; jilg;gLk; tifapy; mikf;fg;
gLtjhy; nts;sg; ngUf;F kw;Wk; jho;epyq;fspy; ePu; epuk;Gjy; vd;gd
Vw;gLk;.
- ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fk; fhuzkhfj; njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNaWk;
er;R thAf;fs;> jpz;kf; fopTfs; kw;Wk; mRj;jkhd ePu; Mfpad Kiwahf
ntspNaw;wg;glhikahy; #oy; khrile;J capu;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;gly;.
- thfdq;fspd; ghtid mjpfupg;Gf; fhuzkhf #oYf;F er;R thAf;fs;
Nru;e;J ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLjy;.
- ifj;njhopy; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; rdj;njhif mlu;jj ; p> tPjpfspy; Vw;gLk;
neupry; Nghd;wtw;why; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspd; jhf;fk; mjpfupf;ff;$Lk;.

53
 fhlopg; G

- fhlopg;gpdhy; ePu; Cw;Wf;fs; tw;wpg; Nghjy; kw;Wk; ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fs;

mopTwy; vd;gtw;Wld; tul;rp epiyik jPtpukiljy;.
- kz;zupg;G mjpfkhtjhy; epyr;rupT Vw;gly;
- ePu;topfspy; kz;gilfs; gbtjhy; ePu; ngUf;nfLg;gNjhL nts;sg; ngUf;F
Vw;gly;.
- fhlopg;ghy; td [Ptuhrpfspd; thoplq;fs; ,y;yhnjhoptNjhL mtw;Wf;F
mdu;j;j epiyikfs; Vw;gly;.

nraw; g hLfs;
1. mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; cyfpy; epfo;e;j mdu;jj ; q;fs; ,uz;bid mit Vw;gl;l
tUlk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;gpy; mwpf;if xd;wpidj; jahu;
nra;f.
2. epyr;rupT> Rdhkp Mfpa mdu;j;jq;fisj; jtpu Vida mdu;jj ; q;fspd;
ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdplr; nry;thf;fpid ml;ltiz %yk; fhl;Lf.

54
 ,yq;ifapy; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk;
Nju; r ; r p : 13.0 ngsjpf> khdpl epyj;Njhw;wj;ijg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;
Fk; guhkupg;gjw;Fk; cjTk; tifapy; Neu;fzpa kdg;ghq;
Fld; ele;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 13.1 ,yq;ifapd; mdu;jj ; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F nraY}f;fj;Jld;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww;NgWfs; :  mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk; vdgjd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ

ahJ vd;gij tptupg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtg; nghwpKiw gw;wpa
jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;
,lu; xd;W Vw;gl;L mdu;jj ; khf khWtJ ,aw;ifahfntdpDk;> mjd; ghjpg;Gfis
,optsthf;Fk; tifapy; Kfhik nra;tJ kdpjdpd; jiyaPlb ; dhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gl Ntz;bajhFk;. mt;thW jiyaPL nra;Ak; Kiwapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,lu;fs; mdu;jj ; khFk; msT jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk;
gy;NtW mdu;jj ; q;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;Ls;sNjhL mtw;wpdhy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;GfSk; gythFk;. mNjNghy; mdu;jj ; k; xd;wpid Kfhik nra;J
nfhs;Sk; tpjKk; gpuNjr NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; mdu;jj ; j;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Lk; NtWgLk;. mjw;F Nkyjpfkhf xU ehL nfhz;Ls;s nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; njhopEl;g kl;lKk; mjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. ,yq;if gy;NtW
mdu;j;jq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; ehlhf ,Ug;gjdhy; jw;fhyj;jpy; mdu;j;j
Kfhikj;Jtk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jd;gb ,yq;ifapd; mdu;jj ; Kfhikj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; mJ njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfis cjhuzq;fs; %yk; fye;JiuahLtJ
,t;tyfpdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghl tplaq;f is tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;f hd topfhl;ly;;

13.1 ,yq;i fapy; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;J tk;

- ,aw;if mdu;j;j mr;RWj;jiy ,optsthf;Fk; ru;tNjr jrhg;j fhyg;gFjp
apDs; ,yq;ifapy; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd ftdk; nrYj;Jk;
gzp (1990) Muk;gkhdJ.
- 1995 Mk; Mz;by; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt mikr;ruit cg FOtpid
epWTjy; ,jdbg;gilapy; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
- Njrpa mdu;jj; q;fspd; Kd;dhaj;jk; kw;Wk; ,optsthf;FjYf;fhd jpl;l
kplYld; Njrpa mdu;j;jq;fspd; Kd;dhaj;jk; kw;Wk; ,optsthf;fy; rl;lk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1996 ,y; Nk khjk; r%f Nritfs; kw;Wk; kfspu; tptfhu mikr;rpd;
fPo; Njrpa mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt kj;jpa epiyak; epWtg;gl;lik
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

mdu;j ;j Kfhikj;J tk;

mdu;j;jq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisj; jLj;jy;> mjdhy;
Vw;gLfpd;w gpd;tpisTfisf; Fiwj;jy;. ,lu;fs; / mtru epiyikfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kf;fSf;F cjTtjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghLfisj;
jpl;lkpLjy;> khjpupfis cUthf;Fjy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> epu;tfpj;jy; kw;Wk;
Ngzpr; nry;yy; vd;gd mdu;jj ; Kfhikj;JtkhFk;.
55
mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt kj;jpa epiyaKk; (DMC) mjd; gzpfSk;
- 2004Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l Rdhkpg; ghjpg;gpd; gpd;dNu ,yq;ifapy; mdu;jj
; q;f
spd; mr;RWj;jy; njhlu;ghf mjpfkhd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb
r%f Nritfs; mikr;rpd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l mdu;jj ; Kfhikj;Jt epiyaj;ij
NtW xU jdp mikr;rpd; fPo; nfhz;L tUtJ njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;
gl;lJ. mjd;gb>
- midj;Jf; fl;rp mq;fj;jtu;fs; 21 Ngiuf; nfhz;l FO jahupj;j Ie;jhz;L
jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
- 2005Mk; Mz;L mdu;j;jq;fis Kfhik nra;a rl;lj; njhFg;nghd;W
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.
- 2005 Nk khjk; ,yq;ifapy; mdu;jj
; Kfhikj;Jtr; rl;lk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 2005 Nk 13 Mk; jpfjp ,yq;if ,lu; Kfhikj;Jt Njrpa cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 2005 [{d; khjk; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; xUtupd; fPo; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt
kj;jpa epiyak; epWtg;gl;lJ.
- 2006 rdtup khjk; mdu;jj; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; mikr;R
epWtg;gl;L mjd;foP ; (DMC) nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
- VNjDk; Xu; ,dk;> r%fk; kw;Wk; jdpegu; %yk; Kfq;nfhLf;fg;gl;l khdpl>
ngsjpf> nghUshjhu ,og;gpidj; jLj;jYk; ,optsthf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;
,jd; Nehf;fq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
- kpftpiutpy; toikf;Ff; nfhz;L tuTk; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt epiyak;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
- mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt Njrpa rigapd; xOq;fikg;Gf; fPNo fhl;lg;
gLfpd;wJ
mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt Njrpa rigapd; epWtdf; fl;likg;G
nghyp];
r%f Nritfs;

Gdu;epu;khzKk; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt Njrpa epjp

kPs; fl;likg;Gk; rig
fhzp
tPlikg;G jiytu; : mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp
kPd;gpb kw;Wk;
cg jiytu; : nfsut gpujku;
Rfhjhuk; ePu;tsk;
vjpu;fl;rpj; jiytu;
tpQ;QhdKk;; ntspehl;lYty;fs;
njhopEl;gKk; 
Kjyikr; vjpu;fl;rp
fiuNahug; ePu; toq;fy;
ru;fs; cWg;gpdu;fs;
ghJfhg;G
ngUe;njUf;fs;
ePu;g;ghrdk; ,lu; Kfhikj;Jt
kw;Wk; kdpj

cupikfs; mikr;R efu mgptpUj;jp
tYr;rf;jp
fy;tp


ghJfhg;G mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt

kj;jpa epiyak; (DMC) #oy;

Kyk; :Road map for disaster risk Management, Vol. DMC Colombo; 2005 December
56
 - kj;jpa muR ,optsthf;fypy; jiyaPL nra;Ak;NghJ khfhz rigfs;
kw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fisAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
- mdu;jj; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpwF
; mjpfstpy; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gzpfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

• Gtpr;rupjtpay; kw;Wk; Ruq;f mfo;Tj; jpizf;fsk; (GSMB)

- ru;tNjr kw;Wk; tya Gtpajpu;T kw;Wk; Kd;dwptpg;Gj; njhFjpAld;
,ize;jpUj;jy;.
- fdpa mfo;Tf;fhd mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; toq;fy;.

• Njrpa ePu;ts Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Kftufk; (NARA)

- ehl;bd; fly; kl;l cau;r;rp gw;wp tpopg;Gld; ,Uj;jy;.
- ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba kPdtu; kw;Wk; kPdt r%fq;fSf;F mwptpj;jy;
kw;Wk; mjw;fhf xj;Jiog;G toq;fy;.
- flw;Gay; njhlu;ghf tpopg;Gld; ,Uj;jy;.

• tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk;
- Rdhkp> #whtsp> Gay;> flw; ngUf;F Mfpa ,lu;fs; njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fis clDf;Fld; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sYk; ntspapLjYk;.
- mdu;j;j re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghf Kd;$l;bNa mwptpj;jy;.
- 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;Fs; nraw;wpwdhd Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;.

• gpuNjr nrayfk; (Divisional Secretary)

- fhg;ghw;WjYk; mg;Gwg;gLj;jYk;
- czT tpepNahfKk; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis cWjpg;gLj;jYk;
- Gdu;tho;Tk; kPsikg;Gk;.
- Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
- mdu;jj
; eltbf;iffis Kfhik nra;jYk; ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jYk;.

• NkNyAs;s gzpfis ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;tJld; mdu;j;j vr;rupf;

ifia Kfhik nra;jy; mdu;jj
; Kfhikj;Jt epiyaj;jpd; gzp
ahFk;.

mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;

- mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhf gy;NtW ehLfSk; gy;NtW Kiwfisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd.
- Rdhkp mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; trjp nra;tij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l
r%f Nritg; gzpfSf;F Kjyplk; toq;fp ,yq;if nraw;gl;lJ.
- 2004Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l Rdhkp mdu;jj; j;Jld; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt
rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;L> mjD}lhf mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt kj;jpa epiyaj;
jpw;F mjpf nghWg;GfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.
- ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLfpd;w midj;J tpjkhd mdu;j;j vr;rupf;iffisAk;
57
 ,dq;fz;L Kfhik nra;tjw;Fg; nghJthd Kfhikj;Jtg; nghwpKiw
nahd;W mtu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- ,jD}lhf mdu;jj ; vr;rupf;ifiaf; ifahSjy;> ,optsthf;fy;> Kd;dhaj;
jk;> jhf;fj;jpid vjpu;nfhs;Sk; ,ay;G> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; cgha
khu;ff
; q;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy;> xOq;fikg;Gfs; nfhz;Ls;s ,aYik eput
; hf
KbTfis Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; nrad;Kiwapid ,jD}lhf ,dq;fhz
KbAk;.

1. Kd;dhaj;jk; (Preparedness)

mdu;j;jj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; mdu;jj

; k; njhlu;ghd
vjpu;T $wy;fis ntspapLk; ,aYik> mdu;j;jj;jpd;NghJ Jyq;Ftjw;Fk;
mdu;jj; j;Jld; capu;thof; $bathwhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; kpfTk;
tpUj;jpaile;j Kiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

- epyr;rupT Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;du; thdpiy mbg;gilapy; kw;Wk; ngsjpf

epyj;Njhw;w khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLnkdpy; mtw;iw ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd
,aYik fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
- ,t;thW ,dq;fhzy; mdu;jj
; j;jpwF
; ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;f cjTfpdw
; J.
- Mgj;J epiyiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis ,jD}lhf
mikf;f KbAk;.
- kf;fisj; njspt+l;Lk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
- mj;jpatrpag; nghUl;fspd; nghjp xd;wpidj; jahupj;J mtru re;ju;gg
; q;fspd;
NghJ gad;gLj;j itj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
- njhiyj;njhlu;G Clfq;fisr; nrtpkLj;jy; / mgha rkpf;iffis nrtp
kLj;jy;.

58
2. Jyq;fy; (Response)

mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLj;j kf;fspd; mbg;gilg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; cjtpj;

Njitfis toq;Ftjw;fhf xj;Jiog;G toq;fj; Njitahd nraw;ghLfis
mikj;jy;. ,r;re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; Jyq;fiy fhl;Ljy; me;je;j mdu;jj
; j;jpwF
;
Vw;g NtWglf;$bajhFk;.

cjhuzk; : epyr;rupT
- Kd;ndr;rupf;if tpLj;jy; kw;Wk; fhg;ghw;Wjy;.
- ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
- ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F kUj;Jt trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
- KbAkhapd; mirAk; nrhj;Jf;fis mw;Gwg;gLj;jy;.
- kf;fSf;F jw;fhypf tPLfs; kw;Wk; czT> FbePu; tpepNahfpj;jy;.
- ,og;Gfis kjpg;gpLjy;.
- tYthd ,izg;ghf;fk;.

3. kPnsoy; (Recovery)

mdu;j;j mghaj;ij ,optsthf;fp r%fj;jpidg; Gjpa epiyf;F nfhz;L

nry;yy; kw;Wk; mjw;fhfj; ijupa%l;ly;. Vw;gl;l mdu;jj; j;jpd;NghJ mdu;jj
; j;jpwF
;
Kfq;nfhLj;j r%fj;jpd; tho;fi
; fj; juj;ij Kd;gpUe;j epiyf;F my;yJ mijtplf;
$ba epiyf;F Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy; kw;Wk; Njitahd jPu;kh
dq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy; ,q;F ,lk;ngWfpdw ; d. mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fg;
gLk;NghJ ,J njhlu;ghf ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzk; : epyr;rupT
- ghjpg;Gw;w kf;fspd; cly; kw;Wk; csr; Rfhjhu epiyapid
toikf;F nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij eil
Kiwg;gLj;jy;.
- ghjpgG
; w;w tPLfs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisj; jw;fhypfkhfNth
my;yJ epue;jukhfNth kPsikf;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
- ghjpg;ig vjpu;Nehf;fpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyikapid Kd;gpUe;j
epiyapYk; ghu;f;f Nkyhd epiyikf;F nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd
eltbf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;sy; (nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSf;fhd
trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;)

4. ,optsthf;fy; (Mitigation)

,lu;fisf; ifahSjy; kw;Wk; ,aYikfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Clhf mdu;j;jj;

jpw;F cs;shFk; re;ju;gg ; q;fisf; Fiwj;jy; ,q;F vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wJ. mdu;jj
;
Kfhikj;Jt tl;lj;jpy; ,optsthf;Ftjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs;>
mjd; gpd;du; vOfpd;w Kd;dhaj;jj;Jld; njhlu;GWfpd;wd. mjdhy; ,t;tpU
re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mdu;j;j
mghaj;jpidf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd gbKiwfs; rpy cs;sd.

mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kd;
- mghaj;ij mstply;
- vr;rupf;if tpLf;Fk; njhFjpfis epu;khzpj;jy;.
- mghaj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

59
 - KOikahd Kd;dhaj;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
- kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;ly; kw;Wk; r%fg; gq;Nfw;G
- epWtd uPjpahd tYg;gLj;jiy Vw;gLj;jy;.

mdu;j;jj;jpd; NghJ
- vr;rupf;if tpLj;jYk; fhg;ghw;WjYk;
- mtrufhy nraw;ghLfs;
- tYthd ,izg;ghf;fr; nrad;Kiw

mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;du;
- mdu;jj ; j;jpd; ghjpg;Gfisf; fzf;nfLj;J mtw;Wf;Fj; jPut
; pid Kd;itj;jy;.
- tpopg;G+l;ly;
- mgptpUj;jpia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yy;.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifiag;

ghjpfF
; k; xt;nthU mdu;jj ; j;ijAk; mtw;iw Kfhik nra;Ak; Kiwapid
Ak; fye;JiuahLf.
2. mdu;jj ; k; xd;wpd;NghJ mdu;jj; Kfhikj;Jt kj;jpa epiyaj;jpd; gzpfis
,yq;ifia mjpfstpy; ghjpf;Fk; mdu;jj ; q;fspD}lhf tpsf;Ff.

60
 ru;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa #oypay; mikg;Gfs;
Nju; r ; r p : 14.0 ,aw;iff;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,zf;fkhd ,ilj;
njhlu;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> Gtp kw;Wk; mjpy; tho;
Nthu; njhlu;ghfg; Nghjpa tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 14.1 ru;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa #oypay; epWtdq;fspd;

tfpgq;fpidg; guprPypg;ghu;.

14.2 ,yq;ifapy; #oypay; epWtdq;fspd; tfpgq;fpidg;

guprPypg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww; NgWfs; :  ru;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa #oypay; epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa

jfty;fspid Kd;itj;Jf; fw;whuha;thu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; #oypay; epWtdq;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
gq;fspg;gpid Muha;thu;.

mwpKfk;
jw;fhy cyfpy; gpugy;akhd #oy; gpur;rpidfs; gytw;iw vjpuN
; ehf;f Ntz;bAs;sd.
kdpjdpd; jiyaPll; hy; mit jPtpuk; mile;Js;sNjhL ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfisj;
jdpj;J xU ehl;bdhy; khj;jpuk; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ. vdNt #oyhdJ KO
cyFf;Fk; nghJthdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; #oy; gpur;rpidfSk; nghJthdit
ahFk;. vdNt mjd; jhf;fq;fSf;Fk; KO cyFk; Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

mgptpUj;jp> rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fj;Jld; ,ize;J #oy; gpur;rpidfSk; Ntfkhf

mjpfupjJ
; s;sJld;> murpay; fhuzpfshy; mit NkYk; jPtpuk; mile;Js;sd. Mifahy;
#oy; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; cyf ehLfs; xd;wpize;J gy;NtW
mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpr; nraw;gLfpd;wd. mjw;Nfw;g gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jdpj;J
Kfq;n fhLf; fhJ xd; wpize;J Kfq;n fhLf; f cyf ehLfs; nrayhw;Wfpd;w d.
,yq;ifapYk; ,t;thwhd mikg;Gfs; gy cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,yq;if mq;fk;
tfpf;Fk; ru;tNjr #oypay; mikg;GfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thwhd rpy mikg;Gfs;
gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd; gzpfs; njhlu;ghfTk; guprPyid nra;tJ ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

ru;t Njr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd #oypay; mikg;Gfs;

• If;fpa ehLfspd; #oy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; ( UNEP)
- 1972 ,y; RtPldpd; ];nuhf;N`hk; efupy; ,lk;ngw;w khdpl #oy; njhlu;ghd
If;fpa ehLfspd; KjyhtJ khehl;bd; tpisthf If;fpa ehLfspd; #oy;rhu;
epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; cUthdJ.
- nfd;ahtpd; ieNuhgp efupy; ,jd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;sJld; ,t;tikg;ghdJ
If;fpa ehLfspd; rfy mikg;GfSlDk;> mur rhu;gw;w mikg;GfSlDk; kw;Wk;
Vida mur mikg;GfSlDk; ,ize;J nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
- rkfhy tpQ;Qhdj; juTfis rupahf cWjpg;gLj;jYk;> mj;juTfs; kw;Wk;
jfty;fis jPu;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; cupa egu;fsplk; xg;gilj;jYk;
,t;tikg;gpd; gpujhd Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
- 1987,y; Nehu;Ntapd; gpujkuhf ,Ue;j FNwh `hyk; G&z;yd;l; (Gro Harlen
Brundland) ,d; jiyikapyhd #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr
Mizf;FOtpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l “vkJ nghJ vjpu;fhyk;” vDk; mwpf;ifapid
61
 mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L If;fpa ehLfspd; #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd
khehL (upNah) cUthdJ.
; hyk; (Our Common Future) vDk; mwpfi
- vkJ nghJ vjpuf ; fapD}lhf #oy; ghJfhg;G>
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; #oy; ,ilj;njhlu;G gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
- If;fpa ehLfspd; #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd khehL 1992 [{iy 01
Kjy; 14 tiu gpNwrpypd; upNahb n[dNuhtpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
- 172 cyf ehLfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jld; ,J ,lk;ngw;wNjhL ,jpy; mjpfsthd
cyfj; jiytu;fs; gq;Nfw;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
- Gtp cr;rp khehl;bd; njhdpg;nghUshf “#oYk; Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpAk;”
mike;jpUe;jJ.
- ,k;khehl;bYk; mj;jifa gy;NtW tplaq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
1. epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; - 21 (Agenda 21)
2. mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; #oy; njhlu;ghd upNah gpufldk;
3. fhLfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilf; nfhs;if
4. fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd If;fpa ehLfs; cld;gbf;if
5. capu;gg
; y;tifik njhlu;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; cld;gbf;if
6. goq;Fbapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fSf;F Vw;g Gtp cr;rp khehl;bd; gzpfisg; gpujhd %d;W

gFjpfshff; fhl;l KbAk;.
1. xt;nthU kdpjDk; epiyahd vjpuf
; hyj;jpwF
; Kfq;nfhLf;ff; $batifapy;
G+Nfhsr; #oiyg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;sYk;> #oy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffSf;F ,ilapy; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd
epue;jukhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
2. kdpj ,dj;jpd; vjpuf
; hyj;ijg; Gjpa topapy; ,l;Lr; nry;tjw;fhf kdpju;fis
xd;wpizj;jy;.
3. #oypd; juj;jpid Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yy; kw;Wk; rpwe;jJk;> epiyahdJkhd
#oy;rhu; tsu;r;rpiar; rfy ehLfspYk; Vw;gLj;jy;.
cjhuzk; : tspfN ; fhsj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;> G+Nfhs tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

- njhlu;r;rpahf gy ehl;fshf eilngw;w Gtp cr;rp khehl;by; #oy; kw;Wk;

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L “epfo;r;rp epuy;
- 21” vDk; jiyg;gpy; midj;J ehLfSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,U cld;
gbf;iffs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd>
1. tspfN ; fhsj;Jld; NrUk; mNefkhd thAf;fspd; %yk; gr;ir tPl;L tpisT
Vw;gLtJld; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fisj; jLg;gjw;fhf kdpj
nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf mj;jifa thAf;fs; tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; Nru;tijj;
jtpu;g;gjw;Fr; rfy ehLfSk; cld;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; %yk; G+Nfhs capu;g; gy;tif
ikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> mj;jifa capu;g; gy;tifikiar; rPu;Fiyf;Fk;
rfy eltbf;iffspy; ,Ue;Jk; tpyfpapUg;gjw;F vy;yhj; jug;gpdUk; cld;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
- If;fpa ehLfspd; #oy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; jkJ gzpfis #oy; njhlu;ghd
njspT> ghiytdkhjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w gjpndhU Jiwfshfg; gpupff
; g;gl;L
nraw;ghLfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.
- ghq;nfhf;> nkf;rpf;Nfh efu;> fpq;];ld;> g`;Nud;> n[dpth> Vnjd;]; Nghd;w tya
62
 ikaq;fSf;F ,e;epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; tpupthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
- UNEP mikg;G #oy; Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; gy tplaq;fis> tpNrlkhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l Ie;J nrayfq;fs; Clhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
1. ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; ,uhrhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; - n[dpth
2. #oy; kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; - ghup];
3. ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; fopTfis ehLfspd; vy;iyfs;
Clhff; nfhz;L nry;tJk;> mtw;iw ntspNaw;W
tijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; - n[dpth
4. mghaj;jpw;F cl;gl;Ls;s mUfp tUk; capupdq; fspd;
tu;jj
; fk; njhlu;ghd cld;gbf;if - n[dpth
5. ,lk;ngau; tpyq;Ffs; njhlu;ghd cld;gbf;if - Ngu;d;

,aw;i fiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ru;tNjr rq;f k; ( IUCN)

- KjyhtJ ru;tNjr #oypay; mikg;ghd ,jd; jiyikafk; 1948,y; gpuhd;rpd;
nghd;iud;GS efupy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
- gpd;du; ,jd; jiyikafk; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J fpshd;l; efupy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
- IUCN ,d; gpujhd gzpfs; rpy tUkhW:
1. jw;fhy kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy kdpj r%fj;jpd; eyDf;fhf kPs; cUthf;ff;$ba
tsq;fis rPuhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpia
cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
2. ghJfhg;gw;w epyq;fs; rKj;jpug; gpuNjrq;fspd; tpNrl ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Clhf ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; mupa
jhtuq;fs;> tpNrl tpyq;F tiffisg; NghJkhd mstpy; #oypy; epiy
ngwr; nra;jYk;.
3. me;je;jr; #oiyg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tpNrl jhtu tiffs;> tpyq;Ffs;
thoplq;fs; ed;dPu;> ctu;ePu; gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
4. mt;thwhd VNjDk; jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; mUfpr; nry;Yk; epiyapid
vjpu;Nehf;Fkhapd; mtw;wpidj; jLf;Fk; tifapy; ghJfhg;gpid
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; El;g Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
5. tspf;Nfhsj;jpidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L gue;jstpyhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
6. ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffis epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;
nfhs;sy;.
7. gy;NtW ehLfis cs;slf;fpa tya mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mur mikg;Gfs;
vd;gtw;wpd; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

- IUCN %yk; #oy; njhlu;ghf tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;L tpNrl tpyq;fpdg;

ghJfhg;G> jhtug; ghJfhg;G> <u epyg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis
Kfhik nra;jy; Mfpa tpNrl nraw;wpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
- IUCN %yk; #oy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; kw;Wk; nre;juTg; Gj;jfk;
Mfpa ntspaPLfs; Mz;L> miuahz;L> khjhe;jk; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd.
- ,yq;ifapd; ngsjpfr; #oypy; fhzg;gLk; capu;g; gy;tifikf; $Wfs; gw;wpa
Ma;tpd;NghJ tdg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fj; njhopEl;g uPjpahd cjtp
toq;fy;> %ypifj; jhtu ghJfhg;gpwF
; El;g uPjpahd gq;fspgg
; pidg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;
Nghd;w eltbf;iffSf;F IUCN ,yq;iff;F epjpAjtp toq;Ffpd;wJ.
63
If;fpa ehLfspd; fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd tiur;rl;lf rkthak; ( UNFCC)
- If;fpa ehLfs; #oy; khehl;bd;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;l cld;gbf;ifahf ,jidf;
fUj KbAk;.
- 1992 [{d; khjk; njhlf;fk; ,t;Tld;gbf;if mKYf;F te;jJ.
- cWg;G ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if 197 (2015) MFk;.
- Mz;LNjhWk; cWg;G ehLfs; xd;W $LtJld; mt;nthd;W$ly; cWg;G ehLfspd;
rk;Nksdk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ (COP)
- UNFCC mbg;gil Nehf;fkhtJ gr;irtPl;L thAf;fis epiyahd mstpy;
NgZtjhFk;.
- ve;jnthU ehl;bw;Fk; gr;irtPlL; thAf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gj; njhlu;gpyhd tiuaiw
Fwpgg
; plg;gLtjpyi
; y vd;gJld; mt;tt; ehLfspd; gq;fspg;gpwF
; Vw;gj; jPuk
; hdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- UNFCC Clhf elhj;jg;gl;l fpNahl;Nlh khehl;bd; (Kyoto Conference) %yk;
mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfSf;Fr; gr;irtPlL
; thAf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gj; njhlu;ghf
tiuaiw tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- nkf;rpf;Nfhtpy; elhj;jg;gl;l fd;$d; khehl;bd; Clhfg; G+Nfhs ntg;gj;ijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; MNyhrid toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- ghup]; 2015 khehl;by; gr;irtPlL
; thAf;fspd; gq;fspgg
; pid tiuaiwf;F cl;gLj;jy;
njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njd;dhrpa #oypay; xj;Jiog;G Ntiyj;jpl;lk; ( SACEP)

- tya #oy; fl;likg;ghf 1982 ,d; Muk;gj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,jpy; njd;dhrpahtpd;
vl;L ehLfs; ,ize;Js;sd.
- ,jd; jiyikafk; nfhOk;gpy; mike;Js;sJ.
- SACEP mikg;G If;fpa ehLfspd; #oy; Ntiyj;jpll
; j;jpd; njd;dhrpahtpd; fiuNahu
nrayfkhfTk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
- ,J njd; Mrpa tyaj;jpd; KUiff;fw;ghiw mikg;G (South Asia Coral Reef Task
Force) Nghd;w ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fSld; xd;wpize;J nrayhw;Wfpd;wJ.
- ,t;tikg;G jkJ eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gjpide;J jiyg;Gfisj;
njupT nra;J mtw;iw cWg;G ehLfSf;fpilapy; fPot
; UkhW gpupj;J toq;fpAs;sJ.
1. ,e;jpah - rl;lkpaw;wy;> fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp toq;fy;
2. <uhd; - tYrf;jp nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; #oypay; gz;Gfs;
3. gq;fshNj\; - fz;ly;> fopKfk; kw;Wk; fiuNahu tyak;
4. Neghsk; - Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;
5. ghfp];jhd; - #ow;nwhFjp kw;Wk; r%ff; fhlhf;fk;
6. ,yq;if - #oypay; jhf;fq;fis kjpgg
; pLjy;> tuT nryTg; gFg;gha;T
7. SACEP mikg;G - ghiytdkhjy; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa fly; (xl;Lnkhj;jkhf)

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

- ,jidj; jdp my;yJ FOr; nraw;ghlhf xOq;fikf;f KbAk;.
njupT nra;ag;gl;l ru;tNjr #oypay; mikg;Gfs; %d;wpidg; gw;wp ifNaL
jahupj;jy;.
1. If;fpa ehLfspd; #oy; epfo;rr
; pjj ; k; (United Nations Enviromental Programme)
; pll

64
 2. If;fpa ehLfspd; fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd rktha tiur;rl;lfk;
(United Nations Framework of Convention on Climate Change)
3. ,aw;ifia ghJfhg;gpw;fhd ru;tNjr rq;fk; (International Union for Conserva
tion of Nature)

NkNyAs;s #oypay; mikg;Gfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisf; fPo;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo;

njhFj;J toq;FtJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
- mikg;gpd; Nehf;fk; / gpd;dzp
- nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
- ,yq;ifapd; gq;fspg;G

65
14.2. ,yq;i fapy; nraw;gLk; #oypay; mikg;Gf;fspd; tfpgq;F

• kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rig (CEA)

- kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rig ,yq;ifapd; #oypaw; nfhs;iffs;> eilKiwfis
cUthf;FtJld; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW epWtdq;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;Jk; gpujhd
epWtdkhf 1980Mk; Mz;L 47Mk; ,yf;f Njrpa Rw;whly; rl;lf; fl;lisfspd;
fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj; jpl;lkpLk; NghJ #oypay; njhlu;ghf ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;> #oy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis toq;FtJk;
,jd; Kf;fpa nghWg;GfshFk;.
- 1984,y; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j
mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd “#oy; jhf;f kjpg;gl
P ;L mwpf;if” jahupj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> mtw;Wf;Ff; fl;lhakhf kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rigapd;
mDkjpiag; ngw Ntz;Lk; vdTk; rl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- 1988,y; kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rigapdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l “Njrpa ghJfhg;G
cgha Kiwfs;” Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jD}lhf mgptpUj;jpapd; NghJ #oypay;
ghjpg;Gf;fis ,optsthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba eltbf;iffs;
njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- mjpfhu rigapd; gzpfis ehnlq;fpYk; epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,Ugj;ije;J khtl;l
Rw;whly; Kftuikg;Gfs; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

- ,aw;if tsq;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;gLkhapd; mit njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk;> mjw;Nfw;w tifapy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;tJk; kj;jpa Rw;whly;
mjpfhu rigapd; flikfshFk;.

- #oy; ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW topKiwfs; Clhf kf;fis

tpopg;G+l;ly; eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;jYk; ,e;epWtdj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLfpd;wJ.

- #oy; njhlu;ghd fupridAila kf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd #ow;

fy;tpiaAk;> mwpT+l;liyAk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLj;jy; ,t;tjpfhu rigapd;
gpujhd flikahFk;.

- kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rigapD}lhfj; Njrpa #oypay; gFg;gha;T ikak;

xd;wpid cUthf;fYk;> mjD}lhf #oy; njhlu;Gila juTfs;> jfty;fisr;
Nrfupj;J itj;jYk; ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpfshFk;.

- #oy; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Kiwfisj; jahupg;gjw;fhf fhyj;jpw;Ff;

fhyk; Njitg;gLk; jfty; kw;Wk; juTj; njhFjpapidj; jahupj;jy; ,jD}lhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

Njrpa ePu; tsq;fs; Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Kftufk; (NARA)

- ,yq;if ePu; tsq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp Kfhikj;Jtk; Mfpa eltbf;iffisj;

njhlu;GgLj;jy;> Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf 1981Mk; Mz;L
54 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jpd; gb jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- ,yq;ifapd; rKj;jpu vy;iyapy; Vw;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf eltbf;if

Nkw;nfhs;tJk; mjw;F Kfq;nfhLj;jYk; ,e;epWtdj;jpd; gpujhd nraw;ghlhFk;.

- ,yq;if ePu; tsq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk;> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Ma;T eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
66
 - capUs;s> capuw;w tsq;fs; njhlu;ghd Njrpa Ntiyj;jpl;lk; xd;iw eilKiwg;
gLj;Jk;NghJ njhopEl;g ty;Ydu;fspd; cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ,jd;
gpujhd nraw;ghlhFk;.

- mjpfupjj
; ePu; tsg; ghtidia Kfhik nra;jy;> ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpAld;
njhlu;Gila tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;gk; kw;Wk; rl;lg; gpupTfspy; MNyhrid Nrit
fis toq;fy; kw;Wk; ,jDld; njhlu;Gila epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfis
,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jy; vd;gdTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

- ,yq;ifapd; kPdg
; pbf; ifj;njhopy>; ePupay; ts mgptpUj;jpg; ghJfhg;G> Kfhikj;Jtk;
njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; juT kw;Wk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;> gFg;gha;T nra;jy;>
ntspapLjy; vd;gd NARA tpd; nraw;ghLfshFk;.

- ,yq;ifiar; #oTs;s Mokhd> Mokw;w fly;fspYk;> cs;ehl;L ePu;j;Njf;fq;fsp

Yk;> ePupay; tpQQ
; hdj; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; fly; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;> xOq;fikj;
jy;> ntspapLjy; vd;gdTk;> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l xt;nthU gpupTf;Fk; Vw;g kdpj
tsj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd gapw;rpg; ghlnewpfis elhj;JtJk;
,e;epWtdj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;f sk; (CCD)

- ,yq;if xU jPthf ,Ug;gjhy; fiuNahu tyak; #oypay;> nghUshjhu uPjpahf

Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ruhrup Nkw;gug;G ePu; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 300 kPw;wu; fiuapid
Nehf;fpAk; ruhrup jho; ePu; kl;lj;jpypUe;J ,uz;L fpNyh kPw;wu; flypid Nehf;fpAk;
gue;Js;s gFjpNa rl;luPjpahf fiuNahuk; vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

- 1963Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;dNu fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;

gl;lJ. mjw;F Kd;du; gy;NtW jpizf;fsq;fs; Clhf me;eltbf;iffs; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mjd;gb 1963,y; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gl;L
nfhOk;Gj; JiwKf Mizf;FOtpd; fPo; jdpahd gpupnthd;whf ,J epWtg;gl;lJ.

- 1978,y; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kPd;gpb mikr;rpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJld;>

1981Mk; Mz;L 57Mk; ,yf;f fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 1984,y;
fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1988Mk; Mz;L 64Mk; ,yf;f kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gld;

njhlu;Gila eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd;gb
fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; rpy Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. 1990 fiuNahug; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd ghupa jpl;lk;

2. 1992 fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;
3. 1997 fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;
4. 2004 fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;

fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

1. fiuNahuk; rhu; eltbf;iffSf;fhd mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis toq;Fk;

eltbf;iffis nraw;gLj;jy;.
2. Njrpa fiuNahu tya Kfhikj;Jtj; jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupj;jy;.
3. njupT nra;ag;gl;l tpNrl gFjpfspy; Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
4. kzy; mfo;T kw;Wk; KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; njhlu;gpy; fz;fhzpj;jy;
5. fiuNahu tya #oy; eltbf;iffs; njhlu;gpy; Muha;jy;.
67
 6. fiuNahu nghwpapay;rhu; eltbf;iffs; njhlu;gpy; Muha;jy;.
7. fiuNahu ghJfhg;G epu;khzpg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
8. jpBu; mdu;j;jq;fspd;NghJ fiuNahu ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;
nfhs;sy;.
9. fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghf Ma;T eltbf;iffspy; <Lgly;.

Njrpa fl;ll Muha;r;r p epWtdk; ( NBRO)

- mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt mikr;rpd; fPo; 1983,y; epWtg;gl;lJ.

- Njrpa fl;ll Muha;rr
; p epWtdk; gy tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJld;
mjw;Nfw;g MW Ma;Tj; Jiwfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

- epyr;rupT gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;

- #oy; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;
- fl;ll nghUl;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;
- epyj;Njhw;w njhopEl;gk;
- kf;fs; FbapUg;G
- nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtk;

- epyr;rupT njhlu;ghd Ma;tpd; %yk; epyr;rupT tyaq;fisg; glkhf;Fjy;> epyr;rupT

gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhzy;> epyr;rupT Mgj;jpid gFj;jha;jy;> epyr;rupTf;F
cl;glf;$ba kiyr;rha;Tfis ,dq;fz;L Kd;ndr;rupf;if toq;fy; Nghd;wd
,lk;ngWk;.

- #oy; Ma;tpd; %yk; ePu; kw;Wk; tspapd; juk; njhlu;ghd gupNrhjidfs;> xyp>
mjput
; iyfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mstply;> #oy; Kfhikj;Jtk;> fUj;juq;Ffs;> gapwr
; pg;
ghlnewpfis elhj;Jjy; kw;Wk; #oy; khrilitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

- epyj;Njhw;wj; njhopEl;gg; gpuptpd; %yk; epy Muha;r;rp> kz; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

epu;khzpg;Gf;fis Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy; Nghd;wd ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

- fl;ll nghUsha;T gpuptpD}lhfr; rPnke;Jf; fyitapd; (Concrete) juj;jpidg;

gupNrhjpj;jy;> ,Uk;Gf; fk;gpfspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid Muha;jy;> nrq;fy;> jiu
XL (Tile) kw;Wk; rPnke;J cw;gj;jpfisg; gupNrhjpj;jy;.

- kf;fs; FbapUg;Gg; gpuptpd; %yk; FbapUg;Gf;fis mz;b mdu;jj

; epiyfis
Kfhik nra;jy;> mjDld; njhlu;Gila #oypay; jhf;fj;jpid Muha;jy;

- nraw;wpll
; Kfhikj;Jtg; gpuptpd; %yk; fl;llq;fis epu;khzpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpid Kiwahd nghwpapaw; jpl;lj;jpD}lhf toq;fy;> Gjpa
fl;ll epu;khzj;jpw;fhd kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> gioa> Gjpa fl;llq;fisg;
guprPyid nra;J mjd; fl;likg;G uPjpahd jd;ikapid tptupf;Fk; ju mwpf;if
apidj; jahu; nra;jy;.

Gtpr;rupjtpay; Ma;T kw;Wk; Ruq;fg; gzpafk; ( GSMB)

- Gtpr;rupjtpay; Ma;T kw;Wk; Ruq;fg; gzpafk; vd;gJ Gtpr;rupjtpay; Ma;T el

tbf;iffs; kw;Wk; epy mfo;T njhlu;gpyhd Muha;r;rp> fw;if kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G
Nghd;w gzpfspy; nraw;wpwdhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;Fk; epWtdkhFk;.

- 1992Mk; Mz;L 33Mk; ,yf;f Ruq;f kw;Wk; fdpg;nghUs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 1993Mk;
Mz;L khu;r; khjk; epWtg;gl;l miu mur epWtdkhFk;. 1993 tiu ,J Gtpr;
rupjtpay; Ma;Tj; jpizf;fsk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

68
- Gtpr;rupjtpay; kw;Wk; mfo;Tg; gpupT vd ,U gpupTfs; cz;L.

- ,jd; gzpfs;
1. ,yq;iff;F cupj;jhd gy;NtW Gtpr;rupjtpay;rhu; tiuglq;fis cUthf;
Fjy;.
2. ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; fdpa tsq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mbg;gilj; juTfisr; Nrfupj;J tpupthd Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;
fdpa ts mgptpUj;jp Ngz;jF gad;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
3. fdpa tsq;fs;> mfo;Tfs;> tpahghuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjpapidf;
fz;fhzpjj
; y; Nghd;wtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila murpd; gq;fpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;t
jw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
4. fdpa tsq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;ru;fSf;F
MNyhrid toq;fy;.
5. ,yq;ifapDs; kw;Wk; mjidr; #oTs;s gFjpfspy; Vw;glf;$ba epy
eLf;fk; Nghd;w mdu;j;j epiyikfis mtjhdpj;jYk; Gtpg; nghwpapay;
nraw;wpl;l eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; (epymjpu;Tj; juTfs; kw;Wk;
Rdhkp mtjhdpg;G ikak;)

69
 Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy;
Nju;r;rp : 7.0 Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopypd; Nghf;Ffisg; guprPyid nra;J fdpa
tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpaj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 7.1 cyfpy; Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopypd; guk;gy;> cw;gj;jp> tu;j;jfk;>

gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpf; fw;wha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 14

fw;ww; NgWfs; :  Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy; vd;why; vd;dntd;gjid tiutpyf;

fzk; nra;thu;.
 fdpanea;> epyf;fup> ,Uk;Gj;jhJ Mfpatw;wpd; cyfg;
guk;giyg; glnkhd;wpd; JizAld; tpsf;Fthu;.
 fdpa nea; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis tptupg;ghu;.
 fdpanea;apd; cyf tu;j;jfg; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 cyf epyf;fup cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; mJ rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;
fis tptupg;ghu;.
 cyfpd; epyf;fup tu;jj; fj;jpd; gz;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
 cyfpy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk; rhu;e;j
gz;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
 cyfpd; Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopypy; fhzg;gLk; Nghf;Ffis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 cyfpd; Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopypy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
mwpKfk;
cyfpd; ifj;njhopyf ; is cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; ,U ngUk; gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fyhk;. cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy; (mfo;Tf; ifj;njhopy;)
vd;gdNt mitahFk;. cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; vd;gJ %yg;nghUl;fisAk; Vida
cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nrad;KiwahFk;.
Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy; vd;gJ Gtpapy; gbe;J fhzg;gLfpd;w fdpaq;fis mfo;e;njLf;Fk;
nrad;KiwahFk;. mjd;gb Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopYk; Xu; mfo;Tf; ifj;njhopyhFk;.

Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopYf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshf epyf;fup> ,Uk;Gj;jhJ> fdpanea;>

,aw;ifthA> Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;> ,uj;jpdf;fy;> nlhyikl;> ikf;fh Nghd;w mfo;Tfisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy;fspd; guk;gy;> cw;gj;jp>
tu;jj
; fk;> Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; rthy;fs; njhlu;gpy; njsptpid Vw;gLj;JtJ ,t;tyfpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

gy;yhapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy; epytpaikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpAld; Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopYk;
Jupj tsu;r;rp fz;lJ. Ruq;fkWj;jy; ,U Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

1. Nkw;gug;G mfo;T (Surface Mining)

Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; my;yJ mjw;fz;ikapy; my;yJ gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; gbe;Js;s
fdpaq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhFk;. cjhuzk; : guy;> fsp> kzy;> fUq;fy;>
epyf;fup

2. epyf;fPo; mfo;T (Underground Mining)

Gtpapd; cl;Gw mfo;tpd; Clhf fdpaq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
cjhuzk; :- ,Uk;Gj;jhJ> epyf;fup> jq;fk; kw;Wk; fdpanea;.

70
fdpanea;

ngw;Nwhypak; - ( Pertoleum)
,J cyfpy; ngUksT gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rf;jp %ykhFk;. ngw;Nwhypag; gbTfs; milaw;
ghiwg;gilfSf;F mz;ikapy; mikag;ngw;Ws;sd. mfo;tpd; Clhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
krF vz;iziar; Rj;jpfupg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Nwhy;> Bry;> kz;nzz;nza; Nghd;wd
Efu;Tf;fhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

 rf;jp %ykhd fdpanea;ahdJ ,ae;jpuq;fis ,af;Ftjw;Fk;> thfdg;

Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk;> kpd;rhu cw;gj;jpf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;Fk;
Nkyhf fdpanea; rhu;e;j cg cw;gj;jpfshf jhu;> ,urhadg; grisfs;>
krF vz;nza;> gpsh];bf; kw;Wk; epwg; G+r;Rf;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

 fdpanea;ia vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; gy;NtW gad;fs; fhzg;

gLfpd;wd. mJ xg;gPll
; stpy; Fiwe;j viliaf; nfhz;lJ. vupAk; NghJ
KOikahfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,yFthff; nfhz;L nry;yf;$baJ. tPl;Lg;
ghtidf;F ,yFthdJ.

guk;gy;
 cyfpd; vy;yh gpuNjrq;fspYk; fdpanea; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 jw;NghJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s fdpanea; gbTfspy; miuthrpf;Fk; Nky;
kj;jpa fpof;F tyaj;jpy; guk;gpAs;sd.
 ,J cyfpy; Vida ehLfspy; fhzg;gLk; nkhj;jf; fdpanea;g; guk;giytpl
mjpfkhFk;.
 vz;nza;g; gbTfs; fhzg;gLk; Vida ehLfshf fdlh> ntdpRntyh>
If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR> u\;ah> ypgpah> rPdh> ie[Pupah> frf];jhd;
vd;gd cs;sd.
 ngw;Nwhypaj;ij Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; gpujhd ehLfs;
rTjp mNugpah u\;ah
Nehu;Nt <uhd;
If;fpa muG ,uhr;rpak; ntdpRntyh
Fitj; ie[Pupah
my;[Pupah nkf;rpf;Nfh

tu;j;jfk;
fdpa vz;nza; tu;j;jfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kidg;ghd gz;Gfs; rpy cs;sd.

 If;fpa mnkupf;fh> rPdh kw;Wk; fdlh Mfpad gpujhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fshf

,Ue;jhYk; Vw;Wkjpapy; gpujhd ,lj;jpidg; ngwtpy;iy.
 fdpa vz;nza; ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; ehLfs;
If;fpa mnkupf;fh [g;ghd;
rPdh njd;nfhupah
,e;jpah N[u;kd;
gpuhd;]; rpq;fg;G+u;
,j;jhyp ];ghdpah
 gpujhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fshd If;fpa mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; rPdh ngw;Nwhiy
,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; Kf;fpakhd ehLfshFk;.
 fdpanea; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj;i
; jf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gpujhd epWtdq;fs;
rpythFk;.

71
 1. Nwhay; lr; n\y; (Royal Dutch Shell) - neju;yhe;J
2. rTjp muk;Nfh (Sudhi Aramco) - rTjp mNugpah
3. gpupl;b]; ngw;Nwhypak; (Britsh Petroleum) - gpupj;jhdpah
4. vf;Nrhd; nkhgpy; (Exxon mobil) - If;fpa mnkupf;fh
5. Nlhl;ly; SA (Total SA) - njd;dhgpupf;fh

 ngw;Nwhypa tu;jj
; fj;jpy; VfNghf cupikia jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gf;fSk; cz;L. cjhuzk; : xNgf; (OPEC)
(ngw;Nwhypak; Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehLfspd; mikg;G)

 ngw;Nwhypaj;Jf;fhd Nfs;tp Jupjkhf mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; epiy

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspy;
mjpfupj;j Nfs;tp epyTfpd;wJ.

epyf;fup (Coal)

Nrjd vupnghUshfpa epyf;fup jhtuf; fopTfs; cf;fyiltjd; Clhf cUthfpd;wJ.

cf;fpa jhtug; gFjpfs; ghiwg; gilfSf;fpilNa gbe;J ePzl ; fhy mKf;fj;jpw;F
cl;gl;L jpz;kf; fhgd; jl;Lf;fs; cUthFk;. Kd;D}W kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G
epytpa fhNghdpgu]; Afj;jpy; epyf;fup Njhd;wpajhfg; Gtpr;rupjtpayhsu;fs; fUJfpdw
; du;.

epyf;fupahdJ gpujhdkhf ehd;F tiffshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fhgd; rjtPjk;

cau;kl;lj;jpy; epyTk; epyf;fup cau;jukhdjhFk;.

 me;jpuirw;W (mdy;kpF) epyf;fup (Anthrasite) - fhgdsT 90% Nky;

 GifkpF epyf;fup (Bituminous) - fhgdsT 60% - 80% tiu
 gOg;G epyf;fup (,yj;jpuidw;W) (Lignite) - fhgdsT 45% - 60% tiu
 Kw;wh epyf;fup (Peat) - fhgdsT 20% - 45% tiu

guk;gy;
 cyfpy; cs;s epyf;fup tay;fspy; Rkhu; 95% tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy;
tpahgpj;Js;sd. Kd;dzp cw;gj;jp ehLfshf rPdh> If;fpa mnkupf;fh>
,e;jpah> mT];jpNu ypah> u\pah> ,e;NjhNdrpah kw;Wk; njd;dhgpupf;fh
vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 ,e;ehLfSf;F Nkyhf N[u;kd;> Nghye;J> frf];jhd;. JUf;fp> nfhyk;gpah>

cf;Nud;> fpNuf;fk;> fdlh kw;Wk; nrf; FbauRfs; Nghd;w ehLfSk; epyf;fup
cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.

epyf;fupg; guk;gYf;F Vw;g gpujhd tyaq;fs; ehd;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. tl mnkupf;fhtpd; kj;jpa kw;Wk; fpof;F tyak;.

2. tlNkw;F INuhg;gpa tyak;.
3. u\;a tyak;.
4. fpof;fhrpa tyak;.
(glj;jpD}lhf tyaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf)

72
ml;ltiz 7.1.1 - cyfpd; epyf;fup cw;gj;jp - 2015

ehLfs; cw;gj;jp (kp.njhd;.)

rPdh 3747.0
If;fpa mnkupf;fh 812.8
,e;jpah 677.5
mT];jpNuypah 484.5
u\pah 377.3
,e;NjhNdrpah 392.0
njd;dhgpupf;fh 352.1
N[u;kd; 184.3
Nghyhe;J 135.5
frf];jhd; 106.5

%yk; :- http//www.wikiwand.com/en/coal/coalindustry

tu;j;jfk;

 2003 - 2012 juTfSf;F Vw;g epyf;fup Vw;Wkjpapy; <Lgl;l gpujhd ehd;F

ehLfs; ,e;NjhNdrpah> mT];jpNuypah> u\pah> If;fpa mnkupf;fh
vd;gdthFk;. (ml;ltiz 7.1.2)

 2006 - 2010 juTfSf;F Vw;g gpujhd epyf;fup ,wf;Fkjp ehLfs; [g;ghd;>

rPdh> njd;nfhupah kw;Wk; ,e;jpah Nghd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (ml;ltiz
7.1.3)

 2008 - 2013 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; cyf epyf;fup cw;gj;jpapy; Jupj

tsu;r;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.

 2014,y; njspthd tPo;r;rpnahd;iw mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. rPdhtpdhy;

,wf;Fkjp nra;j epyf;fupapd; msT ghupasT tPor
; r
; paile;jikNa ,jw;fhd
Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.

73
 ml;ltiz 7.1.2 epyf;fup Vw;Wkjp 2003 - 2012 (kp.njhd;fs;)

ehL 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ]

,e;NjhNdrpah 107.8 131.4 142.0 192.2 221.9 228.2 261.4 316.2 331.4 421.8 29.8%

mT];jp;Nuypah 238.1 247.6 255.0 255.0 268.5 278.0 288.5 328.1 313.6 332.4 23.5%

u\pah 41.0 55.7 98.6 103.4 112.2 115.4 130.9 122.1 140.1 150.7 10.7%

I. mnkupf;fh 43.0 48.0 51.7 51.2 60.6 83.5 60.4 83.2 108.2 126.7 8.7%

nfhyk;gpah 50.4 56.4 59.2 68.3 74.5 74.7 75.7 76.4 89.0 92.2 6.5%

njd;dhgpupf;f h 78.7 74.9 78.8 75.8 72.6 68.2 73.8 76.7 75.8 82.0 5.8%

fdlh 27.7 28.8 31.2 31.2 33.4 36.5 31.9 36.9 37.6 38.8 2.7%

74
f]f];j hd; 30.3 27.4 28.3 30.5 32.8 47.6 33.0 36.3 33.5 35.2 2.5%

nkhq;N fhypah 0.5 1.7 2.3 2.5 3.4 4.4 7.7 18.3 26.1 24.3 1.7%

tpal;ehk; 6.9 11.7 19.8 23.5 35.1 21.3 28.2 24.7 19.7 21.1 1.5%

rPdh 103.4 95.5 93.1 85.6 75.4 68.8 25.2 22.7 27.5 15.2 1.1%

Nghye;J 28.0 27.5 26.5 25.4 20.1 16.1 14.6 18.1 15.0 14.9 1.0%

nkhj; j k; 713.9 764.0 936.0 1,000.6 1,073.4 1,087.3 1,090.8 1,212.8 1,286.7 1,413.9 100%

%yk; ( http://en.m.wikipeia.org/wiki/iron-ore
ml;ltiz 7.1.3 epyf;fup ,wf;Fkjp 2006 - 2010 (kpy;ypad; njhd;fs;)

ehL 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 %

[g;ghd; 199.7 209.0 206.0 182.1 206.7 17.5

rPdh 42.0 56.2 44.5 151.9 195.1 16.6
njd;nfhupah 84.1 94.1 107.1 109.9 125.8 10.7
,e;jpah 52.7 29.6 70.9 76.7 101.6 8.6
;jha;thd; 69.1 72.5 70.9 64.6 71.1 6.0
N[u;k d; 50.6 56.2 55.7 45.9 55.1 4.7
JUf;f p 22.9 25.8 21.7 22.7 30.0 2.5
I. ,uhr;rpak; 56.8 48.9 49.2 42.2 29.3 2.5
,j;j hyp 27.9 28.0 27.9 20.9 23.7 1.9
neju;yhe;J 25.7 29.3 23.5 22.1 22.8 1.9
u\pah 28.8 26.3 34.6 26.8 21.8 1.9
gpuhd;]; 24.1 22.1 24.9 18.3 20.8 1.8
I. mnkupf;fh 40.3 38.8 37.8 23.1 20.6 1.8
nkhj; j k; 991.8 1,056.5 1,063.2 1,039.8 1,178.1 100

%yk; ( http://en.m.wikipeia.org/wiki/coal

,Uk;Gj;jhJ (Iron Ore)

 ,Uk;G cNyhfj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba fdpa tifahf ,Uk;Gj;jhJ

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cyf ,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jpapy; Rkhu; 98% ,Uk;G kw;Wk;
cUf;F cw;gj;jpfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ,Uk;gpd; msT kpff;Fiwthf mlq;fpAs;s ,Uk;Gj;jhJ tif rpjiww;W

(Siderite) MFk;. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s ,Uk;gpd; msT 48% MFk;. ,Uk;gpd;
msT mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ (70%) vkijw;W (Hematite) MFk;.

 ,Uk;Gj;jhJ rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfshf ,Uk;G kw;Wk; cUf;F vd;gd fhzg;gL

fpd;wd. ,Uk;G> cUf;F vd;gd gy;NtW ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfSf;F
mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd.

guk;gy;

 cyfpd; gy;NtW ehLfspy; ,Uk;Gg; gbTfs; fhzg;gbDk; tu;jj ; f uPjpapyhd

gaidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba cau;jukhd ,Uk;Gj;jhJ xU rpy
ehLfspNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; rPdh Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpd;wJ.
mj;Jld; mT];jpNuypah> gpNwrpy;> ,e;jpah> u\pah Nghd;w ehLfSk;
,Uk;G cw;gj;jpapy; Kd;dzp tfpf;fpd;wd. NkYk; cf;Nud;> njd;dhgpupf;fh>
If;fpa mnkupf;fh> <uhd;> fdlh MfpadTk; ,Uk;G cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLk;
NkYk; rpy ehLfshFk;.

75
 ,Uk;Gj;jhJ tpahgpj;Js;s gpuNjrq;fis tyaq;fshf ,dq;fhzyhk;.

1. tl mnkupf;fhtpd; NgNuupg; gpuNjrk;.

2. cf;Nud; kw;Wk; u\pahtpd; F];nel;]; gpuNjrk;.
3. rPdhtpd; \hq;]p khfhzk;.
4. njd; nrhu;f;Nfht;> gpNwrpy;.
5. mT];jpNuypahtpy; vku;];yp njhlu;.
6. ngupa gpupjj
; hdpahtpy; njd; Nty;]; gpuNjrk;> kply
; he;Jg; gs;sj;jhf;F>
nrgPy;l; kw;Wk; gu;kpq;`hk;.

tu;j;jfk;

 ,Uk;Gj;jhJ Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehLfshf mT];jpNuypah> gpNwrpy;> njd;dh

gpupf;fh> fdlh> ,e;jpah vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 Vw;Wkjpahsu;fNshL xg;gpLk;NghJ mT];jpNuypah kw;Wk; gpNwrpy; vd;gd
gpujhd ,lj;jpid tfpf;fpd;wd. (ml;ltiz 7.1.5)
 gpujhdkhf ,Uk;Gj;jhJ ,wf;Fkjpapid rPdh> INuhg;gpa xd;wpa
ehLfs;> [g;ghd;> njd;nfhupah kw;Wk; jha;thd; Mfpad Nkw;nfhs;
fpd;wd.
 ,Uk;Gj;jhJ tu;jj ; fj;jpd; Nfs;tp Jupjkhf tsu;r;rpaile;J nry;tJ
mjd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

ml;ltiz 7.1.4 - cyf ,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jp - 2014

ehL cw;gj;jp (kp.nkh.njh)

rPdh 1500
mT];jpNuypah 660
gpNwrpy; 320
,e;jpah 150
u\pah 105
cf;Nud; 82
njd;dhgpupf;fh 78
If;fpa mnkupf;fh 58
<uhd; 45
fdlh 41

%yk; ( http://en.m.wikipeia.org/wiki/iron-ore

76
 ml;ltiz 7.1.5 - cyfpy; ,Uk;G Vw;Wkjp ehLfs; - 2016

ehL ngWkjp tPjk;

(m.nlh.kp)
mT];jpNuypah 39'5 55'0
gpNwrpy; 13'3 18'5
njd;dhgpupf;fh 3'6 5'0
fdlh 2'9 4'0
cf;Nud; 2'3 3'2
RtPld; 1'6 2'2
neju;yhe;J 1'1 1'5
,e;jpah 1'0 1'4
<uhd; 0'83 1'2
rpyp 0'82 1'2

%yk; : http://en.m.wikipeia.org/wiki/iron-ore

Ruq;f j;n jhopypd; mz;i kf;f hyg; Nghf;F fs;

 Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Kd;dzp tfpj;j ehLfisg; gpd;js;sp Gjpa ifj;njhopy;

ehLfs; Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopypy; Kd;dzp epiyapy; cs;sd.

 jukw;w cNyhfq;fisAk; gad;ghl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jy;.

 cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopypd; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfSs;

xd;whd fdpag; gbTfis mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jk; Fiwe;J
nry;tijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

 etPd njhopEl;gg; gad;ghLk; ,ae;jpukakhjYk;.

 fdpa tsq;fs; njhlu;rr

; pahfj; Nja;tile;J nry;tjhy; mjidg; ghJfhf;Fk;
cgha Kiwahf khw;W tsq;fspy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jjy;.

Ruq;ff; ifj;n jhopy; rhu;e ;j gpur;r pidfs;

jw;fhyj;jpy; Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopNyhL ,ize;j gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws;>

 Ruq;fq;fspd; Mok; mjpfupj;jy;.

 Ruq;fk;rhu; tpgj;Jfs; mjpfupj;jy;.
 ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghL fhuzkhf kdpj ciog;Gf;
Fiwtile;J nry;yy;.
 #oy;rhu; gpur;rpidfs;.
 cw;gj;jpr; nryT mjpfupj;jy;
Nghd;w gpur;rpidfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

77
 ,yq;ifapd; fdpa tsq;fs;
Nju; r ; r p : 8.0 ,yq;ifg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; fdpa tsq;fspd; ngWkjpiag;
gupry
P pjJ
; mtw;wpd; epiyNgz; gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
tpsf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 8.1 ,yq;ifapd; fdpa tsq;fspd; guk;gy;> cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;

Nghf;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwg; guprPypg;ghu;.

8.2 ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; fdpa tsq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;J

tj;ij typAWj;Jthu;.

8.3 ,yq;ifapy; fdpa tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; Vw;gLk;

#oypay; jhf;fq;fis ,optsthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 24

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 fdpa tsq;fis tiuaiw nra;thu;.

 ,yq;ifapd; njupT nra;ag;gl;l fdpa tsq;fs;

rpytw;wpd; guk;giyg; glnkhd;wpd; JizAld; tpsf;Fthu;.

 ,yq;ifapd; njupT nra;ag;gl;l fdpa tsq;fs; rpytw;wpd;

cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nghf;Ffis tpsf;Fthu;.

 ifj;njhopy; %yg;nghUs; vd;w tifapy; fdpa tsq;fspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

 fdpa tsq;fSld; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk; njhopy; tha;gG

; fs;
gw;wpa juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp tptupg;ghu;.

 ,yq;ifapd; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpapy; fdpa tsq;fspd;

gq;fspg;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.

 ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpapy; fdpatsq;fspd;

gq;fspg;gpid juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; guprPyid nra;thu;.

 ,yq;ifapy; fdpa tsq;fspd; gad;ghL fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;

#oypay; jhf;fq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

 fdpa tsq;fspd; gad;ghl;bd; NghJ Vw;gLk; #oypay;

jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;F vLf;ff;$ba eltbf;iffis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapy; fdpatsk; kw;Wk; mit rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. etPd njhopEl;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fdpa mfo;T
eltbf;i ffisAk; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpiaAk; Nkw;n fhs;tjdhy; mjD}lhfg;
nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Kf;fpa gq;fspg;G toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW fdpa
tsq;fs; guk;gpf; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mit cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffSf;Ff; Fiwe;j
kl;lj;jpNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt> fdpa tsq;fis %yg;nghUl;fshf Vw;Wkjp
nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf mjd; ngWkjpia cau;jJ ; k; tifapy; KbTg;nghUl;fshf my;yJ
Vw;WkjpapD}lhf Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; tpjj;jpyhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;tJ fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;.

78
NkYk; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; tpUj;jpNahL fdpa tsq;fspd; ghtid mjpfupg;ghy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s tsj;Nja;T kw;Wk; #oy; ghjpg;Gfs; mjpfkhFk;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy
fdpa tsq;fspd; %yk; ,yq;ifapy; fdpa tsq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mjd;
guk;gy; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; #oy; rhu; gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;fpf;
nfhs;tJ vt;thW vd;gJ gw;wp ,t;tyfpd; %yk; njspTgLj;jg;gLk;.

8.1. ,yq;ifapy; fdpa tsq;fspd; guk;gy;> cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nghf;F fs;

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

fdpa tsq;fs; : mwpKfk;

 gy %yg;nghUl;fspd; Nru;f;ifahy; fdpaq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. mit

ahNjDk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ tskhf
khWfpd;wd.

 ,yq;ifahdJ ifj;njhopy; fdpaq;fspy; tskhdnjhU ehlhfpDk; rf;jpts

fdpaq;fs; Fiwe;j ehlhFk;.

 ,yq;ifapy; cs;s fdpaq;fs; rpy

- fhuPak;
- fdpa kzy;
- mgijw;W

fhuP a k;

 fhuPakhdJ ,ay;ghfNt cUthFk; gspq;FU fhgd; mikg;ghFk;.

 ,yq;ifapd; fhuPaf; ifj;njhopy; ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.

 vkJ ehl;bd; fhuPak; 99% fhgidf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; cau;thd nghUshjhug;

ngWkjpapidg; ngWfpd;wJ.

 ghiwg;; gpsTfSf;fpilapy; mikag;ngw;Ws;s fhuPaq;fNs ,yq;ifapy;

gutyhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

 rpjwyhf mike;Js;s fhuPa tifAk; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J

ikf;fh vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

guk;gy;

 kj;jpa> rg;gpufKt> njd;> tlNky; kw;Wk; tl kj;jpa khfhzq;fspy;

ehsg;gbf fhuPa tif gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fz;b> gJis kw;Wk;
khj;jis khtl;lq;fspy; ikf;fh fhuPa tif guk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 Nghfy> f`l;l`h> uhnfju vd;gd jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s gpujhd

Ruq;fq;fshFk;. jw;fhyj;jpy; ,r;Ruq;fq;fspy; epyf;fup mfo;T eltbf;iffs;
,ae;jpukag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

79
cw;gj;jp

ml;ltiz 8.1 fhuPa cw;gj;jp (nk.njh.)

tUlk; 2010 2011 2012 2013

fhupak; 3437 3357 4173 3143
ikf;fh 2095 2927 1260 1493

%yk; : Srilanka Minerals Year Book - 2014

 fhuPak; mjpf ntg;gj;ij jhq;ff;$ba fdpa tskhFk;.

 ngd;rpy; $u;> ntbnghUl;fs;> Cw;W mr;Rf;fs;> krFg; nghUl;fs;> epwg;G+r;R

tiffs;> mLg;Gf;fs;> kpd;fyk; Nghd;wd fhuPak;rhu; cw;gj;jpfshFk;.

 kpd;rhjdg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay; ifj;njhopYf;fhf ikf;fh

rpjyq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

 fhuPak; cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; %yg;nghUshf rpW mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wJ. ikf;fh cw;gj;jpfs; KOikahf Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
(2013 ,y; cs;ehl;by; fhuPag; gad;ghL 38 nk.njhd;dhFk;)

ml;ltiz 8.2 2013 ,y; fhuPak; Vw;Wkjp nra;j gpujhd ehLfs;

msT ngWkjp
ehL
(nk.njh) (m.nlh)
[g;ghd; 1>247 1>396>100

If;fpa mnkupf;fh 638 1>133>599

N[u;kd; 562 665>241

nrf; FbauR 360 362>758

%yk; : Srilanka Minerals Year Book - 2014

ml;ltiz 8.3 2013 ,y; ikf;fh Vw;Wkjp nra;j gpujhd ehLfs;

msT ngWkjp
ehL
(nk.njh) (m.nlhyu;)
[g;ghd; 1>048 602>420

rPdh 455 172>570

,e;jpah 453 169>987

u\pah 224 103>500

%yk; : Srilanka Minerals Year Book - 2014

80
etPd Nghf;Ffs;

 Ruq;fq;fspy; fdpag; gbTfs; kpFe;j Moj;jpy; fhzg;gLtjhy; jw;fhyj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpr; nryT mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

 fhupa ifj;njhopypy; jdpahu; Jiwapdu; <Lgl;Ls;sik.

 fhupar; Ruq;f eltbf;iffis ,ae;jpu kag;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf <LghL

nfhz;Ls;sik.

 ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tsq;fspy; Rkhu; 99% Vw;Wkjpf;fhf gad;gLfpd;wik.

fdpa kzy;

 fdpa kzy; kpfg; ngWkjpahd xU tskhFk;.

 fdpa kzypd; gpujhd $Wfshd Nru;Nfhdpak; (Zr)> ill;lhdpak; (T)>

Njhupak; (Th)> kw;Wk; lq;];ld; (W) Nghd;w fpilj;jw;fupa ,urhad
%yg;nghUl;fs; mlq;fpAs;sjhy; fdpa kzy; ngWkjp kpf;fjhFk;.

 ,yq;ifapy; fdpa kzyhdJ flw;fiu kzypy; fye;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ,yq;ifapy; cs;s fdpa kzypy; gpujhdkhf gpd;tUk; fdpaq;fs;

mlq;fpAs;sd.

,y;kidl; (Ilmenite) - 70% - 72% tiu

&ily; (Rutile) - 8%
ru;Nfhd; (Zircon) - 8% - 10% tiu
rpypkidl; (Silimenite) - 1.0%
nkhdirl; (Monezite) - 0.3%

 ,yq;ifapy; ngWkjpkpf;f fdpakzy; Gy;Nkhl;il> iff;fhtis>

nghy;nfhl;Lt> Fjpiukiy Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 Gy;Nkhl;ilapy; cs;s ,y;kidl; gbTfs; cyfpy; cau;jukhd fdpakzy;

gbthf fUjg;gLtNjhL mjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ill;Nldpa fdpar; Nru;fi ; f
Vida fdpakzy; gbTfspy; fhzf;fpilg;gjpyi
; y vdf; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

guk;gy;

 Gy;Nkhl;il ,y;kidl; fdpakzy; ,yq;ifapd; tlfpof;F fiuNahuq;fspy;

rpwg;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ,J 10 fpNyh kPw;wu; ePsKk; 100 kPw;wu; mfyKk; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ.

 Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; epyhntspf;F ,ilg;gl;l ehahW gpuNjrk;> GJitf;

fl;L kw;Wk; Netpf;fy;Y Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,t;thwhd %d;W gbTfs;
fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 gad;ghl;Lf;Fupa Vida fdpakzw; gbTfs; ,q;FWt> NgUtis> fsdp

fopKfg; gpuNjrk;> ePu;nfhOk;gpd; tlf;F gpuNjrk;> Fjpiukiy kw;Wk;

81
 kd;dhu; gpuNjrq;fspy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kw;Wk; NjNte;jpu
Kidapy; ,Ue;J mk;ghe;Njhl;il tiuahd fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;
15% - 20% tiuahd nre;epw kzpf;fy; (fhdw; kzy;) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cw;gj;jp

fiuNahu fdpa kzy; Rkhu; 60 kpy;ypad; nkw;wpf; njhd; mstpy; cs;snjd

fzpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 fdpa kzy; cw;gj;jpapy; kpfr; rpwpa msT cs;ehl;Lg; gad;ghl;Lf;fhf

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; mjpfsT Vw;Wkjp Nehf;fpNyNa ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 8.4 fdpa kzy; cw;gj;jp (nk.njhd;)

fdpa kzy; 2012 2013

,y;kidl; 40,118 44,129

&ily; 1,590 1,749

%yk; : Srilanka Minerals Year Book - 2014

 nkhdirl; fdpakhdJ cUf;F cw;gj;jpapy; cNyhff; fyitahfg; gad;

gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

 gpujhdkhf ,yq;ifapy; fdpa kzy; gad;ghlhdJ ill;Nldpak; vDk;

cNyhfj;ijg; gpupj;njLg;gjw;F gad;gLfpd;wJ.

 tpkhd gUk;gbahf;f ifj;njhopYf;Fk;> njhiyf;fhl;rpj; jpiufSf;Fk;>

epw%l;ly; nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ill;Nldpa cNyhfj;ij
cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F ,yq;ifapd; fdpa kzy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

 NkYk; fzpdpj;jpiu kw;Wk; vf;];Nu jpiuapd; epw%l;ly; nraw;ghL>

gsgsg;ig Vw;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; ill;Nldpak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

mz;ikf;fhyg; Nghf;Ffs;

 fle;j fhyq;fspy; Nghu; fhuzkhf fdpa kzy; cw;gj;jpapy; XusT

tPo;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. vdpDk; jw;NghJ mJ toikf;Fj; jpUk;gpAs;sJ.

 etPd njhopEl;g Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; kdpj ciog;Gf;

Fiwe;Js;sJ.

 ill;Nldpak; vDk; cNyhfj;ijg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; Gjpa Kiw xd;wpid

mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy; ,y;kidw;Wf;fhd Nfs;tp mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; ngUksT
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

 mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; fdpa kzy;

gad;ghL mjpfupj;jpUg;gpDk; ngUksT Vw;WkjpNa nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

82
mgijw; W (ghiw ngh]; N gw; W )

 1971,y; Gtpr;rupjtpay; Ma;T jpizf;fsj;jhy; mgijw;W ghiwapdhyhd

nghRNgw;Wg; gbnthd;W fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

 ,g;gbtpy; nghRNgw;W ngd;nlhf;irl; (P2 O5) 32% - 37% mlq;fpAs;sJ.

mNefkhd ,lq;fspy; mJ 70% khf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ,g;ghiwapid cilj;J J}shf;fpf; nfhs;tjD}lhf nghRNgw;Wg; gris

ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ,g;gris cau;e;jstpyhd nghUshjhug; ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;lJ.

guk;gy;

 mDuhjGu khtl;lj;jpy; jyhitf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s vg;ghty gpuNjrj;jpy;

mgijw;W gbT mike;Js;sJ.

 Rkhu; 7 rJu fpNyhkPw;wu; gpuNjrj;jpy; gue;Js;s ,g;gbthdJ Rkhu; 60

kpy;ypad; nkw;wpf; njhd; vd kjpgg; plg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,J jiu Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 12 kPw;wu; tiuahd Moj;jpw;F tpahgpj;Js;sJ.

cw;gj;jp

 nghRNgw;W cw;gj;jpapy; gpujhdkhf ehd;F gzpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

- mgijw;W Jz;Lfis Ntwhf;Fjy;
- nghRNgw;iw Nju;e;njLj;jy;
- Jfs;fs; Mf;Fjy; (Jaw crusher ,ae;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ)
- miuj;jy; (Roller Mills gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ)

 ,yq;if nghRNgw;W cw;gj;jpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;> cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jD}lhf ,Utifahd grisfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;
gLf;fpd;wd.
1. HERP (High Grade Eppawala Rock Phosphate 38% P205 )
2. ERP (Eppawala Rock Phoshpate 28% P205)

 rkfhy cw;gj;jpfs; gpd;tUkhW gad;gLj;jgLfpd;wd.

- gris cw;gj;jpf;fhd %yg;nghUshf
- epwg;G+r;R cw;gj;jpfSf;fhf
- kUe;Jg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpw;fhf

ml;ltiz 8.5 nghRNgw;W cw;gj;jp (nk.njhd;)

2010 2011 2012 2013

47,778 58,254 47,558 49,106

%yk; : Srilanka Minerals Year Book - 2014

83
 mz;ikf;fhyg; Nghf;Ffs;

 jw;NghJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpdw

; gris tiffs; ePzl; fhyg; gapu;fSf;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. (Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;id)

 ,yq;ifg; nghRNgw;Wf; $l;Lj;jhgdkhdJ nghRNgw;iw nehWf;fp miuj;J

grisia cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.

 gris cw;gj;jpA+lhff; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; fzprkh

dsT mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

 nghRNgw;W Vw;Wkjp njhlu;gpy; muR rpy fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;Js;sJ.

8. 2 ,yq;i fapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; fdpa tsq;fspd; Kf;f paj;Jtk;

 ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;gpid fdpa tsq;fs;

nfhz;Ls;sd.

 fdpa tsq;fis %yg;nghUl;fshf Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf KbTg;

nghUshf tpUj;jp nra;J Vw;Wkjp nra;jhy; mjpfupj;j nghUshjhu
ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

ifj;n jhopy; %yg;nghUl;fSs; xd;w hd fdpa tsq;fspd; Kf;f paj;Jtk;

 fdpa tsq;fs;> Njrpa ifj;njhopy;fs; gytw;Wf;F mtrpakhd Kf;fpakhd

%yg;nghUshf milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. cjhuzk; :- gPq;fhd;> fz;zhb>
rPNke;J> rha tif

 ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fisAk; Njrpa fdpa tsq;fisAk;

,izj;J rpy cw;gj;jpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :- m];ng];Nlh]; ifj;njhopy;

 ntz;fspia (fNahypd;) fdpa %yg;nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpujhd

fk;gdpfs; rpy gPq;fhd; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sd. cjhuzk; :-
jq;nfhl;Lt NghrpNyd; fk;gdp> yq;fh Nthy;lapy;]; fk;gdp - gPqf; hd;
nghUl;fs;> gPq;fhd; nrq;fy;> Rfeyr; rhjdq;fs;> nghUj;Jr; rhjdq;fs;>
myq;fhug; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wd mf;fk;gdpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

 Njrpa uPjpahf ngUkstpy; gad;ghl;bw;F cl;gLk; fz;zhbg; nghUl;fs;

cw;gj;jpf;fhf rpypf;fh kzy; ifj;njhopy; %yg;nghUshf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWfpd;wJ.

 fdpa tsq;fs; cs;ehl;L Efu;Tf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis me;epar;

nryhtzpia <l;Lk; topahfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;ws.
cjhuzk; :- ,uj;jpdf;fy;> fhupak;> fdpa kzy;

,yq;i fapy; fdpatsk; rhu; njhopy; tha;g;Gfs;

 ,yq;ifapy; Muk;g njhopy; tha;g;Gfisg; Nghd;W ,uz;lhk; epiy njhopy;

tha;g;Gf;fisAk; toq;Fk; topKiwfs; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;Ls;sd.

84
 fspkz;> Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;> ,uj;jpdf;fy;> fhuPak;> fdpa kzy;> rpypf;fh
kzy;> Mw;Wkzy;> mgijw;W ghiw tif Nghd;w fdpaq;fs; rhu;e;j
ifj;njhopy; nrad;Kiwapy; Rkhu; ehd;F yl;rk; Neub kw;Wk; kiwKfkhd
njhopy;tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gLtjhf fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Nkw;Fwpgg; plg;gl;l fdpa tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cs;ehl;bNyNa nghUl;fis

cw;gj;jp nra;tjD}lhf njhopy; tha;g;Gfis mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
,jd;%yk; ,yq;ifapd; njhopy; tha;gg ; pd;ikg; gpur;rpidf;Fr; rpwe;j
jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fyhk;.

,yq;i fapd; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpapy; fdpa tsq;f spd; gq;f spg;G

 ,yq;ifapy; fdpa tsq;fs; gpuNjr uPjpapy; guk;gpAs;sd.

 mtw;iw mfo;e;J cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; Clhf gpuNjr

uPjpahd mgptpUj;jpia tpiuTgLj;jyhk;.

 mt;tf; fdpa tsq;fspd; %yk; eilngWk;> eilngwtpUf;Fk; ifj;njhopy;

nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; mg;gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

 fdpa ts mfo;T eltbf;ifapd; %yk; mt;tg; gpuNjr kf;fSf;Fr; rpwe;j

r%f> nghUshjhu trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f KbAk;.

,yq;i fapd; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpapy; fdpa tsq;fspd; gq;fspg;G

 ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpfF

; r; Ruq;fk; kw;Wk; mfo;T Jiwfspy;
,Ue;J caupa gq;fspgG; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ vd fle;jfhy Gs;sptptuq;fs;
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

ml;ltiz 8.6 nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; mfo;T kw;Wk; Ruq;ff;

ifj;njhopypd; gq;fspg;G (kpy;ypadpy;)

Mz;L 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Ruq;fk;>
25523 30129 35932 46202 56645
mfo;T
%yk; : ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp -2007

 fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,yFtpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba ,y;kidl;>

&l;ily;> ru;Nfhd;> fhdw;> nkhdirw;W Nghd;w fdpa kzy; Clhfg; ngU
ksT ntspehl;L tUkhdk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 8.7 rpy fdpa kzy;fspd; Vw;Wkjp tUkhdk;

- 2010 - 2013 (kp.&gh)

fdpa tif 2010 2011 2012 2013

,y;kidl; 561.73 1 497.05 2 999.33 713.31
&ily; 202.52 332.81 1 072.73 157.73
ru;f;Nfhd; 223.04 123.69 161.16 129.92
%yk; : ,yq;if fdpats Mz;lwpf;if - 2014

85
 fdpa ts Vw;Wkjpfs; Clhf 2007,y; 136 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu;fs;
ngwg;gl;lJ. (,jpy; ,uj;jpdf; fw;fspd; Vw;Wkjpapy; khj;jpuk; 120 kpy;ypad;
mnkupf;f nlhyu;fs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sd)

 ,uj;jpdf; fw;fs; jtpu;ej

; Vida fdpa tsq;fspd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l me;epar;
nryhtzp Fiwthd kl;lj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. %yg;nghUl;fshf fdpaq;fs;
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLtNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

 ,yq;ifapd; ehsf; fhupaj;ij mjpfsT nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; ehLfshf

[g;ghd;> If;fpa mnkupf;fh Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

 ,yq;ifapd; ikf;fh fhupa tifia rPdh mjpfstpy; nfhs;tdT

nra;fpd;wJ. ,jD}lhf vkJ ehL me;epa nryhtzpia <l;Lfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 8.8 ,yq;ifapd; ehsf; fhupa Vw;Wkjp

2011 2012 2013
ehL
msT tUkhdk; msT tUkhdk; msT tUkhdk;
(nk.njh) (m.nlh) (nk.njh) (m.nlh) (nk.njh) (m.nlh)
[g;ghd; 1 538 1 457 889 1 640 953 300 1 247 1396 100
I.mnkupf;fh 658 1 122 265 411 750 843 638 1 133 599
N[u;kd; 527 550 187 626 708 274 562 665 241
I. FbauR - - - - 360 362 758
nj.nfhupah 83 152 120 71 237 537 74 247 573

%yk; : ,yq;if fdpats Mz;lwpf;if - 2014

ml;ltiz 8.9 ,yq;ifapd; ikf;fh Vw;Wkjp

2011 2012 2013
ehL
msT tUkhdk; msT tUkhdk; msT tUkhdk;
(nk.njh) (m.nlh) (nk.njh) (m.nlh) (nk.njh) (m.nlh)
[g;ghd; 1 237 575 825 1 428 808 925 1 048 602 420
rPdh 1 002 371 609 694 265 634 455 172 570
,e;jpah 563 192 994 315 129 933 453 169 987
u\;ah - - 171 90 440 224 103 500
N[u;kd; 80 28 816 40 14 412 120 56 175

%yk; : ,yq;if fdpats Mz;lwpf;if - 2014

86
8. 3 fdpatsq;fspd; gad;ghl;b dhy; Vw;gl;Ls;s #oy;rhu; gpur;r pidfs;

 fdpa tsq;fspd; gad;ghl;bdhy; gy;NtW #oy; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

 mj;jifa gpur;rpidfisg; gpd;tUk; Jiwfspd; Clhf Nehf;fyhk;.
1. ePu; tsk;
2. epyk; Nja;tiljy;
3. tsp khriljy;

eP u ; t sk;

 Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy;rhu; nraw;ghLfshy; cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs;

vjpu;Nehf;Fk; ghupa gpur;rpidahf ePu;tsk; khriljy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 epy mfo;tpd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; fdpa tiffshy; Gtpapd;
Nkw;gug;gpy; gs;sq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd.
 kio fhuzkhf mg;gs;sq;fspy; ePu;Njq;fp epw;fpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :- ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;T - fSfq;if gpuNjrj;jpy; ,uj;jpdf;fy;
mfo;T fhuzkhf ngUksT ePu; tope;NjhLtjpy; jilfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
 fdpa mfo;T kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspd;NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gLk;
jpz;k kw;Wk; jputf; fopTfspdhy; ePu; epiyfs; khRWfpd;wd.
 ePu;khriltpdhy; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs; vOe;Js;sd.
 MWfs; ngUf;nfLj;jy;> epyg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; ePu; CLUty;> FbePu;
fpzWfs; tw;Wk; tifapy; epyf;fPo; ePu; kl;lk; Fiwtiljy; Nghd;w
ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.

epyk; Nja;tiljy;

 ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;T> fhupa mfo;T fhuzkhfg; ghupa gs;sq;fs; kw;Wk;

kz; NkLfshy; epyk; mopTf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ.
 MWfspy; ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;tjhy; mtw;wpd; Nghf;F khw;wg;gLtjhy;
epyj;Njhw;wKk; khw;wkilfpd;wJ.
 mgijw;W Nghd;w fdpaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; cau; epyq;fspy; cUthfpd;wd.
mjid mfo;tjpdhy; mit guk;gpAs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; gs;sq;fs; Njhw;wk;
ngWtNjhL cau;epyq;fs; ,y;yhky; Nghfpd;wd.
 fdpa mfo;tpdhy; VNjDk; xUtifapy; jhtuj; njhFjpf;Fk; ghjpg;G
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; kz;zupgG
; mjpfupg;gNjhL ,aw;if epyj;Njhw;wj;jpYk;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L moptilfpd;wd.

tsp khriljy;

 fdpats mfo;Tf; ifj;njhopypdhy; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpYk;> Ruq;fq;fspd;

cl;gFjpfspYk; tsp khRWfpd;wJ.
 Ruq;fq;fspy; cUthFk; khRw;w> er;RthAf;fs; fhuzkhf capuhgj;Jf;fs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.
 fdpats mfo;tpd; %yk; J}R Jzpf;iffs; guTtjhy; Rw;whly; ghupastpy;
khrilfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; :- nghRNgw;W cw;gj;jpahy; tsp khrilT
 fdpag; nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;NghJ Nghu;itfs; gad;gLj;jg;

87
 glhikahy; tsp khrilfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ghjrhupfs; mnrsfupaj;jpw;F
cs;shfpd;wdu;.
 fdpats cw;gj;jpapdN
; ghJ Vw;gLk; ntbg;Gfs; fhuzkhf tsp khrilfpdw
; J.

#oYf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;i g ,optsthf;F tjw;fhd eltbf;i ffs;

 #oy; ghjpg;Gfis KOikahfj; jLg;gjw;F Kbahtpl;lhYk; ,ad;wsT

Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. mjw;fhf
gpd;tUk; topKiwfisf; ifahsyhk;.
- #oy;Nea kdg;ghq;fpid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- cupa fl;lisr; rl;lq;fis tYT+l;lYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jYk;.
- murpay; uPjpahd mu;gg
; zpg;G.
- kf;fsikg;Gfspd; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f gq;fspg;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

#oy;Nea kdg;ghq;F

 kzy;> Rz;zf;fy;> ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;Tfs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; rl;l

tpNuhjkhd nraw;ghLfshy; #oy; ghupastpy; ghjpg;GWfpd;wikahy;
mt;thwhd eltbf;iffspy; ,Ue;J tpyfpapUj;jy;.
 rl;l uPjpapyhd fdpa ts mfo;Tfspd; NghJk; #oy; NeaKs;s topKiw
apidg; gpd;gw;Wjy;.
cjhuzk; :- xNu ,lj;jpy; njhlu;r;rpahf kzy; mfohik> ,uj;jpdf;fy;
mfo;Tfspd;NghJ Njhz;lg;gLk; Fopfis kPz;Lk; %btpLjy;.
 fdpa tsq;fisr; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; goFjy;.
 fdpa mfo;TfspdN
; ghJ #oy; Nea kdg;ghq;NfhL nraw;gLjy; njhlu;gpyhd
MNyhridfisg; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lq;fspy; Nru;jJ
; f;nfhs;tjd; %yk;
,jid Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

cupa rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfis tYT+l;lYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jYk;

,yq;ifapd; fdpatsg; gad;ghL kw;Wk; me;eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy;

Njitahd rl;l uPjpahd gpd;Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fl;lisfSk; rl;lq;fSk;
eil Kiwapy; cs;sd.
 1992,d; 33Mk; ,yf;f Ruq;fk; kw;Wk; fdpg;nghUs; rl;lk;
- 1992Mk; Mz;L Ruq;fk; kw;Wk; fdpg;nghUs; rl;lj;jpd; 26Mk;
cWg;Giuf;F Vw;g ,yq;ifapy; ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk; cs;s fdpa
tsq;fspd; cupj;Jupik muRf;FupajhFk;.
- ,r;rl;lj;jpd; 34Mk; cWg;Giuf;F Vw;g fdpa mfo;T kw;Wk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid toq;ff;$ba mjpfhuk; Gtpr;
rupjtpay; Ma;T kw;Wk; Ruq;fg; gzpafj;jpw;Nf cupajhFk;.
 MWfspd; Mo;gFjpapy; kzy; mfo;tpid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gpuNjr nray
fj;jpy; mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 1993Mk; Mz;L mfo;T mDkjpg;gj;jpu tpjpKiwfs; ,yf;fk; 01 %yk;
fdpatsg; gad;ghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila #oy;rhu; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; mwpKfg;
gLj;jg;gl;lik.
 ,f;fl;lisr; rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jp tYT+l;Ltjpy; cupa mjpfhu
rigfs; nghWg;ghjy; Ntz;Lk;.

88
  fdpa mfo;tpdN ; ghJ Vw;gLk; #oy; ghjpg;Gfisj; jLg;gjpy; nghJkf;fSf;Fk;
rpy nghWg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf rl;ltpNuhjkhd fdpa mfo;Tfs;
njhlu;gpy; cupa mjpfhu epWtdq;fSf;Fj; njuptpj;J njspT+l;b mjidj;
jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

murpay; mu;g;gzpg;G

 epiyNgwhd ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gLk; murpay;

jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; kf;fisj; njspT+l;Ltjw;fhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 murpay;rhu; mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nfhs;if Kd;itg;Gfspy; #oy;
tpOkpaq;fis cs;slf;Fjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

kf;fsikg;Gfspd; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f gq;fspg;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

 rl;ltpNuhjkhd fdpa mfo;Tfisj; jLg;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW rl;l jpl;lq;fs;

fhzg;gl;lhYk; mtw;iw tYT+l;Ltjw;F kf;fs; mikg;Gfspd; njhlu;rr
; pahd
gq;fspg;Gk; mu;g;gzpg;Gk; mtrpakhdJ vd;gJ gy;NtW eltbf;iffspd;
%yk; njspthfpd;wJ.
 rl;ltpNuhjkhd kzy; mfo;T> ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;T> KUiff;fy; mfo;T>
fw;Fopfis (Crusher) elhj;jpr; nry;yy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffspd; gpd;dhy;
gy;NtW murpay; jiyaPLfs; fhzg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L. ,j;jifa
eltbf;iffisj; jLg;gjw;F #oy;Nea mikg;Gfis mikj;J muR
fl;rp Ngjkpd;wp jiyaPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 #oy;rhu; mikg;Gfs; Clhf fdpats cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Efu;;T njhlu;gpy;
#oy;Nea kdg;ghq;fpid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

nraw; g hLfs;

“,yq;ifapy; fdpa tsq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;” vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; Gtpapay;

rQ;rpif xd;Wf;fhd fl;Liu xd;iw vOJf.

89
 cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fs;
Nju; r ; r p : 9.0 ifj;njhopy; miktplf; fhuzpfisg; guprPypj;J
mtw;wpd; Nghf;Ffisf; fw;whuha;thu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : 9.1 cyf ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis cjhuzq;fSld; guprPypg;ghu;.

9.2 ,yq;ifg;; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ifj;njhopy;fspd;

gq;fspg;ig tptupg;;ghu;.
9.3 ,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopy;fspd; miktplj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg; guprPypg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 26

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; vd;why; vjid fUJfpd;wJ
vd tpsf;Fthu;.
 ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzp fis> njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy ifj;;njhopy;
;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L tptupg;ghu;.
 ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpd; etPd Nghf;Ffis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yq;ifg;; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Ff; ifj;njhopy;fspd;
gq;fspg;igg; guprPypg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopy;fspd; miktplj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s fhuzpfisj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l rpy ifj;njhopy;fisj; Jizahff;
nfhz;L tptupg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopy;fspd; miktplj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; Nghf;Ffis tptupg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

kdpj ehfupfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpy; ifj;njhopyhdJ Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;gpidr;

nra;J te;Js;sJ. kdpjd; jdJ mwpthw;wypD}lhf cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfNshL ,aw;if
tsq;fis ,izj;J kdpjj; Njitfisg; G+u;jj ; p nra;tjw;fhf KbTg;nghUl;fis
my;yJ gFjpasT KbTg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nrad;Kiw ,jd;%yk; ,lk;
ngw;wJ.

ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy; %yg;nghUl;fs;> rf;jptsk;> %yjdk;> ciog;G> njhopEl;gk;>

re;ij tha;gG; > Nghf;Ftuj;J> Kaw;rpahz;ik kw;Wk; mur nfhs;if Nghd;w fhuzpfs;
Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy; %yg;nghUl;fs; fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd. gpd;du; re;ij tha;gG
; > rf;jp tsk; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis
ikag;gLj;jp ifj;njhopy; miktplk; khw;wkile;Js;sJ.

,t;tyfpD}lhf ifj;njhopy; xd;wpd; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfSk;>

Nghf;FfSk; njhlu;gpy; fw;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNghy; ,yq;ifapd;
ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd;kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jp mjd;%yk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpd;
kPjhd gq;fspg;igg; guprPyid nra;tJk;> njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy ifj;njhopy;fspd;

90
Clhf ifj;njhopy;fs; mikag;ngWtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk;
Nghf;Ffs; vd;gtw;iwf; fw;gjd; Clhf fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia Kd;ndLg;gNj
,jd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;f hd topfhl;ly;

cw;gj;jpf; ifj;n jhopy; mwpKfk;

 ifj;njhopy; vd;gJ %yg;nghUl;fis KbTg; nghUl;fshf khw;Wk; nrad;
KiwahFk;.
 xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l %yg;nghUl;fis Nru;j;J mjd;
ngWkjpia cau;jJ
; tjd; Clhf ,t;Tw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
 cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopyhdJ ePzl ; tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sNjhL kdpj
ehfupfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jld; Muk;gkhfp jw;fhyk; tiu tsu;r;rpaile;J
vjpu;fhyj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;r;rpahfg; gutpr; nry;Yk; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,jpy; fhyj;jpw;Fk; r%fj; Njitf;Fk; Vw;g mjpy; Vw;gl;l gy khw;wq;fis
,dq;fhzf;$bajhf cs;sd.
 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; Clhf
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw ,ae;jpu kakhf;fg;gl;likapdhy; ifj;njhopw;Jiwapd;
juKk; cw;gj;jpapd; msT vd;gdTk; tpUj;jpaile;jJ.
 fle;j ,UE}W tUl fhyj;Js; ifj;njhopw;Jiwapy; Jupj tsu;r;rp
Vw;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 eilKiwapy; xU ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpia mstpLtjpy; ifj;njhopy;Jiw
fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLtNjhL mJ ehl;bd; tptrhak; Nritj;Jiw cw;gj;jpf;
ifj;njhopy;fspd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; gq;fspf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;.
 cyfpy; cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopyhdJ rkdw;w Kiwapy; gue;Js;sJ.

cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fspd; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

%yg; n ghUl; f s;
- vy;yhf; ifj;njhopy;fisAk; Muk;gpg;gjw;F Njitahd mbg;gil mk;rkhf
%yg;nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- %yg;nghUs;fshdJ gpujhdkhf ,U gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
tptrha %yg;nghUl;fs; - rPdpf; ifj;njhopYf;F fUk;Gg; gapur
; n
; ra;if
fdpa %yg;nghUl;fs; - ,Uk;G cUf;F ifj;njhopYf;F - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf Muk;g fhyj;jpy; %yg;nghUl;fs;
fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fspNyNa ifj;njhopy;fs; mikag; ngw;wd.
cjhuzkhf If;fpa mnkupff ; Fbaurpd; NgNuupg; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd;
jhNkhju; gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopyhdJ %yg;
nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
 vdpDk; [g;ghdpy; ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopyhdJ ,wf;Fkjp %yg;nghUl;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ.
Nlhf;fpNah> ehNfhah> NfhNg Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ifj;njhopy;fs;
mike;Js;sd.
 ,jd;gb ifj;njhopy;fspd; miktplj;jpy; %yg;nghUl;fs; nfhz;Ls;s
nry;thf;F khw;wkile;Js;sJ.

91
tYr; r f; j p
 ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd rf;jpahdJ cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
%ykhFk;.
 ,jw;nfdf; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gy;NtW rf;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kdpj
ciog;G> tpwF> XLk;ePu;> ePuhtp> epyf;fup> fdpa vz;nza;> kpd;rf;jp>
fhw;W> #upaf; fjpu>; mZrf;jp Nghd;w gy;NtW tYr;rf;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
 mjw;Nfw;g Muk;g fhyj;jpy; epyf;fup mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fspy;
ifj;njhopy;fs; mikag;ngw;wd.
cjhuzk; :
If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; yptu;G+y; kw;Wk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy;
gpw;];Ngu;f; ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fs;.
 epyf;fup Nja;tiljNyhL khw;W tYr;rf;jp njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
ePu;kpd;rf;jp> fdpa vz;nza; kw;Wk; mZrf;jpg; gad;ghL njhlu;gpy; <LghL
mjpfupj;jikahy; tYr;rf;jp %yj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :
,e;jpahtpd; Kk;gha;> G+Nd ifj;njhopy; tyaj;jpy; epyf;fupfF
; g;
gjpyhf jhuhg;G+upd; mZrf;jp epiyaj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
tYr;rf;jp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 jw;fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopYf;fhd tYr;rf;jpg; gad;ghl;bd;NghJ mjd;
cw;gj;jpw;fhd nryT> nraw;wpwd;> #oYf;F Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk; vd;gd
njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

%yjdk;
 cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;bw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; rf;jp
tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp KbTg;nghUl;fshf khw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epjp kw;Wk; kdpj ciog;G vd;gd %yjdk; vdf; fUjg;gLk;.
 %yjdkhdJ ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdpl %yjdk; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 ngsjpf %yjdk; vd;gjpy; epjptsk;> ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;
kw;Wk; fl;llq;fs; vd;gd mlq;Fk;.
 khdpl %yjdk; vd;gjpy; jdpegu; Mw;wy;> jpwikfs;> Mf;fj;jpwd;> gapw;rp
kw;Wk; Nju;r;rp cs;spl;l ciog;G mlq;Fk;.
 cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy; KjyPlL
; f; fhuzpfs; mj;jpatrpakhFk;.
,jpy; KjyPLfSf;fhfj; jdpegu; kw;Wk; FOf;fs;> gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs;
my;yJ murpd; gq;fspg;G Mfpad fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; epyTk; ehLfspy; jdpahu; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;
KjyPlb
; y; <LgLtJld; rkTilik ehLfs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk;
ehLfspy; mur Kaw;rpahz;ik Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
 %yjdj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s mgptpUj;jpaile;Js;s ehLfspy; ngUk;ghyhd
ifj;njhopwr ; hiyfs; jdpegu;fshYk;> fk;gdpfshYk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,q;fpyhe;J> If;fpa mnkupff
; h> gpuhd;]>; N[u;kdp Mfpa ehLfs; ifj;njhopy;
kakhf;fypy; Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf> BMW fk;gdp> Ford fk;gdp

92
 mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspy; ifj;njhopy;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; muR
Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpd;wJ.
 vdpDk; eilKiwapy; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs;
<Lgl;Ls;sd. ,jd;%yk; fpof;fhrpa> njd;dhrpa ehLfSk; kw;Wk; ,yj;jpd;
mnkupf;f ehLfspYk; ifj;njhopw;Jiw tpUj;jpaile;Js;sJ.

ciog; G
 ifj;njhopypd; miktplj;jpy; ciog;G mjpKf;fpakhdjhFk;. ciog;G
gapw;wg;gl;l kw;Wk; gapw;wg;glhj vd ,Utifg;gLk;. gapw;wg;gl;l ciog;G
vDk;NghJ cupa ifj;njhopYf;fhf gapw;rpapidg; ngw;w ,isQu;fisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. Kiwahd gapw;rpiag; ngwhj njhFjpapdu; gapw;wg;glhj
tsq;fs; vd ,dq;fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 ifj;njhopypd; jd;ikf;F Vw;g ciog;Grhu;> %yjdk; rhu; ifj;njhopy;
vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;F ngUksT ciog;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
ifj;njhopy;fs; ciog;Grhu; ifj;njhopy;fs; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :- Milj; jahupg;G> fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> tpkhdg; gUk;gbahf;fk;>
MAj cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fs;
 xl;Lnkhj;j cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;F ,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk; ngUksT
gq;fspg;G toq;fg;gLkhapd; mt;thwhd ifnjhopy;fis %yjdk;rhu;
ifj;njhopy; vdyhk;.
cjhuzk; :- Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;> ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopy;
 Muk;g fhyj;jpy; INuhg;gh kw;Wk; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; gapw;rp ngw;w
njhopyhsu; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gl;likahy; mq;F ifj;njhopy;fs; mikag;
ngw;wd.
 mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfs; jw;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; njhopyhsu; jsk;gy;
epiy fhuzkhf tpidj;jpwdhd njhopyhsu;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; njd;fpof;F> njw;fhrpa ehLfs; kw;Wk; Mgpupf;f>
,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; ifj;njhopy;fis epWtpAs;sd.
cjhuzkhf>
gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; ,t;thwhd ehLfspy; Milf; ifj;njhopy>;
czT jahupg;G> Vida cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fis
gutyilar; nra;tjw;F ,yhgfukhd njhopyhsu;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbtJ Kf;fpakhdnjhU fhuzpahFk;.
 cau; njhopEl;gf; ifj;njhopy;fis mikg;gjpy; njhopyhsu; tsk; Kf;fpa
fhuzpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nju;r;rpkpf;f tpQ;Qhdpfs;>Ma;thsu;fs;>
Kfhikahsu;fs;> njhopEl;gtpayhsu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLk;
gpuNjrq;fspy; ,f;ifj;njhopy;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; njhopyhsu; ciog;G
Kf;fpa fhuzpahfpAs;sJ.
cjhuzk; :
jha;thd;> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u;> jha;yhe;J> rPdh> n`hq;nfhq;.

njhopEl; g k;
 njhopEl;gk; vd;gJ ahNjDk; nrad;Kiw njhlu;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
El;gKiwfshFk;.
 ,j;njhopEl;gj;jpy; kdpj Mw;wy;> jpwikfs;> Mf;fj; jpwdpay;fs; kw;Wk;

93
 cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd mlq;Fk;.
 njhopEl;g tpUj;jpahdJ ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;.
 njhopEl;g tpUj;jpapy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpahdJ Kf;fpakhd jpUg;GKidahf
mike;jJ.
 njhopEl;g tpUj;jpNahL ifj;njhopy; miktplf; fhuzpfspy; khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld.
 mjd; tpisthf %yg;n;ghUl;fis ikag;gLj;jpa ifj;njhopy;fs; NtW
,lq;fSf;F ,lk;khWk; Nghf;fpidf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
 Muk;gfhyj;jpy; kdpj ciog;ig ngUksT gad;gLj;jpa ifj;njhopy;fs;
jw;NghJ njhopEl;g tsu;rr
; papd; tpisthf ngsjpf tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
ifj;njhopy;fshf khw;wkile;Js;sd.
cjhuzk; : ,Uk;G kw;Wk; cUf;Ff; ifj;njhopy;

re; i j
 Efu;NthUk; cw;gj;jpahsUk; re;ijA+lhfNt njhlu;GWfpd;wdu;.
 jw;fhy re;ij rpf;fyhd jd;ikapid mile;jpUg;gNjhL Efu;NthUf;Fk;
cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk; mg;ghy; ,ilj;jufu;fs;> fk;gdpfs;> ,yj;jpudpay;
njhlu;Gfs; Nghd;w Jizf;fhuzpfSk; njhlu;Gw;Ws;sd.
 gpuNjr> Njrpa> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kl;lq;fs; tiu re;ijfs; gue;Js;s
ikahdJ ifj;njhopy;fis miktplg;gLj;Jtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;J
fpd;wd.
 re;ijg; nghwpKiwfs; G+Nfhs njhopEl;g tsu;r;rpAld; ,izaj;jsj;jp
D}lhf ,lk;ngWtjdhy; Muk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FWfpa re;ij tiuaiwfs;
tpuptile;J jpwe;Jtplg;gl;Ls;sd.

Nghf; F tuj; J
 ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fisAk;> tYr;rf;jpfisAk;
nfhz;L Nru;gg
; jw;Fk;> KbTg;nghUl;fisr; re;ijf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
 Mjyhy; ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhuzp kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.
 jw;fhyj;jpy; tYr;rf;jpapid ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba> nryTfs;
Fiwe;j ,lq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ifj;njhopy;fs; mikag;
ngWfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.
 njhopEl;g tsu;r;rpNahL Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhd fhyk; Fiwe;Js;sikahy;
cyfpy; ve;jnthU ehl;LlDk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;
tjw;fhd trjpfs; mjpfupj;Js;sd.
 mjd;gb tpkhd> fg;gy;> jiug; Nghf;Ftuj;J ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLk;
,lq;fspy; ifj;njhopy;fs; mike;Js;sd.
cjhuzk; :-
[g;ghdpd; Nlhf;fpNah> mnkupf;fh - rpf;fhf;Nfh> gpw;];Ngu;f;> xfhNah>
gpynly;gpah> ggu;Nyh.

Kaw; r pahz; i k
 ifj;njhopy; miktplj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Kaw;rpahz;ik kw;Wk; Kaw;rp
ahsUk; $ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wdu;.

94
  Muk;gj;jpy; ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;dpd;w nry;te;ju;fs; Kaw;rp
ahsu;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldu;.
 gpwf
; hyj;jpy; jdpahu; Kaw;rpahsu;fSk;> mur Kaw;rpahsu;fSk; ifj;njhopy;
fis Muk;gpg;gjpy; <Lgl;ldu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ik tfpgq;F jw;fhyj;jpy; tpuptile;Js;sikapdhy; ifj;njhopy;
Jiwapy; jdpegu;fSk;> FOf;fSk; ,ize;J Kaw;rpahz;ik nrad;
Kiwapy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;. gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; ,jpy; Kjd;ik tfpf;fpd;wd.
 jw;fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy;fspd; miktplj;jpy; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfspd; Kaw;rp
ahz;ik nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; jPuk ; hdq;fs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.

mur nfhs;if
 ifj;njhopy; miktplj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; mur nfhs;if Kf;fpakhdJ.
 jdpahu; JiwapdJk; tu;j;jfj;JiwapdJk; ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy;
mur nfhs;iffs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. vdpDk; mJ tpNrlkhf
murJiwf; ifj;njhopyf
; spd; miktplj;jpNyNa nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpdw
; d.
 Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w Jiwfspy; murpd;
nfhs;iffspD}lhf jdpahu; Jiwapd; ifj;njhopy; miktplq;fs; fl;Lg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 murpdhy; ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fs; Muk;gpg;gJ njhlu;gpy; tpNrl ifj;njhopy;
tyaq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; FbapUg;Gfs;> ifj;njhopy; efuq;fs; Mfpa tpNrl
tyaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf ifj;njhopy; miktplg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; :
mnkupf;fhtpd; gpw;];Ngu;f; ifj;njhopy; efuk;> [g;ghdpd; Nlhf;fpNah>
nahf;ffhkh ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fs;.

ifj;n jhopy; miktplk; njhlu;ghd mz;i kf;fhyg; Nghf;F fs;

 ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy; jdpegu; ifj;njhopYf;Fg; gjpyhff; $l;Lj;
jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; Kaw;rpahsu;fshfr; nraw;gLfpdw
; du;.
 gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;T ikaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
cau; njhopEl;gf; ifj;njhopy;fs; mikag; ngWfpd;wik.
 Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G El;gq;fis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L #oy;Nea
ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs; mikag; ngWfpd;wik.
 kuG uPjpahd miktplg;gLj;jw; fhuzpfSf;F mg;ghy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopEl;gj;jpd; jhf;fk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wik.
 etPd G+Nfhskakhjy; nrad;Kiw ifj;njhopy; miktplf; fhuzpfspy;
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wik.
 jw;fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy;fspd; miktplj;jpy; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfspd;
jPu;khdq;fs; mjp$ba Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wik.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw

cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis vz;zf;fU

tiuglk; %yk; Kd;itf;Ff.

95
9. 2 ,yq;i fapd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F f; ifj;n jhopy;fspd; gq;f spg;G

 ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; Clhff; fpilf;Fk;

gq;fspgg
; pidg; gy;NtW Jiwfspd; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;. nkhj;jj; Njrpa
cw;gj;jpf;Fr; Nritj;Jiw> me;epa nryhtzpia <l;ly;> cs;ehl;L tsg;
gad;ghL> cl;fl;likg;Gfspd; tpUj;jp> gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp vd;gd mj;Jiwf
shFk;.
 ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; 32.3% ifj;njhopy; Jiw %yk;
ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. (,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if - 2014)
 nkhj;j Nritj;Jiwapy; 26.5% ifj;njhopy;Jiw ngw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if - 2014)
 me;epa nryhtzp <l;lypy; 74.2% I ifj;njhopy; Jiw ngw;Wj; jUfpd;wJ.
(,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if - 2014)
cjhuzk; :-
- tptrha kw;Wk; tpyq;F Ntshz;ik %yg;nghUs; (kuf;fwp> gotif)
- fdpa tsk; - ntz;fsp> rpypf;fh kzy;> fsptif> Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;
 ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs;> ifj;njhopy; Ngl;ilfs;> ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wq;
fs;> Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L njhl&u;e;J ,Uk;Gg;
ghijfs;> ngUe;njUf;fs;> kpd;rhuk;> njhiyNgrp> Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;w
cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; tpUj;jpailjy;.
 ifj;njhopy; gutyhf;fj;jpd; %yk; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gq;fspg;gpid
toq;Fjy;.
 Nkw;Fwpgg
; pll
; midj;Jj; JiwfspD}lhfTk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpwF
;
ifj;njhopy; Jiwapdhy; ghupa gq;fspg;G toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

rPn ke;J ifj;n jhopy;

 ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpwF
; r; rPnke;Jf; ifj;njhopy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
fhq;Nfrd;Jiw> Gj;jsk;> fhyp kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiy vd;gd rPnke;Jf;
ifj;njhopy; fhzg;gLk; efuq;fshFk;. fhq;Nfrd;Jiw> Gj;jsk; Mfpa
,lq;fs; cs;ehl;L %yg;nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mikag;
ngw;Ws;sd. fhyp> jpUNfhzkiy Mfpad ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l Rz;zhk;Gf;
fy; kw;Wk; [pg;rk; Mfpadtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 ,jD}lhfg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Neub kw;Wk; kiwKf njhopy;fs; gy Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sd.
 Fwpg;ghf fl;llq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida epu;khzpg;GfSf;fhf rPnke;jpd; Nfs;tp
cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijapy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
 ,yq;if epu;khzj;Jiwapd; ghupa nraw;wpl;lq;fshd mjpNtfg;ghij>
ghyq;fs;> Nkk;ghyq;fs;> JiwKfq;fs;> ,Uk;Gg;ghijfs;> tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lq;
fs;> khbtPlL
; j; jpll
; q;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F rPnke;J mj;jpatrpa %yg;nghUsh
Fk;.
 myq;fhug; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp> epy tbtikg;Gf;fhd cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk;
tPlL
; g;ghtidg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F rPnke;J gad;gLj;jg;
gLtjdhy; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fSk; tpNrlkhd
re;ijAk; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd.

96
 kug;gyifg; gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gjpyhf rPnke;J gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; kug;gyif
cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd Nfs;tp XusT Fiwe;Js;sJ.
 rPnke;J rhu;e;j gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fs; efuq;fSf;F mg;ghy; gue;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpf;F mJ gq;fspf;fpd;wJ.

rPd pf; ifj;n jhopy;

 cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; vd;w tifapy; fUk;Gr; rPdpf;ifj;njhopy; ,yq;if

apd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.
 2014Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifapd; rPdp Efu;tpy>; 9.2% ,id cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpap
D}lhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
 ngy;tj;ij> nrtdfy> fy;Nyhah> fe;jsha; Nghd;w ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs;
Neubj; njhopy; tha;g;Gfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sd.
 fUk;G gapu;r;nra;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tptrhapfs; ngUk;ghyhNdhUf;F
tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjd; Clhf kiwKf njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fis
toq;fpAs;sJ.
 ,yq;ifapd; rPdpf; ifj;njhopYf;F cs;ehl;by; tpistpf;fg;gLk; fUk;Gfs;
khj;jpuNk gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 rPdpf; ifj;njhopypd; Jiz cw;gj;jpfshd kJghdk; kw;Wk; thridj;
jputpaq;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
 rPdpj; njhopw;rhiyfSk; fUk;G tpisepyq;fSk; nkhdwhfiy> mk;ghiw>
jpUNfhzkiy Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLtjhy; cl;fl;likg;G
trjpfSk; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpAk; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sd.

Milf; ifj;n jhopy;

 ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahd gq;fspg;gpid toq;Fk;

xU JiwahFk;.
 Vw;Wkjpapid ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopyhFk;.
 INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; kw;Wk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh Mfpatw;Wf;F Nghl;bkpF
tpiyapy; Milfis tpepNahfpf;Fk; gpujhd tpepNahf];juhFk;.
 Milf; ifj;njhopyhdJ 2014,y; 19.7% tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;bAs;sJ.
 Milf; ifj;njhopy; ehl;bDs; gpuNjr uPjpahf guk;gpAs;sjhy; mJ gpuNjr
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.
 ,yq;iff;F me;epa nryhtzpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; gpujhd Vw;Wkjpf;
ifj;njhopyhFk;. nkhj;j Vw;Wkjp tUthapy; mjpfsT Milf; ifj;njhopyp
D}lhfg; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
 2014Mk; Mz;by; Milfs; kw;Wk; nerTf; ifj;njhopypd; Clhf ngwg;gl;l
Vw;Wkjp tUtha; 10.5% My; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
 Milf; ifj;njhopyhdJ tprhykhd njhopy; tha;gG; fis ngw;Wf;nfhLj;Js;sJ.
 Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyak;> ifj;njhopy; Ngl;ilfs;> ifj;njhopy; Njhl;lq;fs;
Nghd;w Ntiyj;jpll ; q;fs; Clhf Milf; ifj;njhopYf;F ghupa mDruiz
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. mjD}lhfj; njhopy; tha;gG
; f;fSf;Fk;> gpuNjr mgptpUj;
jpf;Fk; gq;fspg;G fpilj;Js;sJ.

97
 Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyak;> ifj;njhopy; Ngl;ilfs;> ifj;njhopy; Njhl;lq;fs;
Nghd;w Ntiyj;jpll; q;fs; Clhf Milf; ifj;njhopYf;F ghupa mDruiz
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. mjD}lhfj; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fSf;Fk;> gpuNjr
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; gq;fspg;G fpilj;Js;sJ.

,wg;gu; kw;Wk; gpsh];b f; ifj;n jhopy;

 ,yq;ifapd; ifj;njhopypy; ,wg;gu; kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; ifj;njhopy;fs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
 2014,y; 13.6% My; ,wg;gu; kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpaile;Js;
sJ.
 nkhj;jf; ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfspy; 12% ,wg;gu; kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; cw;gj;jpfs;
%yk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,f;ifj;njhopy;fs; rhu;e;J Neub kw;Wk; kiwKfj; njhopy; tha;g;Gfs;
ngUkstpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. (nghUs; cw;gj;jp> tpepNahfk;>
re;ijg;gLj;jy;)
 ,wg;gu; ghy; %yg;nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Vw;Wkjp Nehf;fpyhd
,wg;gu; kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpfs; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sd.

ghuk;g upa iftpidf; ifj;n jhopy;

 ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ghuk;gupa iftpid

cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fSf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; fpilj;Js;sJ.
 fpuhkg; gpuNjrq;fspYk;> tpNrl fpuhkq;fspYk; ,f;ifj;njhopy;fs;
guk;gpAs;sd.
 guk;giu guk;giuahf Ngzg;gl;LtUk; njhopy; mwptpid gad;gLj;JtJ
,f;ifj;njhopypd; Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;.
 2014,y; ,j;Jiwapy; 2.5% tsu;r;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.
 ,t;Tw;gj;jpfSk; me;epa nryhtzpia <l;bf;nfhLf;fpd;wd.
 muR> gy;NtW mikr;Rf;fs; kw;Wk; jpizf;fsq;fs; Clhf ,f;ifj;njhopy;
tpUj;jpf;fhfg; gy;NtW eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 Neub kw;Wk; kiwKf njhopyt
; ha;gG
; fs; gy ,j;Jiwrhu;eJ
; cUthfpAs;sd.
 ,f;ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfs; cy;yhrg; gazpfspd; <u;g;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhz;
Ls;sNjhL ,jd; %yk; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; cWJiz
ahfpAs;sJ.

98
9.3. ,yq;i fapy; ifj;n jhopy;fspd; miktplj;jpy; nry;t hf;F r; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfs;

ifj;njhopypd; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gythFk;.

%yg;nghUl;fs;> tYr;rf;jp> %yjdk;> ciog;G> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhopEl;gk;>
re;ij tha;gG
; > Kaw;rpahz;ik> mur nfhs;iffs;

 ,t;tidj;Jf; fhuzpfSk; vy;yhf; ifj;njhopy;fspYk; xNu tpjkhd

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. xUrpy fhuzpfs; xUehl;by; gpugykhf
,Ug;gNjhL ,d;Dk; rpy ehLfspy; NtW xU fhuzp khj;jpuk; gpujhdkhf
,Uf;Fk;.

rPd pf; ifj;n jhopy;

 fe;jsha;> `pqF
; uhd> ngy;tj;j> nrtdfy Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; rPdpjn
; jhopw;
rhiyfs; mike;Js;sd.
 ,f;ifj;njhopyf
; s; %yg;nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mike;jpUf;
fpd;wd.
 %yg;nghUl;fspd; msT KbTg;nghUl;fspd; mstpid tpl mjpfkhf
,Uj;jy; ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
 tpisepyq;fs; rhu;e;j fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njitahd njhopyhsu;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wik ,f;ifj;njhopypd; miktplj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
 ifj;njhopwr
; hiyapy; ,Ue;J re;ijf;F KbTg; nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nry;yf;
$ba Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; fhzg;gLjYk; ,jd; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

rPn ke;J ifj;n jhopy;

,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; ghupa ifj;njhopyhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.gz;lq;fspd;

cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopypy; Kf;fpakhd fhuzpahd %yg;nghUis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L mikag;ngw;Ws;s ifj;njhopyhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ifj;njhopY
f;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fspy; ngUksthdit tpuakhjy; my;yJ
tpiuthf gOjilaf; $badthf ,Ug;gpd; %yg;nghUl;fis ikag;gLj;jp
ifj;njhopy;fspd; miktplk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtij fhzf;$bjhf cs;sJ.

vdpDk; %yg;nghUl;fspd; ngWkjp $baJk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Ff; Fiwe;jsT nryT

kpff
; Jkhd ifj;njhopyf
; s; %yg;nghUl;fis ikag;gLj;jp mika Ntz;bajpyi; y.
mjd;gb ,yq;ifapd; rPnke;Jf; ifj;njhopypd; miktplg;gLj;jypy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

 Gj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J aho;gg

; hzk; tiu fhzg;gLk; Rz;zf;fw;ghiwj; njhliug;
gad;gLj;jp fhq;Nfrd;Jiw kw;Wk; Gj;jsk; Mfpa rPnke;J ifj;njhopy;
rhiyfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,q;F %yg;nghUs; gpujhd fhuzpahFk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; re;ij tha;gG; vDk; fhuzpfisf; nfhz;L fhyp
rPnke;J njhopw;rhiy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk;
Vida ifj;njhopw;rhiyfSk; ,f;fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,aq;F
fpd;wd.

99
 Milf; ifj;n jhopy;
 Milf; ifj;njhopypd; miktplj;jpy; njhopyhsu;> %yjdk; Nghd;w re;ijf;
fhuzpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jk; ngWfpd;wd.
 Milf; ifj;njhopypd; miktplj;jpy; mur nfhs;ifAk; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
 KbTg; nghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfSk;
miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
 KjyPl;lhsu; njhopw;rhiyf; fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy;
kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; ePu; Nghd;w cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; fhzg;gLtJk; miktplj;
jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

,wg;gu; kw;Wk; gpsh];b f; ifj;n jhopy;

 jw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gue;jstpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
 %yg;nghUshf ,wg;gu; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ifj;njhopy;> ,wg;gu; gapu;r;nra;if
eilngWk; gpuNjrq;fspy; mike;Js;sd.
 ,wg;gu; KbTg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiyfs; nfhOk;G
efiur; #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 gpsh];bf; ifj;njhopYf;F vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;gpd; %yk; vQ;Rk; fopT
vz;nza; %yg;nghUshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,g;nghUl;fis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba rg;Gf];fe;ij gpuNjrj;ijr;
#o ,f;ifj;njhopy; ngupJk; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sJ. fl;Lehaf;fh> gpafk
%jyPl;L tyaq;fSk;> nfhOk;igr; #oTs;s ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fspYk;
,it guk;gpAs;sd.
 Fwpg;ghf cs;ehl;Lr; re;ij> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhopyhsu; Nghd;wd ,jd;kPJ
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Vida fhuzpfshFk;.
 gpsh];bf; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ kPs;Row;rpapdhy; ngwg;gLk;
%yg;nghUl;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; mtw;iw ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;
$ba trjpfSf;Nfw;g mjd; miktplk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghuk;gupa iftpidf; ifj;njhopy;

 %yg;nghUl;fSk; njhopyhsUk; ,f;ifj;njhopypd; miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;
Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
 ghuk;gupa fpuhkq;fspy; guk;giu guk;giuahf ,f;ifj;njhopy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; :- gpypkj;jyhitapy; gpj;jisf; ifj;njhopy;
mk;gyhq;nfhilapy; Kf%bf; ifj;njhopy;
 Fz;lrhiy> fyhGu> Ntnty;njdpa> fpuptTy> vk;gf;f Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy;
tpNrlkhd ifj;njhopy;fs; mike;Js;sd.
 ciog;Gg; gq;fspg;G
 re;ijf; fhuzpfs;> Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; Mfpatw;iw Kjd;ikahff;
nfhz;L ,f;ifj;njhopy; mike;Js;sJ.

nraw; g hL
,yq;ifapy; Nju;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l rpy ifj;njhopyf
; is mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ifj;njhopy;
miktplj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpa ifNaL xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.

100
 ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;
Nju; r ; r p : 10.0 ,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; jw;Nghja epiyik
iag; guprPypj;J> gz;ghL kw;Wk; #oypay; fupridAld;
mjd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd MNyhridfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : 10.1 ,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; gz;Gfisf; fw;wh

uha;thu;.

10.2 ehl;bd; gz;ghl;L milahsj;jpidg; ghJfhf;Fk; mNj

Ntis ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; tsu;r;rpia
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd MNyhridfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 14

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,yq;ifr; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yq;ifg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd;
jhf;fj;jpidj; juTfspd; JizAld; tptupg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpd; kPJk; gz;ghL kw;Wk; #oy; kPJk;
Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F
vLf;ff;$ba eltbf;iffis tpsf;Fthu;.
mwpKfk;
Rw;Wyhj;JiwahdJ ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpapYk;> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu
uPjpapYk;> #oy; rhu;e;Jk; ngUe;jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk; Jiwahf khwpAs;sJ. gz;
ila fhye;njhl;L ,yq;iff;F cupj;jhd ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdplf; fhuzpfs; Rw;Wyhf;
ifj;njhopypd; tpUj;jpf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;J te;Js;sd. mNjNghy; gy;NtW
tifapyhd Rw;Wyh re;ju;gg ; q;fis toq;Fk; ehlhfTk;> tpLKiwf;fhy re;ju;g;gq;
fis toq;Fk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ehlhfTk; ,yq;if Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. mz;
ikf; fhyq;fspy; mur mDruizapdhy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tpUj;jpaile;Js;sJ. Rw;W
yhf; ifj;njhopypy; rhjfkhd tpisTfisg; Nghd;Nw ghjf tpisTfSk; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd.

,yq;if Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; gz;Gfs;> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu> r%f kw;Wk;

#oy;rhu; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk;> vkJ jdpj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhz;L Rw;Wyh Jiwapd;
tsu;rr
; pfF
; vLf;ff;$ba eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfTk; tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gNj
,t;tyfpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; mbg;gil

ngsjpf mbg; g il khdpl mbg; g il

fhyepiy njhy;nghUspay; ,lq;fs;
jhtuq;fs; fyhrhu kj;jpa epiyaq;fs;
tpyq;Ffs; fiyak;rq;fs;
trPfupf;Fk; ,lq;fs; RNjr itj;jpa Nritfs;
tpUe;jpdu; eyNdhk;G
gof;f tof;fq;fs;

101
- ,yq;if Rw;Wyh rigapd; %yk; ,yq;ifapy; gpujhd VO Rw;Wyh tyaq;fs;
ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. nfhOk;G efuk;
2. ghupa nfhOk;G gpuNjrk;
3. njd; fiuNahuk;
4. fpof;Ff; flw;fiu
5. cau; epy tyak;
6. Guhjd efuq;fs;
7. tl gpuNjrk;

%yk; : ,yq;if Njrg;glj; njhFjp> ghlrhiyg;

gjpg;G> ,uz;lhk; ntspaPL - 2015

102
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; vz;zpf;i fAk; mtu;f spd; ehLfSk;

ru;tNjr tiutpyf;fzj;jpd;gb Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu;fs; Xu; ,uNtDk;

ehl;by; jq;fpapUf;Fk; ntspehl;ltuhtu;.

2011 - 2014 tiu ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; vz;zpf;if.

tUlk; vz;zpf;if
2011 855>975
2012 1>006>605
2013 1>274>593
2014 1>527>153

- Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tiugpd;gb 2001 - 2014 tiu Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd;

tUif gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;Js;sNjhL 2008> 2009 fhyg; gFjpfspy; jpBu;
tPo;r;rp Vw;gl;Ls;sNjhL 2010 - 2014 tiu tpiuthd tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;Ls;sik
njspthfpd;wJ.
- 2014,y; 1.5 kpy;ypadpYk; $ba Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,yq;iff;F tUif
je;Js;sdu;. 2016,y; mt;ntz;zpf;if 2.5 kpy;ypadhfyhk; vd vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;
gl;lJ.
- 2013 - 2014 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd;
vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g Kjd;ikngWk; gj;J ehLfs; fPo;tUk; tiuglj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- 2013,y; KiwNa ,e;jpah> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; kw;Wk; N[u;kdp Mfpa ehLfspy;
,Ue;J mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd cy;yhrg; gpuahzpfs; tUif je;Js;sdu;.
2014,y; me;epiy KiwNa ,e;jpah> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> rPdh vd khw;w
kile;jJ.

103
 %yk; : ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig mwpf;if 2014

 Rw;Wyh gazpfs; ,yq;if tUtjw;fhd gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs;

2014Mk; Mz;L Gs;sp tptuq;fspd;gb Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUiff;fhd

Nehf;fq;fs; fPo;tUk; tiugpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd;gb 2014Mk; Mz;by;

1. Xa;T kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;fpw;fhf - 67.95%

2. cwtpdu;fis ghu;g;gjw;fhf - 27.45%
3. tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;fhf - 1.33%

vd;w mbg;gilapy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;Js;sdu;. Vida

Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf xt;nthU JiwapYk; 1% ,w;Fk; Fiwthd mstpy; tUif
je;Js;sdu;. mtw;Ws; Rfhjhuk;> tpisahl;L> ,uh[je;jpuk;> fy;tp> $l;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; khehl;Lf;fhd mDruiz> fz;fhl;rp> kjk;> fyhrhuk; Nghd;w Jiwfs;
Kf;fpakhdit.

104
 MICE

%yk; : ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig mwpf;if 2014

 gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf Rw;Wyh gazpfs; ,yq;iff;F tUif jUfpdw ; du;.

- ,yq;if rpwpa jPthapDk; ,q;F fhzg;gLk; ngsjpf mbg;gilapyhd
ftu;r;rpkpF gy;tifikAk; ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
- tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;Js; fhzg;gLk; gy;tifikfis FWfpa
fhyj;Js; ghu;itaplf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
- mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; Gjpa Nghf;Ffspd; tpUj;jp.
cjhuzk; : ,aw;ifrhu; Rw;Wyhf;fs;> kiy VWjy;> rhfr (Jzpfu)
tpisahl;Lf;fs;> RNjr itj;jpa Nrit> Njrpa
czTfs;> jpUkz rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gd.
- Rw;Wyh gazpfspd; tUifiag; Nghd;Nw mtu;fs; ehl;by; jq;fp
apUf;Fk; fhyg;gFjpAk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

jq;fpapUf;Fk; ehl;fs; - 2014

fhyk;
,uT
,uT
,uT
,uT
,uT
,uT Nky;

%yk; : ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig mwpf;if 2014

105
,jd;gb 2013 - 2014 Mfpa ,U Mz;LfspYk; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfspy; mjpfkhNdhu; 8 - 14 ,uTfs; ehl;by; jq;fpapUe;jdu;.

,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyh ifj;njhopy; ntspehl;L Rw;Wyh> cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyh vd ,U

gpujhd gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ntspehl;L Rw;Wyh vd;gJ ntspehLfspypUe;J ,e;ehl;Lf;F tUifjUk; cy;yhrg;

gazpfs; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopyhFk;. cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyh vd;gJ cs;ehl;ltu;; gy;NtW
fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; cs;ehl;bDs; cy;yhrg; gazq;fspy; <LgLjyhFk;.

,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhtpy; gy gpupTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;w d.

1. #oy;rhu; Rw;Wyh (Ecotourism)
#oy; $WfSf;F kjpgg ; spjJ
; mtw;iw ghu;itaply; kw;Wk; Ma;TfSf;Fkhd
Rw;WyhthFk;. (rpq;fuh[ tdk;> fd;ndypa Nghd;w fhLfs;> Fkz Nghd;w
gwitfs; ruzhyak;> Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;)

2. fyhrhur; Rw;Wyh
,J ,yq;ifapd; kpfg; gpugykhd Rw;WyhthFk;. Guhjd fyhrhuj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;s ,yq;ifapd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW tplaq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (Fsq;fSk; thtpfSk;> J}gpfs;> tpfhiufs;> Myaq;fs;>
tpNrl topghl;Lj; jyq;fs;> njhy;nghUl;fs;)

3. nghOJNghf;Fr; Rw;Wyh
Xa;T kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;fpid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L Rw;Wyhtpy; <LgLjy;
vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;. (flw;fiu> kiyehL> ePu;r;rWf;fy; Nghd;w
tpisahl;Lf;fs;)

4. mofpay;rhu; Rw;Wyh (Aesthetic tourism)

#oypy; fhzg;gLk; fiyak;rq;fspd; ngWkjpapid kjpj;J mjidf;
fz;Lfspg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Rw;WyhthFk;. (flw;fiu> ePu;to
P ;r;rp>
kiyrhu; #oy;> fhLfs;)

5. Jzpfur; Rw;Wyh
rhfr mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; Rw;Wyhtpy; <Lgly; vd;gJ
,jd; fUj;jhFk;. (ePu;r;rWf;fy;> kiyfisf; flj;jy;)

Rw;Wyhf; ifj;n jhopypd; Gjpa gug;G fs;

- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; kw;Wk; Gjpa

Jiwfisr; Nru;jj ; y; vd;gtw;why; Rw;Wyh gazpfspd; gy;NtW Njitfs;
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; : fly;rhu; tpisahl;Lf;fs;> fyhrhur; Rw;Wyh> rhfrr; Rw;Wyh

- nghJr; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; tpuptile;Js;sik. #upad; (Sun)> fly;

(Sea)> flw;fiu kzy; (Sand)> Nrit (Service) Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Rw;Wyh ifj;njhopy;.

- gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; %yk; Rw;Wyhj; Jiw kPjhd <u;gG ;

mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. (gpd;dty> jk;Gs;is> aho;g;ghzk;> ghrpf;Flh>
fjpu;fhkk;

106
 - rk;gpujha G+u;tkw;w re;ijfspdhy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis <u;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

- #oy;Nea Rw;Wyhr; re;ijnahd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;Gf;fSk; mjDldhd njhlu;GfSk;

- ,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; gy;NtW ru;tNjr mikg;GfSld;

njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.

- vkf;F neUf;fkhd mikg;ghd rhu;f; mikg;ghdJ jkJ mq;fj;Jt

ehLfspd; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopiy tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW eltbf;if
fis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. (,J njhlu;ghd $l;lq;fis mbf;fb elhj;JtJk;>
jPuk
; hdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJk;> 2006Mk; Mz;il njd;dhrpa Rw;Wyh tUlk;
vd gpufldg;gLj;jpaik> rhu;f; tyaj;jpid nghJthd gazj; Jiwahf
tpUj;jp nra;jy;)

,yq;i fapd; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;n jhopy; rhu;e;j jhf;f q;fs;

nghUshjhu jhf;fq;fs;

- ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; me;epa nryhtzpia <l;Lk; gpujhd topahFk;.

- 2013,y; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; %yk; <l;ba me;epa nryhtzpapd; msT

1215 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu;fshFk;.

- mJ 2014,y; 2431 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu;fshff; fhzg;gl;lNjhL mJ

41.7% rhjidkpF mjpfupg;nghd;whFk;. (kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if 2014)

- xU Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; ehshe;j nryT 160.8 mnkupf;f nlhyu;fshFk;.

- njhopy; tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; vkJ ehl;bd; Rw;Wyhf;

ifj;njhopy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

%yk; : ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig mwpf;if 2014

107
- 2014 ,y; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; %yk; 129>790 Neub njhopy; thag;Gfs;
toq;fg;gl;ld. mj;njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; gpd;tUkhW gq;fplg;gl;bUe;jd.
Kfhikj;Jtk;> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; Neubaw;w njhopy;fs; - 19>445
njhopEl;g> vOJtpidQu;> gupNrhjfu; - 67>508
njhopyhsu; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuk; - 42>837
nkhj;jk; 129>790
- tUlhe;j njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;jy;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; %yk; kiwKfkhd njhopy;fs; ngUkstpy; Njhw;wk;
ngw;ws;sd. cjhuzk; :- cjtpr; Nrit toq;FNthu;> myq;fhug; nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; Mil toq;Fdu;> epidTr; rpdd
; ,uj;jpdq;fs;> Mguz cw;gj;jpahsu;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp Vw;gl;Ls;
sik rhjfkhd Nghf;nfhd;whFk;. gpuNjr uPjpapy; Rw;Wyh tpLjpfs; cUthjy;>
efukakhjy;> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; tpUj;jpailjy; vd;gd ,tw;wpy;
Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; kPjhd mjpfupjj
; KjyPL nghUshjhuj;jpy; ed;ikapid
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
- 2014Mk; Mz;by; 423.4 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu;fs; ngWkjpahd 40
Rw;Wyh tpLjpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhd mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. mitfspy;
mNefkhdit ru;tNjr Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; juj;Jld; njhlu;Gilad.
- Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUifahy; murpd; tUkhdk; gy;NtW topfspy;
mjpfupj;Js;sJ. tup> mDkjpr; rPl;L> tpkhd gazf; fl;lzk; vd;gd ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;.
- Rw;Wyhg; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; kf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiyik cau;til
tjw;F ,J fhuzkhfpAs;sJ. gy;NtW Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjd;
%yk; ,g;gpuNjr kf;fs; tUkhdj;ij <l;bf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopNyhL njhlu;Gila ghjfkhd tpisTfSk; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F khj;jpuk; tiuaWf;
fg;gl;Ls;sik> cs;ehl;Lg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy cau;thy; Efu;Nthu; gy
gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wik> gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfspd; Kiwaw;w
mOj;jq;fs; vd;gd ,tw;Wf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;.

r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhuj; jhf;fq;fs;

- gy;ypd> gy;fyhrhuq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
- ,yq;ifau;; ntspehl;L nkhopfisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Kw;gLjy;.
- r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhug; ngWkhdq;fspd; gupkhw;wk;.
- cyf kuGupikfs; kw;Wk; njhy;nghUl;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
gq;fspg;G.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; %yk; r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu uPjpahf Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd
tpisTfSk; cs;sd.
- me;epa jPa xOf;f eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F Kw;gly;
- xOf;fr; rPu;NfL
- rpWtu; J];gpuNahfk; mjpfupj;jy;
- r%f Neha;fs; guTjy;

108
 - Nghijg;nghUs; ghtid mjpfupj;jy;
- rka kw;Wk; fyhrhug; ngWkjpkpf;f nghUl;fs; ntspehLfSf;F
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gly;
- mNefkhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; Njrpa kw;Wk; kj eilKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;whik.

#oy;r hu; jhf;fq;f s;

- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopyhdJ ngUk;ghYk; #oNyhL gpize;Js;sJ. Mjyhy;
#oy; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd kdg;ghq;F kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; njhlu;ghff;
ftdk; nrYj;JjYk; kw;Wk; mJ njhlu;gpy; nraw;glYk;.
- epyk;> ePu;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; capupdq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ntspehl;L
cjtpfs; fpilj;jy;.
- flw;fiug; ghJfhg;G
- ghjfkhd #oy; tpisTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- fhl;rpff
; hd ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; fhLfis mz;br; Rw;Wyh N`hl;ly;fis
epu;khzpg;gjhy; #oYf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
- flw;fiu mupg;G kw;Wk; KUiff; fw;ghu;fs; moptiljy;.
- fopTfis #oYf;F ntspNaw;WtNjhL njhlu;Gila gpur;rpidfs;
Vw;gly;.
- mNefkhd ,lq;fspy; msTf;fjpfkhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;
tUif jUtjhy; capupay; njhFjpfspy; ghjpg;G Vw;gly;.
- tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; gFjpfs; ntspehLfSf;Ff; nfhz;L
nry;yg;gly;.

Rw;Wyh ifj;n jhopy; tpUj;jpf;f hf Nkw;n fhs;s f;$ ba eltbf;i ffs;

- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffis ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;.
- Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; jdpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; #oiyf;
fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
- cs;ehl;L Rw;Wyh ifj;njhopiy tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; Gjpa Jiwfis <u;jj
; y;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis
,optsthf;Fk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

Rw;Wyhf; ifj;n jhopy; njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffis ,w;i wg;gLj;jy;.

- gy;NtW ehLfspd; Rw;Wyh Nkk;ghl;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;jy;.
- murpd; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lkplypd;NghJ Rw;Wyh tyaq;fs; njhlu;ghf mjpf
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jjy;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf khfhzrig kw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rp
kd;wq;fspd; cjtpfisg; ngwy;.
- Rw;Wyh EioTr; rhd;Wfis (tprh) toq;Fk;NghJ nefpo;thd nfhs;if
iaf; filg;gpbj;jy;.

109
Rw;Wyhg; gazpapd; jdpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; #oiyf;
fl; b naOg; G jy; .
- Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; fLikahd rl;ljpl;lq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
- Rw;Wyh topfhl;Ldu;> N`hl;ly; gzpahsu; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J gzpahsu;
MfpNahiug; gapw;Wtpj;jYk;> mjw;fhd gapw;rp epWtdq;fis mikj;jYk;.
- Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; vkJ ehl;by; fopf;Fk; fhyj;ij kfpo;r;rpfukhff;
fopg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jpl;lkply;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; njhlu;gpy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; njspitAk;>
Neu;kdg;ghq;ifAk; tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

cs;e hl;Lr; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;n jhopiy tpUj;jp nra;jy;

- ru;tNjr juj;jpw;F Vw;g Rw;Wyh tpLjp trjpfis toq;fYk; tpUj;jp
nra;jYk;.
- #oy; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyh trjpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;. cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;>
jupg;gplk;> elkhLk; ghijfs;> fhl;rpfhz; Nkilfs; vd;gtw;iw tpUj;jp;
nra;jy;.
- Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;. (thd;top>
jiutop> njhlu;e;J kw;Wk; Vida topKiwfs;)
- ,yq;ifapy; ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdpl mbg;gilfis Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy;
<u;j;jYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopiy gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk; tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- ehL KOtjpYk;; Rw;Wyh tyaq;fis Vw;gLj;jp mjid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- jw;NghJs;s Rw;Wyh <u;gG
; f;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy; - gpd;dtiy> njw;F
flw;fiu> rpq;fuh[h> ef;fps;];> upl;bfy> cyf kuGupikfs;.
- Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd ePz;lfhyj; jpl;lkplypd; %yk;
epiyahd jPu;Tfisg; ngw;W eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; Gjpa Jiwfis <u;j;jy;

- jw;NghJ ngUkstpy; ,lk;ngWk; Ftpika ,lg;ngau;Tf;Fg; gjpyhf
gy;NtW Jiwfis Nehf;fp efu;jJ; tjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
- RNjr czT> RNjr itj;jpa Kiw> RNjr fyhrhuk; Nghd;w khw;W
topfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jy;.
- gz;ila tho;f;if Kiwia ntspf;fhl;Lk; tifapyhd tpNrl Rw;Wyh
tyaq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;.

Rw;Wyhf; ifj;n jhopypy; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis

,optsthf;F k; eltbf;i ffis Nkw;n fhs;s y;.
- rl;ljpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
- kf;fisj; njspTgLj;jy;.
- #oy;Nea kdg;ghq;Ffis tpUj;jp nra;a eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- Gjpa njhopEl;g Kiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;jp Vw;glf;$ba Coy; Nkhrb
fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. (kugZ kw;Wk;
E}jdg; nghUl; nfhs;is).

110
 G+Nfhskakhf;f k;
Nju; r ; r p : 11.0 G+Nfhskakhf;fypd; jd;ikia xg;gl
P ;L uPjpahd Nehf;fpy;
guprPypg;ghu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : 11.1 G+Nfhskakhf;fk; vd;gjd; fUj;J ahJ vd;gijf;

fw;whuha;thu;.
11.2 G+Nfhs kakhf;fj;jpd; Cf;fpfisf; fw;whuha;thu;.
11.3 G+Nfhskakhf;fk; tpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfis vt;top
fspy; ghjpf;fpd;wnjd;gijg; guprPypg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 20

fw; w w; N gWfs; :
 G+Nfhskakhf;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfisg; gFg;
gha;T nra;thu;.
 G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd; gpujhd $Wfis mwpKfk; nra;thu;.
 G+Nfhskakhf;fj;Jf;Fj; jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;
njhopEl;gk;> kw;Wk; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
gq;fspg;ig tptupg;ghu;.
 tpiuTgLj;jg;gLk; khdpl efu;Tfs; g+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpid
vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wnjd;gij tptupg;ghu;.
 tpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspd; kPJ G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd;
Neu;fzpa kw;Wk; vjpu;fzpag; ghjpg;Gf;fid tptupg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapd;kPJ G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpid cjhu
zq;fSld; tptupg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;
jw;fhyj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopEl;gk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlu;ghly; Nghd;w
Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;LtUk; Ntfkhd tsu;r;rpNahL xd;wpize;J fhzg;gLk;
nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; ve;jnthU ehLk;
jdpj;J ,aq;f KbahJs;sJ. Mjyhy; cyf ehLfSf;fpilapy; gy;NtW
tifapyhd njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. ,t;thW KO cyFk; gy;NtW JiwfspD}
lhfj; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiwapid G+Nfhskakhjy; vd vspik
ahf mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. cyf kf;fis xNu r%fkhf ,izf;Fk; topKiw
nadTk; ,jid Fwpg;gplyhk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

- cyfpd; midj;J ehLfspYk; nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu mbg;gilfspd;
gbKiwapy; xU rPu;jd;ikia milAk; nrad;KiwNa G+Nfhskakhjy;
vd Nfk;gpwp[; mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

G+Nfhskakhf; f j; j pd; gz; G fs;

 jfty; njhlu;ghly; Jiwapy; (Information and Communication) Vw;gl;l Jupj
tsu;rr
; pAk;> cl;fl;likg;Gfspd; (Infrastructure) tsu;rr
; pAk; G+Nfhskakhf;fy;
nraw;ghl;bidj; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sd.

111
 G+NfhskakhjyhdJ mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;l nrad;Kiwnad gyu;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhYk; mJ kpf ePz;lfhy tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lnjhU nrad;
KiwahFk;.
 Fwpg;ghf ehLfhz; gazq;fs; kw;Wk; FbNaw;wthjk; Nghd;w nrad;
Kiwfshy; cyf ehLfs; gy neUf;fkhapd.
 etPd fhyj;jpy; G+Nfhskakhf;fy; nraw;ghlhdJ kpfTk; tpiuthf ,lk;ngw;W
tUfpd;wJ.
 ru;tNjr ehza epjpaKk; (IMF - International Monetary Fund) G+Nfhskakhf;fy;
nrad;Kiw gpujhdkhf ehd;F Jiwfspd; Clhf eilngWtjhfr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
1. tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; gupkhw;wk; - Trade and Transaction
2. %yjdKk; KjyPLk; - Capital and Invesment
3. ,lg;ngau;T - Migration
4. mwptpidg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy; - (Dessemination of Knowledge)
 Gtp ntg;gkiljy; Nghd;w #oy;rhu; rthy;fSk;> ePu;> tsp khriljy;
Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; cs;spl;l Njr vy;iyfisj; jhz;br; nry;Yk; my;yJ
Njr vy;iyfs; mw;w #oy;rhu; gpur;rpidfSk;> fly;tho; capu;fis
mopj;jy; Nghd;w nghUshjhu nrad;KiwfSk;> gaq;futhjk; kw;Wk;
mfjpfspd; tUif Nghd;w r%f uPjpahd rthy;fSk; jw;fhyj;jpy; G+Nfhs
kakhjNyhL njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 G+Nfhskakhf;fy; nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; ,aw;ifr; #oy;
njhlu;gpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; nrad;KiwahtNjhL mj;Jiwfspd;
jhf;fq;fSk; G+Nfhskakhf;fy; nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gl;Ls;sd.

G+Nfhskakhf;f ypd; gpujhd gpupTfs;

- nghUshjhu G+Nfhskakhf;fy; - Economic Globalization
- fyhrhu G+Nfhskakhf;fy; - Cultural Globalization
- murpay; G+Nfhskakhf;fy; - Political Globalization
- njhopEl;g G+Nfhskakhf;fy; - Technological Globalization
 jw;fhyj;jpy; tu;jj
; fk;> ntspehl;L Neub KjyPLfs;> epjp jsk;gy;> Fbg;ngau;T
kw;Wk; njhopEl;g guk;gy; Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf Njrpa nghUshjhuk; cyfg;
nghUshjhukhf khWtjidf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhfNt G+Nfhskakhf;fy; vDk;
nrhw;gjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

G+Nfhskakhf;f ypd; ed; i kfs;

 jkJ ehl;bDs; Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;fs; ,y;yhj ehLfs; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; Kaw;rpahz;ikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;gg
; pid toq;Ffpdw
; d.
 ifj;njhopy; uPjpahd FiwtpUj;jpAila ehLfs; cyf re;ijf;Fs;
gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd tha;gg
; pid G+Nfhskakhf;fy; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
 %yjd gha;r;ry;> njhopEl;gk;> khdpl %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;JtNjhL> Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp re;ijapid tpupTgLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; tha;gG; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 ifj;njhopy; uPjpahf tsu;rr
; pailahj ehLfspy; cs;s tu;jj; fu;fs; ru;tNjr
cw;gj;jp tiyaikg;gpd; gq;Fjhuu;fshtjw;F tha;gg ; spf;fpd;wJ.
 fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk;> njhopEl;g mwpitAk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;F
tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

112
 G+Nfhskakhf; f ypd; jP i kfs;
 ifj;njhopy; uPjpahf tsu;r;rpaile;j kw;Wk; Fiwtsu;r;rpAila ehLfSf;
fpilapYk;> me;ehLfSf;Fs;Sk; nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; mjpfupf;
fpd;wik.
 ifj;njhopy; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;iffs; mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk;
ehLfs; Vw;Wkjpr; re;ijf;F gpuNtrpg;gjw;Fs;s tha;gG
; fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;J
fpd;wd.
 ntspehl;L KjyPl;il <u;f;Fk; Nehf;fpy; mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfs;
gpd;gw;Wk; Nghl;bj; jd;ikahd nrad;Kiwapdhy; #oy;rhu; gpur;rpidfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.
 mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; ,Ue;J mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfSf;F
khj;jpuNk G+Nfhskakhjy; gpuNahf uPjpahf nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
 mnkupf;fh jiyikapyhd Nkiyj;Njakhjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
cyf fyhrhu guTifahy; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspd; fyhrhu jdpj;Jtk;
my;yJ fyhrhu rpwg;gk;rq;fs; gbg;gbahf khwp tUfpd;wd.
 cyf tu;jj ; fkhdJ gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfSf;F cr;r ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; nraw;gLfpd;wNjd;wp jdp ehLfs; my;yJ me;ehl;L
kf;fspd; mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;ljy;y. Mjyhy; mJ mgptpUj;jp
aile;JtUk; ehLfSf;F ed;ik gaf;fhJ.

11.2 G+Nfhskakhf;fypd; gpujhd %yq;f s;

 jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gk; _

- juT Nrfupj;jy;> jfty;fis xOq;FgLj;jy;> Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; ntspapLk;

nrad;Kiw jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gk; vdg;gLk;. ,yj;jpudpay;
Clfq;fs; jfty; xOq;fikg;gpy; gpujhdkhditahFk;.
- thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> fzpdp tiyaikg;G> njhiyNgrp> nra;kjpfs;
kw;Wk; Vida njhlu;ghly; ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdq;fs; ,q;F Kf;fpakhdit
ahFk;.
- jw;fhyj;jpy; jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gk; ngw;Ws;s Jupj
tsu;r;rpahdJ G+Nfhskakhf;fypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s gpujhd
fhuzpahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
- ngsjpf tsq;fs; khj;jpukd;wp kdpj tsq;fisAk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sy;
G+Nfhskakhf;fypd; gpujhd gz;ghFk;. ,j;jifa ,ilj;njhlu;Gfshy;
njhopEl;gj;Jiwapy; khj;jpukd;wp r%f> fyhrhuj; JiwfspYk; xt;nthU
tuJk; fUj;Jf;fs;> jpwikfs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjD}lhfj; jkJ epiyapid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
,aYkhfpAs;sJ.
- Fwpg;ghf> njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rp njhlu;Gfs; NkYk;
neUf;fkiltjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpAs;sJ.
- gj;jpupifapy; Muk;gpjj
; njhlu;ghly; tsu;rr
; p jw;fhyj;jpy; thndhyp> njhiyf;
fhl;rp> njhiyNgrp> fzpdp kw;Wk; ,izaj;jsk; Nghd;w JiwfspD}lhf
cau;epiyia vl;bAs;sJ.
- nra;kjpj; njhopEl;gj;jpd; Muk;gk;> fz;zhb ,ioaf; fk;gpg; gad;ghL
(Fiber Optic Cable)> fk;gpapy;yh tiyaikg;G (Wireless Network) kw;Wk;
nry;yplg;Ngrpfspd; gad;ghl;NlhL ,ize;J cyfj;jpy; vg;gFjpapYk; Vw;gLk;

113
 ve;jnthU epfo;itAk;> nra;jpiaAk; kpfTk; FWfpa Neuj;jpy; cyf
kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; mwpe;J nfhs;sf;Rba tha;g;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
- Ez; rpy;Y (Micro Chip) gad;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rpapdhy; jfty;fis tpiuthf
xOq;fikj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $ba tha;gG ; k; kpfr; rpwpa ,lj;jpy; ngUksthd
jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J itj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wYk; fpilj;Js;sJ.
- eilKiwapy; ,f;fhuzpfspd; Clhf jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gj;jpd;
tsu;rr
; p G+Nfhskakhf;fypy; vj;jifa nry;thf;fpid nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;gij
mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
- jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gkhdJ G+Nfhskakhjypd; Jupj tsu;r;rpapy;
gq;fspj;jpUg;gpDk; mjdhy; gy;NtWgl;l ghjfkhd tpisTfSk; Vw;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sd.
_
,izak;> njhiyf;fhl;rp Clhf Njitahd jfty;fisg; Nghd;Nw
Njitaw;w jfty;fSk; tud;Kiwapd;wp ehl;Lf;Fs; CLUTtJ
gpur;rpidahFk;. ,J jw;Nghija rpWtu;fisAk; ,isQu;fisAk;
jtwhd topf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

gy;N jrpaf; fk;g dpfs;

 jkJ jha;ehl;bYk; ehl;bw;F ntspapYk; Fiwe;jJ xU ehl;bNyDk;
jkJ tu;jj ; f eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLf;Fk; fk;gdpfs; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs;
vdg;gLk;. nghJthf ,f;fk;gdpfspd; mYtyfq;fs; my;yJ njhopw;rhiyfs;
gy;NtW ehLfspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL jha;ehl;by; mike;Js;s gpujhd
fhupahyaj;jpd; Clhf mit ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
 jw;NghJ cyfpy; Rkhu; 600 gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; nraw;gl;L tUtNjhL
mtw;Ws; 30 fk;gdpfs; If;fpa mnkupf;fhitj; jskhff; nfhz;L
jhgpff ; g;gl;Ls;sd. 160 fk;gdpfs; [g;ghdpaf; fk;gdpfshtNjhL 60 fk;gdpfs;
gpupj;jhdpaf; fk;gdpfshFk;.
- cyfpd; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; rpytw;wpd; ngau;fs;
Monsanto - U.S.A Unilever - U.K Merck - U.K
Mitsui - Japan KFC - U.S.A Cocacola - U.S.A
- ,e;epWtdq;fs; jkJ tpahghu eltbf;iffis gug;Gtjw;fhf Vida
ehLfspy; KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. mit Neub ntspehl;L KjyPL
(FDI - Foreign Direct Invesment) vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
- cyfpy; mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspd; cw;gj;jpr; nryT Fiwe;Js;s
ikAk;> ntspehl;L KjyPLfis tpupthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf me;ehLfs;
nghUshjhuj;ij jpwe;Js;sd. NkYk; nefpot ; hd tupf; nfhs;if> nefpot
; hd
njhopyhsu; rl;ljpll; q;fs;> KjyPll
; hsu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd cl;fl;likg;G
trjpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy; Nghd;w topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjhy; ntsp
ehl;Lf; fk;gdpfs; ,e;ehLfspy; KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ mjpfupj;Js;sd.
- Mjyhy; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfspd; nraw;ghL G+Nfhskakhf;fy; nrad;Kiwapd;
kPJ ghupa jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
- cyfpd; Kd;dzpf; fk;gdpfs; jkJ epWtdq;fis cyf ehLfspy; cU
thf;Fjy; my;yJ me;ehLfspy; jq;fsJ tu;j;jfj;ij elhj;jpr; nry;tjd;
Clhf me;ehLfs; midj;Jk; xd;wpiztjhy; G+Nfhskakhjy; nrad;
Kiwf;F ,J gq;fspf;fpd;wJ.

114
 Jupj khdpl efu;T
- khdpl efu;T vd;gJ gpuNjr uPjpapYk;> ru;tNjr uPjpapYk; Vw;gLk; kdpj
,lg;ngau;tpidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
- njhopy>; fy;tp> nghOJNghf;F> tu;jj
; f eltbf;if> rka eltbf;if Nghd;w
gy;NtW Njitfspd; epkpj;jk; kdpjd; ,lk;ngau;fpd;whd;.
- jw;fhy G+Nfhskakhf;fy; nrad;Kiwapy; cyfkhdJ ngUkstpy; jpwe;J
tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpNrlkhfj; jfty; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jp> cyF gw;wpa
mwpT kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;siy ,yFthf;fpAs;sJ.
- ,jd;%yk; kdpjDf;Ff; fy;tp> njhopy;> nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fs;> tu;jj
; fk;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhf ,lk;ngaUk; tha;gg
; pidj; jpwe;Js;sJ. tpNrlkhf ,izaj;
jsj;jpD}lhf tpkhdg; gazr; rPl;L> jq;Fkpl trjpfs; vd;gtw;iw kpfTk;
,yFthf xJf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,aYik fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
- kdpj ,lg;ngau;tpdhy; r%f kw;Wk; ,l uPjpapy; cyf ehLfSf;fpilapyhd
,ilntsp Fiwe;Js;sJ. fw;wy; tha;g;Gfs; mjpfupj;Js;sd. Kaw;rpahz;
ikfisg; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;gG ; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. njhopEl;g
gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd tha;gG
; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it G+Nfhskakhf;fYf;F VJthf
mikfpd;wd.
- kWGwk; G+Nfhskakhf;fy; khdpl efu;Tfisr; Jupjkilar; nra;Js;sJ.
- Mjyhy; khdpl efu;Tk; G+Nfhskakhf;fYk; gu];gu njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;l
,U nrad;KiwfshFk;.

11.3 mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfs; kPJ G+Nfhskakhf;fy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs;

 nghUshjhu jhf;fq;fs;
- Muk;gfhyj;jpy; mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfs; cyfg; nghUsh
jhuj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpg;gw;fhd tha;gG
; fs; mupjhfNt fhzg;gl;ld.
G+Nfhskakhf;fypd; tpisthf mj;jifa tiuaiwfs; ngUk;ghYk;
jsu;j;jg;gl;ld.
- cyf tq;fp> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; Nghd;w epjp epWtdq;fshy;
ngUksT fld; trjpfs; toq;fg;gl;likapdhy; mgptpUj;jpaile;J
tUk; ehLfSf;Fr; re;ij kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd
gpuNtrj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jJ.
- jw;fhyj;jpy; mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; mNefkhd ehLfs; jpwe;j
nghUshjhuj;jpy; <LgLtjdhy; me;ehLfspy; ntspehl;L KjyPL
kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs; tpuptiltjw;fhd tha;gG
; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
- Fwpg;ghfj; njhlu;ghlw; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpNahL ntspehl;L epWtdq;
fSf;Fr; Rje;jpu tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ.
- cyfk; KOtJk; $l;L tpahghuk; kw;Wk; el;GwT cld;gbf;iffs;
Vw;gl tha;g;Gf; fpilj;Js;sik ed;ikahFk;.
- tiuaiwfs; jsu;j;jg;gl;likahy; tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhd ,yhgfukhd
ciog;G> %yg;nghUl;fs;> njhopEl;g trjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; :- ngUk;ghyhd mnkupf;f
nkd;nghUs; cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs; mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpfis ,e;jpahtpy;
mikj;Js;sd. ,J ,t;tpU ehLfSf;Fk; ed;ik gaf;ff; $ba
xd;whFk;.

115
 mNjNghy; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- ehl;bDs; Vio gzf;fhu tUkhd ,ilntsp mjpfupj;Js;sik.
- mgptpUj;jpapd; tpisthdJ ehl;bDs; rkkhf gfpu;e;J nry;yhik.
- njhopw;rhiyfs; mjpfupg;gpdhy; #oy; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sik.
- cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; KjyPL tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sik.
- cyf KjyPl;Lj; Njitapd; kPJ kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; kdpjdpd;
ey;tho;T kOq;fbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- etPd njhopEl;g Kiwfspd; ghtidahy; mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk;
ehLfspy; ngUk;ghyhd njhopy;fSf;Fj; Njitahd ciog;ghsu;
Fiwe;J nry;fpd;wik.

 mwpT kw;Wk; njhopEl;gk;

- fy;tp njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; gpugy;ak; miljy;> cyfshtpa uPjpapy;
fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;Ls;sik kw;Wk; mtw;wpy; <LgLtJ
,yFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikapdhy; jkJ Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;tjw;F kf;fs; fuprid fhl;LtJ ed;ik gaf;ff; $ba xd;whFk;.
- G+Nfhskakhjyhy; eilKiwapy; cau; fy;tpf;fhd <LghL mjpfupj;
Js;sik ed;ik gaf;Fk; tplakhFk;.
- ntspehl;L KjyPlL
; f;fhd tha;gG ; tpuptile;Js;sikahy; mwpitAk;
njhopEl;gj;ijAk; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; mjpfupj;
Js;sik rhjfkhd xd;whFk;.

 r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhuj; jhf;fq;fs;

- fyhrhukhdJ kdpj ehfupfj;NjhL ,ize;j xd;whFk;. mj;Jld; mJ
r%fj;jpw;F r%fk;> gpuNjrj;jpw;F gpuNjrk;> gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;F gpuhe;jpak;>
ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLk;.
- fyhrhu G+Nfhskakhf;fy; vd;gJ gykhd fyhrhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfs;
gy;NtW Clfq;fs; my;yJ Kiwfspd; Clhf NtnwhU fyhrhuj;jpw;Fs;
CLUTtjhFk;.
- ,jw;fhf tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs;> ,izaj;jsk; kw;Wk; Vida njhlu;G rhj
dq;fs; mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd. cjhuzk; :- Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjk;
- ghuk;gupa fyhrhuk; gbg;gbahf NkNyj;Nja fyhrhuj;jpw;F khw;wkil
tjhdJ G+Nfhskakhf;fj;jpd; ghjpg;ghFk;.
- Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspy; ,isQu; kj;jpapy; fyhrhu
G+Nfhskakhf;fypd; jhf;fk; mjpfk;.
Milazpfs;> Njhuizfs;> ,ir> czTg; gof;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
,j;jhf;fj;jpidf; fhzyhk;. Mc donals, KFC, Dominos, Pizza hut Nghd;w ru;tNjr
cztfq;fspd; tiyaikg;gpd; gutiy cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;.
- ghuk;gupa fyhrhu $Wfs; mope;njhope;J Nghjy;> nkhop khw;wk;> FLk;g
mikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; vd;gd fyhrhug; G+Nfhskakhf;fypd; ghjf
khd tpisTfshFk;.

116
nraw; g hL
1. G+Nfhskakhf;fy; ,yq;ifkPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjj;jpid
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; cjhuzq;fis ,ad;wsT Nrfupf;fTk;.
2. mtw;wpid
- nghUshjhuk;
- mwpTk; njhopEl;gKk;
- r%fKk; fyhrhuKk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;jp mjd; rhjf
ghjf tpisTfis ml;ltizA+lhf Kd;itf;Ff.

117
 gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;
Nju; r ; r p : 12.0 gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fspd; tfpgq;fpidg; guprPypj;J gpuhe;jpa
xj;Jiog;Gf;fhf tpopg;Gzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : 12.1 njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fspd;

tfpgq;fpidf; fw;whuha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 08

fw;ww;NgWfs; :  gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; vd;gJ vjidf; fUJfpd;wJ vd;gjid

tpsf;Fthu;.
 rhu;f; (SAARC) mikg;gpd; njhopw;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
 Mrpahdpd; (ASEAN) njhopw;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
 INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
 gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fspy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfisg;
glq;fspd; JizAld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

mwpKfk;
eilKiw cyfpy; midj;J ehLfSk; Vida ehLfNshL njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjd; Clhf ru;tNjr njhlu;gpid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd eltbf;
ifapid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. jkJ ehl;bd; RahjPdj;jd;ik> ghJfhg;G> nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; r%f eltbf;iffisr; rpwg;ghfg; Ngzpr; nry;tjw;F ,j;
njhlu;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;fpd;wd. ,t;thW jdpnahU ehlhf njhlu;G
fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tNjhL tya uPjpahf cyf rthy;fis ntw;wp
nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ru;tNjr mikg;Gfspy; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ,t;tikg;Gfs;
cyfshtpa uPjpapYk; tya uPjpapYk; G+Nfhs tyaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; ngUk;ghYk; G+Nfhsg; gpuhe;jpaq;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Nl Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. jw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; midj;J G+Nfhsg;
gpuhe;jpaq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tifapy; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sd.

jw;Nghja gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfshd rhu;f; mikg;G> njd;fpof;fhrpa mikg;G>

INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; fw;gNj ,t;tyfpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;f hd topfhl;ly;

 gpuhe; j pa mikg; G fs;
- cyfpd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fSf;F cupj;jhd> Gtpapay; uPjpapy; ngUk;ghYk;
xj;j ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fs; gpuhe;jpak; vd mwpag;gLk;.
- Nkw;F INuhg;gh> Mrpah> njd;dhrpah> njd;fpof;fhrpah> kj;jpa fpof;F>
njd; mnkupf;fh Mfpad ,tw;Ws; tpNrlkhd gpuhe;jpaq;fshFk;.
- ,e;j tpNrl gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay;>
njhopEl;g> ghJfhg;G Nghd;w gy;NtW JiwfNshL njhlu;Gila gpur;rpidfs;>
jilfs;> rthy;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;fhf
,t;gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;gpuhe;jpaj;jpwF
; cupj;jhd
ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs; ,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.

118
 - rhu;f; mikg;G> njd;fpof;fhrpa mikg;G> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; vd;gd mjw;fhd
cjhuzq;fshFk;.

 rhu; f ; mikg;G
- njw;fhrpa ehLfspd; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd mikg;Ng rhu;f; vd
; J. (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
mwpag;gLfpdw
- 1985,y; njw;fhrpa ehLfs; VO xd;wpize;J ,t;tikg;gpidj; Njhw;Wtpjj
; d.
- gq;fshNjrpd; Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp rpahTl; u`;khd; mtu;fspd; mbg;gil
rpe;jidf;F Vw;g Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1983,y; tya ehLfspd; ntsptptfhu mikr;ru;fspd; Muk;g kl;lf; fye;Jiu
ahlypd; NghJ xj;Jiog;ig toq;Ftjw;F ,zf;fk; njuptpf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs;
“by;yp gpufldk;” vDk; ngaupy; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
- mt;thW ,zf;fk; njuptpf;fg;gl;l Jiwfshtd:
 tptrhak;  Nghf;Ftuj;J
 fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp  jghy;Nrit
 njhlu;ghly;  tpQ;QhdKk; njhopEl;gKk;
 fhyepiyapay;  tpisahl;L> fiy> fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;
 Rfhjhu> Fbrd eltbf;iffs;
- ,J 1985 brk;gu; 08 Mk; jpfjp gq;fshNj\pd; lhf;fh efupy; cj;jpNahf
G+u;tkhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- Muk;g mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;
 gq;fshNj\;  khiyjPT
 G+l;lhd;  Neghsk;
,e;jpah  ghfp];jhd;
,yq;if
- gpd;G Mg;fhdp];jhDk; (2007) ,ize;J nfhz;lJ.

 rhu;f; mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fSk; gzpfSk;

- tya kf;fspd; ey;tho;T> tho;f;ifj;juj;jpid cau;jJ
; tjd; Clhf
tWikia xopj;jy;.
- tyaj;jpy; czTg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf tptrha kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd czT
jug;gLj;jYf;fhd kj;jpa epiyaq;fis mikj;jy;.
- gaq;futhjj;ij xopg;gjw;F mur jiytu;fs; kl;lj;jpyhd jPu;khdq;fSf;F
tUjYk;> gaq;futhjj;ij xopg;gjw;fhd cld;gbf;iffis
eilKiwg;gLj;jYk;.
- nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfisj; jPug ; g
; jw;fhf [g;ghdpa
rhu;f; epjpak; kw;Wk; njw;fhrpa mgptpUj;jp epjpaj;jpd; Clhf epjp kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
- tu;j;jfg; gpur;rpidfisf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf tya ehLfSf;F ,il
apy; tu;j;jf cld;gbf;iffs; rhu;e;j eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
- njw;fhrpa Kd;Dupikj; Nju;T tu;jj
; f cld;gbf;if (SAPTA)
nraw;gLj;jy;.
- njw;fhrpa Rje;jpu tu;jj
; f cld;gbf;if (SAFTA) Vw;gLj;jy;.

119
 gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk;
- eilKiwapy; rhu;f; mikg;G vjpu;ghu;j;j xj;Jiog;G tPo;r;rpaila Muk;gpj;
Js;sik.
cjhuzk; :- ,e;jpa - ghfp];jhDf;fpilapyhd Fog;gfukhd epiy
- tya uPjpahf xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLtjw;F Kad;whYk; ehLfs;
jd;dpr;irahfr; nraw;gLfpd;w epiyAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; mikg;G (The Assosiation of South East Asian Nations)

_
1967 Mf];l; 08 Mk; jpfjp jha;yhe;J ehl;bd; ghq;nfhf; efupy; Ie;J mq;fj;Jt
ehLfspd; gq;Fgw;wNyhL Muk;gkhdJ.
_
Muk;g mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;
,e;NjhNdrpah kNyrpah
gpypg;igd;]; rpq;fg;G+u;
jha;yhe;J

_
Vida mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;
GWNd kpad;khu;
tpal;ehk; fk;Nghbah
yhNth];

 njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fSk; gzpfSk;

- tyaj;jpd; rkhjhdj;ijAk; ];jpuj;jd;ikiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
- xj;Jiog;Gld; $ba xd;wpize;j nghUshjhu Kiwnahd;iw mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy;
nraw;gLj;jy;.
- gu];gu xj;Jiog;gpd; %yk; Ma;Tj; Jiwfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; tu;jj
; f eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL ru;tNjr tu;jj
; fj;jpy;
vOk; gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq; nfhLg;gjw;fhd cgha Kiwfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- czTg; ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhff; fhy;eil ts mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;> fhlhf;fy;
nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;Fk; epArpyhe;jpd; cjtpfisg; ngwy;.
- flw;nwhopy; eltbf;iffis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf fdlhtpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;.
- ,aw;if mdu;jj
; q;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f ,lu; Kd;ndr;rupfi
; f kj;jpa epiyaj;jpid
mikj;jy;.
- Mrpahtpy; tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;gf; FOf;fis mikj;jy;.
- tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;F rYif mbg;gilapyhd
jPu;it tupf; nfhs;ifapis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

 gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk;
tya ehLfspy; cs;s kf;fspd; tWik njhlu;e;Jk; ghupa gpur;rpidahf
fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
gaq;futhjj; jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhFk; ehLfshf mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik. cjhuzk; :- ghyp Fz;L ntbg;G
Nghijg;nghUs; tu;jj
; fk; kw;Wk; rl;ltpNuhj MAj tu;j;jfk; vd;gd jw;fhyj;jpy;
epyTk; rthy;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

120
 INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; (European Union)
- 1993 etk;gu; 01 Me; jpfjp nk];l;upr; cld;gbf;if (Treaty of Matsricht)
vDk; ngaupy; mwpag;gLk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; Clhf INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; Njhw;W
tpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 27 mq;fj;Jt ehLfisf; nfhz;l nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;rhu;
mikg;ghFk;.
- Muk;g mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;
ngy;[pak; gpuhd;]; Nkw;F N[u;kd;
,j;jhyp yf;rk;Ngu;f; neju;yhe;J

- jw;fhy mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; 26 MFk;.

M];jpupah gpd;yhe;J ypj;Jtpah
ngy;[pak; gpuhd;]; ypj;JNtdpah
gy;Nfupah N[u;kd; yf;rk;Ngu;f;
irg;gpu]; fpNuf;fk; Nkhy;lh
nrf; FbauR `q;Nfupah neju;yhe;J
nld;khu;f; mau;yhe;J Nghyhe;J
v];Njhdpah ,j;jhyp Nghu;j;Jf;fy;
UNkdpah ];Nyhthf;fpah ];NyhNtdpah
];ngapd; RtPld;

 INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSk; gzpfSk;

- midj;J mq;fj;Jt ehLfsJ kf;fSk;> nghUs; kw;Wk; Nrit KjyPlb ; id
xNu re;ijapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpu epiyapid Vw;gLj;jy;.
- midj;J mq;fj;Jt ehLfsJk; tu;j;jf> tptrha> flw;nwhopy;> gpuhe;jpa
mgptpUj;jp Mfpa midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; nghJf; nfhs;ifapD}lhf
Kd;ndLj;jy;.
- mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;fpilNa A+Nuh vDk; nghJ ehza mynfhd;wpid
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

 gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk;
- xt;nthU ehl;bYk; epyTk; murpay; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs;> nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpapy; tPor
; ;rp> Ntiy tha;g;gpd;ik Nghd;w gpur;rpidfshy; gy;NtW
mOj;jq;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wd. cjhuzk; :- fpNuf;fj;jpd;
nghUshjhukhdJ mjpfupj;j fld; Rik fhuzkhf tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sik.
- KO INuhg;ghtpYk; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik gpur;rpid vOe;Js;sik.
- gaq;futhj mr;RWj;jYf;F ,yf;fhFk; ehLfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
- ngUk;ghyhd mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;gpid
elhj;jpr; rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyFfpd;wik. cjhuzk; :- gpupj;jhdpah

nraw; g hL
- rhu;f; mikg;G> njd;fpof;fhrpa mikg;G> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; Mfpatw;wpd;
mq;fj;Jt ehLfis cyfg; GwTUtg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.
- rhu;f; mikg;gpd; epiyg;gpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisAk;> mjw;fhd
rthy;fisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; ifNaL xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.

121
 Gtpapay; juTfSk; jfty; fSk;
Nju;r;rp : 5.0 juTfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk;;
tptuzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; Gs;sptpgu
El;gq;fisAk; tiuG KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 5.1 juT %yhjhuq;fisf; fw;whuha;thu;.

5.2 juT Nrfupg;G Kiwfisg; guprPypg;ghu;

5.3 Gs;sptpgutpay; El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp

juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.

5.4 juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;aTk; tptuzg;gLj;jTk;

tiuG Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

5.5 juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F gltiufiyapay;

El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 76

fw;ww; NgWfs;   juTfis tiutpyf;fzk; nra;thu;.

 juTfspd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

 juTfSf;Fk; jfty;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghl;bid tpsf;Fthu;.

 juTfisr; Nrfupf;Fk; Kiwfis cjhuzq;fSld;

tptupg;ghu;.

 juTfis xOq;FgLj;jp ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

 juTg; guk;gnyhd;iw mikj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

 Gs;sptpgutpay; El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp

juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.

 tiugpay; Kiwfspidg; gad;gLj;jp juTfisg;

gFg;gha;T nra;J tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.

 gltiufiyapay; El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp

juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.

122
mwpKfk;
Gs;sptpgutpay; kw;Wk; GtpapaYf;fpilapy; neUf;fkhd njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Gtpapaypy; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj glq;fspd; ghtidf;F mg;ghy; gy;NtW jfty;fis
Kd;itg;gjw;fhf Gs;sptpguj; juTfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; etPd njhopEl;g tpUj;jpAld;
juTfis Nrfupj;jy;> Nrkpj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; Gjpa Kiwfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
fzpdpg; gad;ghl;Lld; juTfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> ml;ltizg;gLj;jy;> tifg;gLj;jy;
Mfpa eltbf;iffs; Jupj tsu;r;rp mile;Js;sd. ,jd;gb Gtpapay; tpsf;fq;fspd;
NghJ Gs;sptptuk; rhu;e;j mstPLfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
kdpjDf;Fk; #oYf;Fkpilapy; epyTk; njhlu;Gfs; kw;Wk; ghq;Ffs; vd;git ,dq;
fhzg;gl;L tptuzk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

Gtpapaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juTfs; ngUk;ghYk; ,lk;rhu; kw;Wk; fhyk;rhu; guk;giyf;

fhl;Ltjhf miktJ tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. Gtpapaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Gs;sptpgu
mbg;gilfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW juTfis milahsk;
fhzy;> mj;juTfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; gy;NtW Kiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;> mtw;iw
md;whlj; Njitfspd;NghJ gy;NtW JiwfSf;F cl;gLj;jp gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Kiwfs;
njhlu;ghd mbg;gil mwptpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mNjNghy;
juT Nrfupf;Fk;NghJ gy;NtW vz;rhu; tpQ;Qhd Kiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJk; mtw;iw
Kd;itg;gjw;F Gs;sptpgutpaiyg; gad;gLj;JtJk;> mtw;iw tpsf;Fjy; njhlu;ghd
mwptpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gJk; ,t;tyfpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

5.1. juTfs; (Data)

juTfis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

- Muha;r ;rp my;y J gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhf Nrfupf;f g;gl;l jfty;fSk;

Gs;sptptuq;fSk; juTfs; vdg;gLk;. - Oxford Dictionary

juT %yhjhuq;fs; ( Data Sources)

- Ma;thsu; jkJ fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd juTfisg; ngWfpd;w %yq;fs; juT
%yq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
- fw;wypd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g juTfs; kw;Wk; juT Nrfupf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs;
NtWgLk;.
- Kjy;epiyj; juTfs; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfs; vd ,uz;L tifahd
juT %yhjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- tiuGfs;> ml;ltizfs;> glq;fis mikf;Fk; NghJ mtw;Wf;F mbg;gilahd
juTfisg; ngWtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa %yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy; mtrpakhFk;.

juTfspd; tiffs;
- juTfisg; gy;NtW tifapy; tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.

1 . msTrhu; kw;Wk; gz;Grhu; juTfs; (Quantitative and Qualitative Data)

- vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy; tpsf;ff; $ba juTfs; msTrhu; juTfshFk;.
- vz;zpfi; f mbg;gilapy; Kd;itf;fg;glhj juTfs; gz;Grhu; juTfs; vdg;gLk;.
,tw;wpid mstpl KbahJ.

123
2 . Kjy; epiyj; juTfs; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfs; (Primary and Secondary
Data)
- xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Kjd; Kjy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; juTfs; Kjy;
epiyj; juTfs; vdg;gLk;.
- Ma;thsu; fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W jfty;fisg; ngWtjdhy; mit ngWkjp
kpf;fitahfTk;> ek;gfj;jd;ikia cau;thff; nfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.
- vdpDk; Kjy; epiyj; juTfisr; Nrfupf;Fk; NghJ gad;gLj;Jk; fhyk;>
ciog;G> tsq;fs; kw;Wk; nryTfs; mjpfkhFk;.
- NtnwhU egu; my;yJ epWtdk; Nrfupj;Js;s juTfis ,uz;lhk; Kiw
gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mit ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfs; vdg;gLk;.
- ,tw;wpidg; ngWtjw;F nrytplg;gLk; fhyk; kw;Wk; nryTfs; FiwthFk;.
- vdpDk; ,uz; l hk; epiyj; j uTfs; Ma; t hsdpd; Nehf; f j; j pw; f ikthf
Nrfupff
; g;gl;lit my;y. gpujp nra;jypd;NghJk; jtWfs; Vw;gl tha;gG
; cs;sJ.
ek;gfj; jd;ik FiwT.

3 . njhlu; juT kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rpaw;w juT (Continuous data and Discrete data)
- juTfis mit cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk; ngWkjpapd; ,ay;Gf;F Vw;g mtw;iw
tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
- juTfspd; ngWkhdq;fs; njhlu;rr
; pahd guk;giyf; FwpjJ
; f; fhl;Lkhf ,Ue;jhy;
mit njhlu; juT vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : cauk;> epiw> fhyk;> ntg;gepiy.
- njhlu;r;rpahd guk;giyf; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lhj juTfs; njhlu;r;rpaw;w juTfs;
vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : xU FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;if> mDuhjGu
khtl;lj;jpYs;s Fsq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

4 . $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juTk; $l;lkhf;fg;glhj juTk; (Grouped and Ungrouped Data)

- Nrfupff; g;gl;l juTfs; xOq;FgLj;jg;glhky; %ytbtj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhy; mit
(raw data) gr;irj;juTfs; vdg;gLk;.
- xOq; F gLj; j g; g lhky; > gr; i rahff; fhzg; g Lk; mNj Neuk; tpNrl
ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; juTfs; $l;lkhf;fg;glhj juT vdg;gLk;.
- guPli
; r xd;wpy; VjhtJ xU ghlj;jpy; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Gs;spfs;
,jw;fhd cjhuzkhFk;.
- ,j;jifa juTfis mtw;wpd; guk;gypy; ,Ue;J nghJthd fUj;njhd;wpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F my;yJ mjidg; gFg;gha;T nra;tij ,yFgLj;Jtjw;F
tifg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mj;juTfs; $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juT vdg;gLk;.
- mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd juTfis tFg;ghapilfspd; mbg;gilapy; mikj;jhy;
mit $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juT vdg;gLk;.

124
juTf; F k; jftYf; F kpilapyhd NtWghL

juTfspy; ,Ue;Nj jfty;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

juT kw;Wk; jfty;

juT juT juT

nrad;Kiw

jfty;

juTfs; vd;gJ xOq;fikf;fg;glhj kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;glhj tplaq;fshFk;.

mtw;iw xOq;fikj;j gpd;du; nra;Kiwg;gLj;jp Kd;itg;gjd; %yk; mit jftyhf
khWfpd;wd.

5.2 juTfisr; Nrfupj;jy;

 Kjy; epiyj; juTfisr; Nrfupf;F k; Kiwfs;.

- Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;T Kiwnahd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp
Kjd;Kiwahf Nrfupf;fg;gLk; juTfs; Kjy;epiyj; juTfs; vdg;gLk;.
- Kjy;epiyj; juTfs; gy;NtW topfspy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;.
- Ma;Tfs;> mtjhdpg;G kw;Wk; mstPL Nghd;w Kiwfspd; Clhf mtw;iwr;
Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

Ma;Tfs; ( Surveys)
- fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd juTfis Ma;thsd; Nrfupf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpd; NghJ
mjw;fhf Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : ,yq;ifapy; f.ngh.j. (c/j) tFg;Gf;fspy; Gtpapay; ghlj;jpidf;
fw;gpj;jy; njhlu;ghd Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- Ma;T %yk; Nrfupff
; g;gLk; Kjy;epiyj; juTfspy; ,Ue;J Ma;T Nehf;fj;jpwF
; j;
Njitahd tplak; njhlu;ghd njspthd tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
- fhyk;> ciog;G kw;Wk; nryT kpf;f nrad;Kiwahf ,J fhzg;gLk;.
- FbapypUe;Njh my;yJ khjpupfspy; ,Ue;Njh Ma;Tj; juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
- Fb vd;gJ Fwpgg
; pl;l Ma;tpd; nkhj;j tplakhff; fUjg;gLk; mk;rk; njhlu;ghd
Gs;sptptu mtjhdpg;gpy; KOtJk; my;yJ xt;nthd;Wk; cs;slq;Fk;.
cjhuzk; : ,yq;ifapd; f.ngh.j. (cau;ju) tFg;Gfspy; Gtpapay; ghlj;ijf;

125
 fw;gpj;jy; njhlu;ghd Ma;tpy; ,yq;ifapy; Gtpapay; ghlj;jpidf;
fw;gpff
; pd;w f.ngh.j. (cau;ju) tFg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l midj;Jg;
ghlrhiyfSk; Fb vdf;fUjg;gLk;.
- vt;thnwdpDk; KOf;FbiaAk; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jpj; jfty;fisg; ngWjy;
vspjhd fhupaky;y vd;gjdhy; Fbiag; gpuepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tifapy;
khjpupapypUe;J juT Nrfupg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
- ,yq;ifapy; Gtpapay; fw;gpf;fpd;w midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfisAk; gpujpepjpjJ
; tk;
nra;Ak; tifapy; Ik;gJ ghlrhiyfis khj;jpuk; njupT nra;tJ khjpupahFk;.

Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW Kiwfs;

1. tpdhf;nfhj;J (Questionnaire)
- njupT nra;ag;gl;l gjpyspg;ghsu;fsplk; (respondents) ,Ue;J tpdhf;nfhj;J
xd;wpd; %yk; juTfs; kw;Wk; jfty; Nrfupg;G ,lk;ngWk;.
- fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd tplaq;fs; midj;Jk; mlq;Fk; tifapy; tpdhf;nfhj;J
xd; W jahupf; f g; g l; L njupT nra; a g; g l; l egu; f Sf; F toq;f p my; y J
tpdhf;nfhj;jpid vLj;Jr; nrd;W mtu;fis re;jpj;J juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;.
- tpdhf;nfhj;jpidj; jahupg;gjw;Fk; juTfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; Ma;thsDf;F
rpwe;j gapw;rp mtrpak;.
- tpdhf;fs; FWfpaitahfTk;> vspikahditahfTk;> ,yFthf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sf;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- ,jD}lhf ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd gjpy;fisg; ngw KbtNjhL fhyKk;>
ciog;Gk; kPjg;gLk;> nryTfs; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;.
- Ma;tpw;F cupj;jhd egu;fSf;F jghy; %yKk; tpdhf;nfhj;jpid mDg;gp
juT kw;Wk; jftiyg; ngw KbAk;.
- njhiyNgrpapD}lhfTk; r%f tiyj;jsq;fs; ClhfTk; jfty;fs; Nrfupj;jy;
,lk;ngWk;.

2. Neu;fhzy; (Interview)
- Ma; t pw; f hf njupT nra; a g; g l; l Fbapy; my; y J khjpupapy; my; y J
cWg;gpdu;fisr; re;jpj;J fye;Jiuahly; %yk; Njitahd juTfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; ,jd; %yk; ,lk;ngWk;.
- egu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;> vz;zq;fisj; njupe;J nfhs;stjw;F ,J nghUj;jkhd
KiwahFk;.
- ,jD}lhf Njitahd jfty;f isg; gpioapd; w pg; ngw; W f; n fhs;t Jld;
tpilaspg;gtu; tpsf;fkw;w tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahliy
Kd;ndLf;f KbAk;.
- Neu;fhzy; xd;wpd; NghJ tpilaspg;gtupd; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F
mjpf re;ju;gg; k; fpilg;gjhy; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g gy jfty;fisr;
NrfupjJ
; f; nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;gg
; k; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; J. vdpDk; fhyk;> ciog;G>
nryT mjpfupg;gJld; jdpegu; nry;thf;Fk; mjpfkhFk;.

mstPLfs; (Measurments)
- rpy juTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf mstPLfisg; gad;gLj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
gpujhdkhf Gtpapaypy; Kf;fpaj;Jk; ngWfpd;w fhyepiy> thdpiy njhlu;ghd
juTfisr; Nrfupgg; J cgfuzq;fs; %yk; mstPlb ; id Nkw;nfhs;tjdhyhFk;.
126
 - nghJthf mstPl;bdhy; ngwg;gLfpd;w juTfs; %yk; ,lTauk;> ntg;gepiy>
kiotPo;r;rp vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.

mtjhdpg;G ( Observation)
- Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd juTfis mtjhdpg;gjD}lhfr; Nrfupj;jy;.
- ,J ,U tifg;gLk;
1. Neub mtjhdk;
2. gq;Nfw;G mtjhdk;
- Neub mtjhdk; (Direct observation) vd;gJ tplaj;jpid kpf cd;dpgg
; hf ftdpjJ
;
juTfisr; Nrfupj;jyhFk;.
cjhuzk; : ejpfs; my;yJ fpzWfspd; ePu;kl;lk; khw;wkilAk; tpjj;ij
mtjhdpj;jy;.
- gq;Nfw;G (Participatory) mtjhdk; vd;gJ Ma;T ,lk;ngWk; fsj;Jf;F Ma;thsd;
my;yJ tprhuiz nra;gtu; nrd;W jfty;fis mtjhdpj;Jg; ngWtjhFk;.
- ,jw;F fhyk;> ciog;G vd;gd mjpfstpy; tpuakhtNjhL jfty;fs; gf;f
rhu;G nfhz;ljhfTk; mikayhk;.

 ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juT Nrfupf;F k; Kiwfs;

- ve; j nthU Ma; t pd; NghJk; jd; D ila fUj; J f; f is cWjpg; g Lj; j pf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf VNjDk; epWtdk; my;yJ jdpegu; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Ma;Tfs; Nghd;w Vida %yhjhuq;fspypUe;J Nrfupf;fpd;w juTfs; ,uz;lhk;
epiyj; juTfs; vdg;gLk;.
- E}yfq;fs;> ,izaj;jsk;> tiuglq;fs;> thd;top nra;kjpg; gbkq;fs;> glq;fs;
kw;Wk; Gifg;glq;fs; vd;git ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juT %yhjhuq;fshFk;.

E}yf %yhjhuq;fs;
- ntspaplg;gl;l my;yJ ntspaplg;glhj Mtzq;fs; rhu;e ;j juTfisr;
Nrfupg;gjw;fhf E}yf %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
- gj; j pupiffs; > rQ; r piffs; > E}y; f s; > mwpf; i ffs; vd; g d ,j; j ifa
%yhjhuq;fshFk;. Vidatu;fspd; juTfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjidf;
FwpjJ ; f;fhl;LtJk; ,q;F Kf;fpakhdJ. ,it ngwg;gl;l %yqfisf; Fwpgg ; plL
; f;
fhl;LtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

,izaj; j sk;
- jw;fhyj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juT Nrfupj;jYf;Fg; gue;jstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
%yhjhukhFk;.
- ,jD}lhf kpftpiuthf Gjpa juTfisg; ngw tha;g;Gz;L
- mNjNghy; r%f ,izaj;jsq;fs; Clhf jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
KiwapidAk; ,q;F gad;gLj;jyhk;.

tiuglq;fs;> thd;top xspg;glq;fs;> nra;kjpg; gbkq;fs;> glq;fs; kw;Wk;

Gifg; g lq; f s;
- NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l %yhjhuq;fspD}lhf epyg; gad;ghL> fhl;L epyg; Nghu;it>
fhyepiy> thdpiyj; juTfs;> jiuNjhw;w NtWghL njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
- ,j;juTfs; Gtpapayhsu;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
127
5. 3 Gs;sptptutpay; Kiwfs; (Statistical Methods)

juTfis xOq;f ikj; j Yk; ml; l tizg;g Lj; j Yk;

- Gs;sptptutpaypy; vz;zpy; mike;j juTfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
- mtw;iwj; jdpj;jdpahf vLf;Fk; NghJ fUj;njhd;wpidg; ngw KbahJ.
- vdpDk; mtw;iw tupirKiwapy; xOq;FgLj;jp Gs;sptptutpay; Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ xU fUj;jpidj; jUtJ kl;Lkd;wp mj;juTfspd; gFg;gha;tpd;
Clhf rupahd KbtpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
- jfty;fis xOq;fikg;gjw;F vspikahd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp mj;juTfis
tupirahf khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- juTg; guk;giy VWtupirapy; my;yJ ,wq;F tupirapy; xOq;FgLj;JtNj
juT (Data array) tupir vdg;gLk;.
- juTfis xOq;fikg;gjw;Fg; gy;NtWtifahd juT ml;ltizfs; jahupf;fg;
gLfpd;wd.
- juTfis ml;ltizg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ vz;zpy; mike;j juTfis Kiwahd
epiufshfTk;> epuy;fshfTk; mikj;jyhFk;.
- ml;ltizapD}lhfj; juT tptuzk; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tf;Fj; Njitahd gpdd
; zp
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; : 5.3.1 ml;ltizapy; tFg;nghd;wpYs;s 28 khztu;fs; jtizg;
guPli
; rapy; ngw;w Gs;spfs; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
- ,jD}lhf njspthdnjhU fUj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.

ml;ltiz 5.3.1

40 25 52 17 58 70 58

65 75 42 82 25 78 42

36 42 48 55 82 9 48

78 58 60 65 42 46 50

- ,j;juTfs; 5.3.2 ml;ltiz %yk; VWtupir Kiwapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJld;

mjD}lhf njspthdnjhU Nghf;fpidAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
- ,q;F Fiwe;j Gs;sp 9 vd;gJld; $ba Gs;sp 82 MFk;.
- 9 Gs; s pfisg; ngw; w xU khztidAk; 82 Gs; s pfisg; ngw; w ,U
khztu;fisAk; ,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 5.3.2 juT tupir

9 17 25 25 36 40 42 42 42 42 46 48 48 50

52 55 58 58 58 60 65 65 70 75 78 78 82 82

NkNyAs;s juTg; guk;giy kpf vspjhfTk;> tpiuthfTk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F

Kd;itf;ff; $ba ,d;ndhU Kiw 5.3.3 ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F
khztu;fs; ngw;w Gs;spfs; tFg;ghapilfs; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
128
 ml;ltiz 5.3.3 - $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juTg; guk;gy;
X t f
tFg;ghapil fzf;fply; kPbwd;
0-9 / 01

10 - 19 / 01

20 - 29 // 02

30 - 39 / 01

40 - 49 //// /// 08

50 - 59 //// / 06

60 - 69 /// 03

70 - 79 //// 04

80 - 89 // 02

jpul;L kPbwd; guk;gy; (Cumulative Frequency Distribution)

- khwpfspd; guk;gy; kl;Lkpd;wp kPbwdpd; ngWkjpapy; $ba my;yJ Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;if ahJ vd;gijAk; rpy Ntisfspy; mwpa Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLk;.
- ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf jpul;L kPbwd; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
- $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l kPbwd; guk;gypy; Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;ghapil kPbwid mjw;F NkYs;s
tFg;ghapil kPbwDld; $l;Lk; nghOJ jpul;L kPbwd; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
- VNjDk; tFg;ghapilapd; jpul;L kPbwid nkhj;j kPbwd; vz;zpf;ifapd; tpfpjhrhu
khfTk; fhl;l KbAk;.
cjhuzk; : 0 - 9 tFg;ghapilapy;
1
X 100 = 3.57%
28

40 - 49 tFg;ghapilapy;
13
28 X 100 = 46.4%

- ,it rjtPj jpul;L kPbwd; vdg;gLk;.

- tFg;ghapilfspd; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; juTg; guk;gnyhd;wpd; jpul;L kPbwd;fs;
ml;ltiz 5.3.4 ,y; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
- me;j ml;ltizapd; ,Wjp epuypy; rjtPj jpul;L kPbwd; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

129
ml;ltiz 5.3.4 - jtizg; guPli
; r xd;wpy; tFg;G khztu;fs; ngw;w Gs;spfs;
X f cf cf %
tFg;ghapil kPbwd; jpul;L kPbwd; jpul;L kPbwd; %

0-9 1 1 3.57

10- 1 9 1 2 7.14

20- 2 9 2 4 14.28

30- 3 9 1 5 17.85

40- 4 9 8 13 46.42

50- 5 9 6 19 67.85

60- 6 9 3 22 78.57

70- 7 9 4 26 92.85

80- 8 9 2 28 100.00

juT gFg;gha;tpy; vspa Gs;sptpgutpay; El;g Kiwfspidg; gad;gLj;jy;.

- vspa Gs;sptptutpay; Kiwfshf ikaehl;l mstPLfs;> gpupf;if mstPLfs;
vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;.
- ,j;juTfis ntspgg
; Lj;j ml;ltizfisAk; tiuGfisAk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

ikaehl;l mstPL (Central Tendency)

- juTg; guk;gypd; RUf;f Kiwahf ,J tptupf;fg;gLk;.
- ika ehl;l mstPLfs; %tifg;gLk;.
1. Mfhuk;
2. ,ilak;
3. ,il

Mfhuk; (Mode)
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpy; mjpf jlitfs; fhzf;$ba kPbwd; ngWkhdk;
MfhukhFk;.
- $l;lkhf;fg;glhj juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifiaf;
nfhz;l ngWkhdk; Mfhuk; mFk;.
- $l;l khf;fg; gl;l juTg; guk;gypd; Mfhuk; fhl;lg;gLtJ tFg;ghapilg;
ngWkhdj;jpyhFk;.
- ,J Mfhu tFg;ghFk;.
- rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xU Mfhuk; my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Mfhuq;fs;
fhzg;glyhk;.
- juTg; guk;gypy; Mfhuk; fhzg;gLkplj;J XuhfhunkdTk; (uni-modal)> ,uz;L
Mfhuq;fs; fhzg;gLkplj;J <uhfhuk; (bi-modal) vdTk; ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l
Mfhuq;fs; fhzg;gLkplj;J gy;yhfhuk; (multi-modal) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

130
 - nghJg; ngWkhdk; Njitg;gLk;NghJ Mfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy; nghUj;j
khdjhFk;.
cjhuzk; : tpepNahf epiya cupikahsu; xUtu; mjpfkhf Njitg;gLk;
nghUl;fisj; njhlu;r;rpahf mwpe;J nfhs;s Mfhuk; kpfTk;
gaDilaJ.

,ilak; (Median)
- ,ilak; vdg;gLtJ juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpid Xu; xOq;F tupirapy; mikj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; NghJ mjd; kj;jpapy; mikAk; ngWkhdkhFk;.
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpd; Nkyiug; gFjp kw;Wk; fPoiug; gFjp vd;gtw;iw
,uz;L rk gFjpfshfg; gpupf;Fk; Gs;spahf ,ilaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
- juTg; guk;gypy; cs;s ngWkhdq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if xU xw;iw
,yf;fkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,ilakhdJ eLg;ngWkhdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. juTg; guk;gypy;
cs;s ngWkhdq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if ,ul;il ,yf;fkhf ,Ue;jhy;
,ul;il ,yf;f ,ilakhdJ ,uz;L eLg;ngWkhdq;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;.
- $l;lkhf;fg;glhj jfty; guk;gy; xd;wpd; ,ilaj;ijf; fhz fPNoAs;s #j;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Mdn = N + 1 ,q;F Mdn = ,ilak;
2
N = juTfspd; vz;zpf;if
- ,t;ntspa #j;jpuk; %yk; NkNy $wg;gl;l ml;ltiz 5.3.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s
juTg; guk;gypd; ,ilaj;ijf; fhzKbAk;. ,jd;gb>
Mdn = 28 + 1
2
= 29
2
= 14.5
- ,q;F ,ilak; mike;jpUg;gJ juTg; guk;gypd; 14.5 MtJ ,lj;jpyhFk;.
mjhtJ 14 ,w;Fk; 15 ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhFk;.
- VWtupirapy; xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;l ml;ltiz 5.3.2 ,d; juTg;guk;gypy; 14
kw;Wk; 15 MtJ ,lq;fSf;Fupa ngWkhdq;fs; KiwNa 50> 52 MFk;.
,jd;gb ,ilak;>
50 + 52 = 51 MFk;.
2
- mjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ guk;gypd; ,ilak; 51 vd;gjhFk;. 28 gps;isfspy; 14
gps;isfs; 51 Gs;spfisg; ngw;Ws;sJld; Vida 14 gps;isfs; mijtpl
mjpf Gs;spfisg; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
- juTfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ NkNy $wpathW ,ilaj;ijf;
fzf;fpLjy; fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhy; tFg;ghapilfisf; nfhz;l
$l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juTg;guk;gypy; ,Ue;J ,ilaj;ijf; fzf;fpl KbAk;.
- ,jw;fhf fPNoAs;s #j;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,ilak; (Mdn) = l +
N
2 - fb C
fw

,q;F>
- l = ,ilak; fhzg;gLk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tFg;ghapilapd; fPo; vy;iy.
N = juTfspd; vz;zpf;if>

131
 fb = ,ilak; fhzg;gLk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tFg;ghapilf;F fPOs;s jpus;
kPbwd; vz;zpf;if
C = tFg;ghapilapd; msT
fw = tFg;gpd; kPbwd;

- ml;ltiz 5.3.5 ,y; jtizg; guPl;irapy; tFg;nghd;wpy; 28 khztu;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Gs;spfisf; fhl;Lk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l juTg; Gs;spg; guk;gyhFk;.
- $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juTg;guk;gypd; ,ilaj;jpid NkNyAs;s #j;jpuj;jpidg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fzpg;gpl KbAk;.

ml;ltiz 5.3.5 jtizg; guPl;irapy; tFg;nghd;wpy; 28 khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l

Gs;spfs;

X Ff cf
CF

0 -9 1 1
= 49.5 +
28
2 - 13 10
10 - 19 1 2 6

20 - 29 2 4
= 49.5 +
14 - 13 10
6
30 - 39 1 5

40 - 49 8 13 = 49.5 + (0.16) 10

50 - 59 6 19 = 49.5 + 1.6
60 - 69 3 22
= 51.1
70 - 79 4 26

80 - 89 2 28

- rdj;njhif juTfspd; guk;gy; Nghd;w ngWkhdq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;F ,ilak;

kpfTk; gaDs;sjhFk;.
- juTg; guk;gypd; ruhrupia vLj;Jf;fhl;lhik ,jd; FiwghlhFk;.

,il (Mean)
- ,il vd;gJ juTg; guk;gypd; ruhrhupg; ngWkhdkhFk;.
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpy; ngWkhdq;fspd; nkhj;jf; $l;Lj;njhifiaj; juTfspd;
vz;zpf;ifapdhy; gpupj;Jg; ngwg;gLfpd;w ruhrupNa ,ilahFk;.
- ,jid fzpj uPjpahf gpd;tUkhW fhl;l KbAk;.

x
x = ,ilak;
x= n x
= juTfspd; nkhj;jg; ngWkjp
n = ngWkhdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
- ,e;j vspa #j;jpuj;ij 5.3.1 ,y; jug;gl;l juTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
fzpg;gPL nra;a KbAk;.
1448
x = 28
x = 51.7

132
- $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpd; ,ilia NkNyAs;s #j;jpuj;jpd;
%yk; fzpg;gJ fbdkhdJ.
- mt;thwhd juTj; njhFjpapy; ,iliaf; fzf;fpl fPNoAs;s #j;jpuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
x = ,ilak;
fx f = kPbwd;
x= n x = tFg;ghapilapd; eLg;ngWkhdk;
n = ngWkhdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if f)
ml;ltiz 5.3.6 jtizg; guPl;ir xd;wpy; 28 khztu;fs
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Gs;spfs;
f kPbwd; x eLg;ngWkhdk; fx
fx
tFg;ghapil
0 - 9 1 45 45 x= n
10 - 19 1 14.5 14.5
x=
20 - 29 2 24.5 49.0 1446
28
30 - 39 1 34.5 34.5
40 - 49 8 44.5 356.0 x = 51.6
50 - 59 6 54.5 327.0
60 - 69 3 64.5 193.5
70 - 79 4 74.5 298.0
80 - 89 2 84.5 169.0
f = 28 fx = 1446
- #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp NkNyAs;s ,ilia fzpg;gJ rpwpJ fbdkhFk;.
- ,jw;Fg; gpwpnjhU ,yFthdnjhU #j;jpuk; xd;W cz;L.
- mJ cj;Njr ,iliaf; fzpg;gpLk; Kiw vdg;gLk;.
- ,k;Kiw fzpj uPjpahf fPo;tUkhW fhl;lg;gLk;

x = ,ilak;
fd)
x = xO + c xO = cj;Njr ,ilak; fhzg;gLk;
n
tFg;ghapilapd; eLg;ngWkhdk;
c = tFg;ghapilapd; msT
f = kPbwd;
d = cj;Njr ,il fhzg;gLk; tFg;gh
apilapy; ,Ue;J tpyfy;
n = juTfspd; vz;zpf;if

133
 ml;ltiz 5.3.7 jtizg; guPl;irapy; tFg;nghd;wpd; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;l Gs;spfs;

tFg;ghapil eLg;Gs;sp kPbwd; tpyfy; fd fd)

xO f d x = xO + c
n
0 - 9 1 -4 -4 
x = 44.5 + 10
10 - 19 1 -3 -3 
20 - 29 2 -2 -4 x = 44.5 + (0.71) 10
30 - 39 1 -1 -1 x = 44.5 + 7.1
40 - 49 44.5 8 0 0 x = 51.6
50 - 59 6 1 6
60 - 69 3 2 6
70 - 79 4 3 12
80 - 89 2 4 8
f = 28 fd = 20
- eLg;Gs;spiar; Rw;wp xNu rPuhfg; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;.
- (mjpfsT vz;zpf;if nfhz;l) ngWkhdq;fspd; kj;jpa Nghf;Ffspidf;
fzpg;gjw;F epak tpyfy;> ,izTf; Fzfk;> ,ilak; Kf;fpakhdJ.
- ngWkhdq;fspd; xt;nthU myFk; ,ilaj;jpy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
- ,ilaq;fis xd;Wlndhd;W xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f KbAk;.

gpupf;if (Dispersion)
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpd; ngWkhdq;fs;> kj;jpa ngWkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J vt;thW
tpyfpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijg; gpupf;if mstPLfs; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
- ngWkhdq;fspd; tpupitAk;> tpyfiyAk;> gpupf;ifapidAk; gpupf;if mstPLfs;
(Dispersion Measures) vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
- gpupf;ifapidf; fzpg;gjw;F gy mstPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tPr;R (Range)
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpd; cau; ngWkhdj;jpw;Fk;> jho; ngWkhdj;jpwF
; k; ,ilapyhd
NtWghNl tPr;R vdg;gLk;.
- tPr;R = (cau; ngWkhdk; - ,opTg; ngWkhdk;) + 1
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpd; gpupf;ifapid vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Xu; vspa Kiwahf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
- ,t; mstPl;by; FiwghLk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. $ba> Fiwe;j ngWkhdq;fspy;
,J jq;fpapUg;gjdhy; Vida ngWkhdq;fs; vt;thW guk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
vd;gJ gw;wp ,J vLj;Jf; fhl;lkhl;lhJ.

fhyiz (Quartiles)
- juTfis VWtupirapy; xOq;FgLj;Jk; nghOJ ¼, ½ kw;Wk; ¾ ,lq;fspy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; Gs;spfs; fhyizfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
- mit KiwNa Q1, Q2 kw;Wk; Q3 vd miof;fg;gLk;.
- juTg; guk;gypd; ¼ tiuf;Fk; mike;j Gs;sp Q1 my;yJ fPo; fhyiz vd
miof;fg;gLk;.

134
 - juTg; guk;gypd; ¾ tiuf;Fk; mike;j Gs;spapy; Q3 my;yJ Nky; fhyiz
fhzg;gLk;.
- juTg; guk;gypy; nkhj;jg; ngWkhdq;fspy; 25% rjtPjk; Q1 tiuAk;> 50%
rjtP j k; Q2 tiuAk; (mjhtJ ,ilak; ) 75% rjtP j k; Q3 tiuAk;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
100%

75% - Q3 = Nky; fhyiz

50% - Q2 = ,ilak;

25% - Q1 = fPo;f;fhyiz

0%
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpd; ngWkhdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ‘n’ vdf; fhzg;gLk; nghOJ
gpd;tUk; #j;jpuj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhyizfisf; fzpg;gpl KbAk;.
Q1 = ¼ (n + 1) MtJ vz;zpf;ifahFk;

Q2 = (n + 1) = (n + 1) MtJ vz;zpf;ifahFk;
2
Q3 = ¾ (n + 1) vz;zpf;if vd fhyizfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz KbAk;

ml;ltiz 5.3.8 jtizg; guPl;ir xd;wpy; 23 khztu;fs; Gtpapay; ghlj;jpy; ngw;w

Gs;spfs;
82
80 Q3 = ¾ (n + 1)
78 = ¾ (23 + 1)
75 = 72
70 < 4
66 Q3 Nky;f; fhyiz = 18 MtJ <l;L
65 = 66
60
58 Q2 = (n + 1)
56 2
55 < = (23+ 1)
52 Q2 ,ilak; 2
50 = 24
49 2
48 = 12 MtJ <l;L
46 = 52
44 < Q1 = ¼ (n + 1)
42 Q1 fPo;f; fhyiz
= ¼ (23 + 1)
40
36 = 24
4
26
= 6 tJ <l;L
25 = 42
17
135
gpupf;i f tiuglq; f s; (Dispersion diagrams)
- fhyizfis tiuG %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ gpupf;if tiuglkhFk;.
- Gtpapay; Ma;Tfspy; gpupf;if tiuglq;fs; ngUksT gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwd.
- epuy; tbtj;jpy; ,J tiuag;gLk;.
- epuypd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; Fj;J msTj;jpl;lk; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. epuypd; cs;Ns
juTg; guk;gypd; ngWkhdq;fs; Gs;spfs; %yk; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
- Gs;spfspd; eLg;Gs;sp (mid-point) juTg;guk;gypd; ,ilakhff; fhzg;gLk;.
guk;gypd; ,ilaj;Jf;Fk;> jho; ngWkhdj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Gs;spfspd;
eLg;ngWkhdk; fPo;fhyiz (Lower Quartile) vdg;gLk;. juTg; guk;gypd;
,ilaj;Jf;F k; cau; ngWkhdj;Jf;F k; ,ilapyhd Gs;spfspd; (Dots)
eLg;Gs;spahdJ Nkw;fhyiz (Upper Quartile) vdg;gLk;.

tiuglk; 5.3.1 - gpupf;if tiuglk;

100
90
•
•
•

<
80
•
•
•• Q3 = 66 (Nky;f; fhyiz)
70
•
<
60 ••
• Q2 = 52 (,ilak;)
•••

<
•••
50
•• Q1 =42 (fPo;f;fhyiz)
•
40

••
30

•
20
10
0

,ilf; fhyiz tPr;R - Inter Quartile Range (IQR)

- ,ilf; fhyiz tPr;R vd;gJ juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpy; 75% ,w;Fk; 25% ,w;Fk;
,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; tPr;rhFk;.
- mjhtJ Nky; fhyizf;Fk; fPo;fhyizf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; tPr;rhFk;.
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpy; 50% khd ngWkhdq;fis ,ilf;fhyiz vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;.
- NkNy ml;ltiz 5.3.8 ,w;F Vw;g Q3 - Q1 #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fhyiz
tPr;rpidf; fzpg;gplyhk;.
cjhuzk; fhyiz tPr;R = Q3 - Q1
Q3 = 66
Q1 = 42
,ilf; fhyiz tPr;R (IQR) = 66 - 42
= 24

136
,il tpyfy; (Mean Deviation)
- ,ilaj;jpypUe;J tpyfy; ngWkhdq;fis mstPL nra;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fpy; ,iltpyfy; fzpg;gplg;gLk;.
- fzpg;gplg;gLk; nkhj;j tpyfy;fSk; Neu;f;fzpakhff; fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- ,ilaj; j py; ,Ue; J Vw; g Lk; nkhj; j tpyfy; f isg; ngWkhdq; f spd;
vz;zpf;ifapdhy; gpupg;gjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; ,ilntspfis mstwpAk;
Kiwapy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
MD = ,il tpyfy;
x - x x = khwp
MD =
n = ,il
n = ngWkhdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

ml;ltiz 5.3.9 2006 - 2015 tiuahd ,yq;ifapd; ney; cw;gj;jp - kfhgUtk;

(’000 nkw;wpf;njhd;fspy;)

Mz;L cw;gj;jp x x x-x

2006 2136 2136 -256 x = x
x = 23920
2007 1973 1973 -419
n = 10
2008 2125 2125 -267 x = 23920
2009 2384 2384 -8 10
2010 2630 2630 2392 238 x = 2392
2011 1996 1996 -396
2012 2717 2717 325
2013 2846 2846 454
2014 2236 2236 -156
2015 2877 2877 485
 x - x = 3004

%yk; : rdj;njhif kw;Wk; Gs;sptpgutpay; jpizf;fsk;

x - x
,il tpyfy; =
n
=  x - x = 3004
n = 10
= 3004
10
/ ,il tpyfy; = 300.4

- juTg; guk;gypy; fhzg;gLk; tpyfy;fis tiuG tbtj;jpYk; vLj;Jf; fhl;l

KbAk;.
- ,J tpyfy; tiuG vdg;gLk;.
- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpd; ,ilg;ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J jdpgg
; l;l ngWkhdq;fs; vt;thW
tpyfpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpyfy; tiuG %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;.

137
 tiuG 5.3.2 - tpyfy; tiuG
,yq;ifapd; ney; cw;gj;jp - kfh Nghfk; 2006 - 2015 (’000 nk.njh)

600
500
400
300
200
100
tpyfy;

0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

%yk; : rdj;njhif kw;Wk; Gs;sptpgutpay; jpizf;fsk;> ,yq;if

epak tpyfy; (Standard Deviation)

- epak tpyfy; vd;gJ juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpd; ,ilapy; ,Ue;J fzpf;fg;gl;l
jdpj;jdpahd tpyfy;fis tu;f;fkpl;Lf; $l;Lj;njhifia mg;guk;gypy; cs;s
ngWkhdq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapdhy; gpupj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; ngWkhdj;jpd; tu;f;f
%ykhFk;.
- gpupf;if mstPLfspy; ngUksT gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwahf epak tpyfy;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
- epak tpyfy; ngWkjp rpwpajhf ,Ug;gpd;> juTg; guk;gypy; cs;s ngWkhdq;fs;
,ilapidr; Rw;wp mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
- khwhf> epak tpyfy; ngWkhdk; ngupjhf ,Ue;jhy; juTg; guk;gypy; cs;s
jdpj;jdpg; ngWkhdq;fs;> ,ilapypUe;J tpyfpr; rpjwyhf mike;Js;sJ vdf;
fUjg;gLk;.
- epak tpyfiyf; fzpg;gjw;F gpd;tUk; #j;jpuj;jpid gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

x = khwpfs;
r= (x - x)
2

x = ,il
n
n = ngWkhdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
r = epak tpyfy;

138
 ml;ltizapy; 3.5.10 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; ney; cw;gj;jp gw;wpa juTfspd; epak
tpyfy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

2136 -256 65536

1973 -419 175561

2125 -267 71289

2384 -8 64

2630 2392 238 56644

1996 -396 156816

2717 325 105625

2846 454 206116

2236 -156 24336

2877 485 235225

= 1097212

juTfis tiuglkhf Kd;i tj;j y;;

- juTg; guk;gy; xd;wpid tiuG %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ ,io tiuakhFk;.
,iotiuaj;jpy; (Histogram) epuy;fshdJ xd;whf ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
- rhyhif tiuGfs; vz;guk;gypd; tiuGfshFk;.
- ,iotiuaj;jpy; fpil mr;rhdJ tFg;ghapiliaAk; Fj;J mr;rpy; mtw;Wf;fhd
kPbwidAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk;.
- epuy; f Sf; f pilapy; ,ilntspapd; w p xd; N whnlhd; W njhlu; G w; w thW
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
- ,r;rhyhif tiugpid jahupf;Fk;NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhd mr;rpy; vz;zpfi
; fAk;>
fpil mr;rpy; tFg;ghapilfSk; fhl;lg;gLk;.
- ,jd;gpdd
; u; xt;nthU tFg;gpwF
; k; cupa vz;zpfi
; ff;F nghUe;JkhW ryhiffs;
neLf;fhf tiuag;gLk;.
- cjhuzk; 5.3.12 ,id gad;gLj;jp ryhif tiunghd;iw cUthf;f KbAk;.

139
 ml;ltiz 5.3.11 - ,y; jug;gl;bUf;Fk; juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,iotiuak;
xd;wpid tiue;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
khtl;lk; rdj;njhif khtl;lk; rdj;njhif khtl;lk; rdj;njhif
mlu;j;jp mlu;j;jp mlu;j;jp
nfhOk;G 3513 mk;ghe;Njhl;il 252 FUehfy; 359
fk;gfh 1755 aho;g;ghzk; 643 Gj;jsk; 274
fSj;Jiw 793 kd;dhu; 55 mDuhjGuk; 134
fz;b 739 tTdpah 96 nghyeWit 136
khj;jis 251 Ky;iyj;jPT 39 gJis 299
Etnuypah 434 fpspnehr;rp 100 nkhduhfiy 86
fhyp 675 kl;lf;fsg;G 207 khj;jiw 348
khj;jiw 659 mk;ghiw 160 Nffhiy 511
jpUNfhzkiy 157

%yk; : gjpthsu; ehafj; jpizf;fsk;> ,yq;if

tiuG 5.3.4 ,yq;ifapd; khtl;l uPjpapyhd rdj;njhif mlu;jj

; p

10
9 tFg;gh kPbwd;
8 apil
khtl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

7 1-199 9
200-399 7
6
400-599 2
5
600-799 5
4
800f;F 2
3
2
1

1-199 200-399 400-599 600-799 800<

Fb mlu;jj
; p

%yk; : gjpthsu; ehafj; jpizf;fsk;> ,yq;if

kPbwd; gy;Nfhzp (Frequency Polygon)

- juTg; guk;gypd; kPbwidf; nfhz;Ls;s epuy;fspd; eLg;Gs;spfisf; Nfhl;bdhy;
,izf;Fk; nghOJ kPbwd; gy;Nfhzp ngwg;gLk;.
(tiuG 5.3.4)
- kPbwd; gy;Nfhzpia tiuAk; NghJ mjd; Muk;g kw;Wk; KbTg; Gs;spahdJ
,ioa tiuaj;jpd; fpil mr;Rld; ,ize;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
- ,jid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ ,ioa tiuaj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpYk;> KbtpYk;
epuypd; miug;gFjp ntspahf ,Uf;Fk;.

140
 tiuG 5.3.4 ,yq;ifapd; khtl;l uPjpapyhd Fb mlu;j;jp
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
kPbwd;

2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1-199
0-199 200-399 400-599
200-399 400-599 600-799
600-799 800<
800< 0

tFg;ghapil
jpus; kPbwd; tisap (Cumulative Frequency Curve)
- jpul;L kPbwid tiuglkhf fhl;Lk; NghJ mJ jpul;L kPbwd; tisap vdg;gLk;.
- ,q;F fpilar;rpy; tFg;ghapilfspd; cau; vy;iy Fwpf;fg;gLtJld; Fj;jr;rpy;
jpul;L kPbwd; vz;zpf;if Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
- 2000 - 2015 tiu tTdpahtpd; kiotPo;r;rpapd; jpul;L kPbwd; tisap tiuG
5.3.5 %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
5.3.12 ml;ltiz tTdpahtpd; tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp - 2000 - 2015 (kp.kP)
tUlk; kiotPo;r;rp
2000 276.9
2001 94.9
2002 58.9
2003 133.4
2004 115.5
2005 77.3
2006 81.3
2007 156.5
2008 104.7
2009 104.7
2010 163.9
2011 123.2
2012 225.7
2013 81.8
2014 205.2
2015 136.5
%yk; : tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk;
141
 5.3.13 ml;ltiz tTdpahtpd; tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp 2000 - 2015 (kp.kP.)

tFg;G kPbwd; jpul;L rjtPj jpul;L

Mapil (x) (f) kPbwd; (cf) kPbwd; (cf%)
51 - 100 5 5 31.25
101 - 150 6 11 68.75
151 - 200 2 13 81.25
201 - 250 2 15 93.75
251 - 300 1 16 100.00

tiuG 5.3.5 - tTdpahtpd; tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp (kp.kP.)

18
16
14
12
10
jpul;L kPbwd;

8
6
4
2
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
kiotPo;r;rp (kp.kP)

jpul;L rjtPj kPbwd; tisap (xfpt;) (Cumulative Percentage Frequency Curve)

- jpul;L rjtPj kPbwid tiuG mikg;ghf Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ mJ jpul;L
rjtPj kPbwd; tisap vdg;gLk;.
- ml;ltiz 5.3.13 ,y; ehd;fhtJ epuypy; mJ fzpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- tiugpy; Fj;jr;rpy; jpul;L kPbwd; rjtPjk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- Fwpg;gpl;l ngWkhdq;fspd; Nky; my;yJ fPo; cs;s kPbwd;fs; gw;wpa jftiy
,t;tisapapy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

142
 tiuG 5.3.6 - tTdpahtpd; tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp 2000 - 2015 (kp.kP.)
(xfpt; tisap)
rjtPjj; jpul;LkPbwd;

kiotPo;r;rp (kpkP)

- xfpt;tpd; ed;ik vd;dntdpy;> juTg; guk;gypd; VjhtJ ngWkhdk; tiuAk;

fhzg;gLfpd;w kPbwidg; ngwf;$bajhf ,Uj;jyhFk;.
- xfpt;tpd; VjhtJ xU ,lj;jpy; tiuag;gLk; Ml;$Wfs; Clhf rjtPjg;
ngWkhdq;fisAk; mJ njhlu;ghd juTfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
- ,q;F> kiotPo;r;rp gw;wpa juTfis xg;gL
P nra;tjw;F ,e;j tiuG kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ.

5. 4 tiuG Kiwfs; (Graphical Methods)

- mstwpAk; Kiwapyhd juTfisg; Gyf;fhl;rp Kiw %yk; Kd;itf;Fk;
Kiwnahd;whf tiuGfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
- Kjy; epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfis tiuGfs; %yk; Kd;itf;fyhk;.
- tpiuthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;> ftu;rr
; pfukhd Kiwapy; Kd;itf;fTk; tiuGfs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
- juTg;guk;gy; xd;Wf;Fg; Gyf;fhl;rpg; gbkk; xd;wpid toq;Ftjd; %yk; ghltplak;
njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;jpid toq;FtJ ,yFthff; fhzg;gLk;.
- juTfis Gyf;fhl;rp %yk; mikf;Fk; NghJ rpy fhuzpfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
1. tiuGfs; Jy;ypakhf (accuracy) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. KOikahf ,Uj;jy;
3. ftu;r;rpfukhdjhf ,Uj;jy;
4. njspthf ,Uj;jy;
Nghd;wd kpf Kf;fpakhdit.
- tiuGfspd; ,g;gz;Gfisg; NgZtjw;fhfj; jiyg;G> mikg;G> msTj;jpl;lk;>
epwq;fs;> Fwpal
P L
; tpsf;fk;> rl;lfk; kw;Wk; juT %yhjhuq;fs; Mfpa mbg;gil

143
 mk;rq;fs; tiugpy; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- GtpapaYld; njhlu;Gila juTfis tiuglkhf;Fk; NghJ Nfhl;L tiuGfs;>
ryhif (ghu;) tiuGfs;> tl;l tiuGfs; Nghd;wd gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

Nfhl;L tiuGfs; (Line Graphs)

- ,yFthf mikj;jy; kw;Wk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; fhzg;gLk; ,yFjd;ik
fhuzkhf ,t;tiuG Kiwfs; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
- ntg;gepiy> tspaKf;fk;> rdj;njhif kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;wpd; Nghf;Ffs;
Nghd;w fhyuPjpahd juTfis Kd;itg;gjw;F ,t;tiuG KiwahdJ mjpfstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
- Nfhl;L tiuGfspy; rpy tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

vspa Nfhl;L tiuG (Simple Line Graph)

- nrq;Nfhz tbtpy; Fj;jr;R kw;Wk; fpilar;R vd;gtw;wpidf; fle;J nry;Yk;
tifapy; vspa Nfhl;L tiuG mikf;fg;gLk;.
- ,jid mikf;Fk; NghJ fpilar;rpy; fhyKk;> Fj;jr;rpy; juTg; ngWkhdq;fSk;
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
- cau;thd ngWkhdq;fisj; juTfs; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mtw;wpid Mapuj;jpy;>
kpy;ypadpy; vd fhl;l KbAk;.
- Fj;jr;rpd; msTj;jpl;lk; vg;NghJk; G+r;rpaj;jpy; Muk;gkhFk;. jutpd; tPr;R kpf
cau;thff; fhzg;gl;lhy; Fj;jr;rpy; KwpT xd;W fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- ml;ltiz 5.4.1 ,y; cs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp vspa Nfhl;Lg;glk; xd;wpidj;
jahupf;fyhk;.

5.4.1 ml;ltiz : ,yq;ifapd; Rj;jpfupf;fg;glhj epynea; ,wf;Fkjpfs; 2006 - 2015

(’000 nkw;wpf; njhd;fspy;)

tUlk; 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
msT 2151 1968 1853 2066 1819 2070 1486 1743 1824 1763

%yk; : ,yq;if fdpats $l;Lj;jhgdk;

144
 tiuG 5.4.1 - Rj;jpfupf;fg;glhj epynea; ,wf;Fkjpfs; 2006 - 2015
(’000 nkw;wpf; njhd;fspy;)

Z000wpf;njhd;fs;)
(|000 nkw;
,wf;Fkjpfu'fgd'

%yk; : ,yq;if fdpats $l;Lj;jhgdk;

gy; Nfhl;L tiuglq;fs; (Multiple Line Graphs)
- gy;Nfhl;L tiuGfs;> $l;lhd my;yJ xg;gPl;L Nfhl;L tiuGfs; vDk;
ngau;fshYk; miof;fg;gLk;.
- ,t;tiugpy; gy;NtW khwpfs; gw;wpa juTfs; NfhLfspdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;.
- gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fs; my;yJ fhyg;gFjpfSld; njhlu;ghd khwpfisf;
fhl;Ltjw;Fk;> xg;gPL nra;tjw;Fkhd jpwidf; nfhz;bUg;gJ ,d;ndhU
ed;ikahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
- vdpDk;> khwpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> mjpfsthd NfhLfis
mikf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; tiugpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ fbdkhf
,Uf;Fk;.
ml;ltiz 5.4.2 : ,yq;ifapy; gpwg;Gf;fs;> ,wg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; rpRkuz
tPjq;fspd; Nghf;Ffs; 2006 - 2015 (jyh 1000 NgUf;F)
Mz;L gUkl;lhd gUkl;lhd rpR kuz
gpwg;G tPjk; ,wg;G tPjk; tPjk;
2006 18.8 5.9 10.0
2007 19.3 5.9 8.5
2008 18.8 5.9 8.5
2009 18.4 5.9 9.7
2010 17.6 6.2 9.4
2011 17.4 5.9 8.5
2012 17.5 6.0 9.4
2013 17.9 6.2 9.7
2014 16.9 6.2 9.9
2015 16.0 6.3 8.2
%yk; : epjp kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; mikr;R - tUlhe;j mwpf;if> ,yq;if
145
tiuG 5.4.2 ,yq;ifapd; gpwg;G ,wg;G kw;Wk; rpRkuz tPjq;fspd;
Nghf;Ffs; 2006 - 2015 (jyh 1000 NgUf;F)

gpwg;G tPjk;
jyh 1000 NgUf;F

rpR kuz tPjk;

,wg;G tPjk;

%yk; : epjp kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; mikr;R - tUlhe;j mwpf;if

ghu; tiuG
- juTg; guk;giy ghu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuG Kiwapy; vLj;Jf; fhl;LtNj
ghu;tiuGfs; vdg;gLk;.
- ,k;Kiw %yk; vspikahfTk; njspthfTk; juTfis Kd;itf;fyhk;.
- ,k;Kiw Fj;jhd tiuGfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
- juTfspd; ,ay;Gf;F Vw;g gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghu; tiuGfspYk; rpy NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLk;.

vspa ghu; tiuGfs;

- juTfSf;fpilapy; xg;glP ;L uPjpahf rpy tplaq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd xU
ml;ltizahfNt vspa ghu; tiuG tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
- ghu;fs; Fj;jhd my;yJ fpilahd mk;rq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;.
- ghu;fs; xNuasthd mfyk;> xOq;fhd ,ilntspiaAk; cilajhff;
fhzg;gLk;.
- ghupd; cauk; Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
- cyfpy; 20 kpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;gl;l rdj;njhifiaf; nfhz;l ngupa efuq;fs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ml;ltizapy; cs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp vspa ghu;
tiugpid mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

146
ml;ltiz 5.4.3 : cyfpy; 20 kpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fisf;
nfhz;l ngUefuq;fs; - 2015
efuk; rdj;njhif (kpy;ypad;)
Nlhf;fpNah 37.8
[fhu;j;jh 30.5
nly;yp 24.9
kzpyh 24.1
rpNahy; 23.48
rq;fha; 23.41
fuhr;rp 22.1
gP[pq; 21.0
epa+Nahu;f; 20.6
FN`d;R 20.5
rhNahNghNyh 20.3
%yk; : www.allianz.com/en/about us

tiuG 5.4.3 cyfpy; 20 kpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fisf; nfhz;l ngUefuq;fs; - 2015

rdj;njhif (kpy;ypadpy;)

Nlhf;fpNah

[fhu;j;jh

rpNahy;

rq;`ha;

fuhr;rp

epA+Nahu;f;

rhNahNghNyh
GJby;yp

kzpyh

FN`d;R
gP[Pq;

efuq;fs;
%yk; : www.allianz.com/en/

- NkNy fhl; l g; g l; L s; s tiugpd; %yk; ghu; f spd; %yk; fhl; l g; g Lk;

ngWkhdq;fSf;fpilapy; NtWghLfs; kpfj; njspthfj; njupfpd;wd.
- gy tUlq;fSf;F gapu;fspd; tpisr;ry;> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif>
ifj;njhopy;> nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp> ,wf;Fkjpfs; Nghd;w tplq;fs; gw;wpa
juTfis Kd;itg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf ghu; tiuG tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,ul;il ghu; tiuG (Twin Bar Graph)

- ,uz; L khwpfis xd;W ld; xd;W ,ize; j Kiwapy; ghu; fs; %yk;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tiuG Kiw ,ul;il ghu; tiuG vd miof;fg;gLk;.

147
 - xU ehl;bd; Fwpj;j tUlj;jpd; my;yJ gy tUlq;fSf;fhd Vw;Wkjpfs;
,wf;Fkjpfs;> FbtuT> Fbafy;T> ngUk;N ghf rpWNghf ney; cw; gj;j p>
rdj;njhifapd; ghy; Nru;f;if Mfpa juTfis ,k;Kiwapd; %yk; fhl;lyhk;.
- ,U ghu;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;jjhfTk;> ,izf;fg;gl;l ghu;fs; xOq;fhd
,ilntspfspy; itj;Jk; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ml;ltiz 5.4.4 ,yq;ifapd; ney; cw;gj;jp (ngUk;Nghfk; kw;Wk; rpWNghfk;)

2010 - 2015 (kpy;ypad; nkw;wpf; njhd;fspy;)

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

ngUk; Nghfk; 2630 1996 2717 2846 2236 2877
rpWNghfk; 1671 1898 1129 1774 1145 1942
%yk; : rdj;njhif kw;Wk; Gs;sptpgutpay; jpizf;fsk;> ,yq;if.

tiuG 5.4.4 ,yq;ifapd; ney; cw;gj;jp (ngUk;Nghfk; kw;Wk; rpWNghfk;)

2010 - 2015 (kpy;ypad; nkw;wpf; njhd;fspy;)

3 2 00

2 8 00

2 4 00
kpy;ypad; nkw;wpf;njhd;fs;

2 0 00

1 6 00

1 2 00

800

400

0
2 0 10 2 0 11 2 0 12 2 0 13 2 0 14 2 0 15
ngUk;
u y Nghfk; hrpWNghfk;
,

- njupT nra; a g; g l; l khwpfspy; Vw; g Lk; khw; w q; f is mtjhdpf; f Tk;

xd; W lndhd; w pid xg; g pl; L g; g hu; f ; f Tk; nghUj; j khd tiughf ,J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

gy; ghu; tiuGfs; ($l;L ghu; tiuGfs;)

- $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l ghu;tiuGfs;> xg;gl
P ;L ghu;tiuGfs; vdTk;> gy;ghu; tiuGfs;
vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
- ,k;Kiwapy; gy vz;zpf;ifahd ghu;fs; xd;Wlndhd;W ,ize;J fhzg;gLk;.
- gy;ghu; tiuGfis mikf;Fk; NghJ cau; ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;j
ngWkhdj;jpw;Nfw;g ghu;fs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

148
ml;ltiz 5.4.5 Nkhl;lhu; thfd ,wf;Fkjp 2013 - 2015 (’000 fspy;)

thfdq;fspd; tiffs; 2013 2014 2015

Kr;rf;fu tz;bfs; 80586 83233 132865
Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps;fs; 159791 322257 349441
Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs; 27084 41030 108866
ghu Cu;jpfs; 25655 25664 44218
Ng&e;Jfs;> thd;fs; 1627 3906 4687
%yk; : ,yq;if Rq;fj; jpizf;fsk;

tiuG 5.4.5 Nkhl;lhu; thfd ,wf;Fkjp 2013 - 2015 (’000 fspy;)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
2013 2014 2015
Kr;rf;fu tz;b Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;
ghu Cu;jj; pfs; Ng&e;Jfs;> thd;

- Fwpgg
; pll
; tUlq;fspy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l khwpfSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;>
mtw;wpd; khw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,k;Kiwapd; %yk; Kd;itf;fyhk;.
- xU tiugpy; gy;NtW khwpfspdJ fhyuPjpahd khw;wq;fis
vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;fhd jpwidf; nfhz;bUg;gJ xU ed;ikahff; fhzg;gLfpdw
; J.
- ,lk;rhu; myFfSld; njhlu;Ggl;l juTfshf ,Ug;gpd; fhyuPjpahf> Fwpg;gpl;l
khwpfspy; Vw;gLk; ,lk;rhu;e;j khw;wq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;F gad;gLj;jf;
$ba tiughff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf : xU gpuNjrj;jpd; Njapiy> njq;F> ,wg;gu;> ney; cw;gj;jp
kw;Wk; mjd; khw;wq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F ,t;tiugpidg;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

149
$k;gf tiuG (gpukpl; tiuG)
- ehnlhd;wpd; rdj;njhifapd; ghy; tpfpjk; kw;Wk; taJf; fl;likg;G vd;gtw;iw
vLj;Jf;fhl;l $k;gf tiuG gad;gLk;.
- mbg;gFjp ghu;fs; mfd;Wk; Nkw;nry;yr; nry;y rpwpajhfpAk; miktjdhy;
,J $k;gf tbtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 5.4.6 - ,yq;ifr; rdj;njhifapd; taJf;fl;likg;G - 2013

taJg; gpupT (tUlq;fs;) Mz; ngz;

00 - 04 871 000 891 000
05 - 09 869 000 895 000
10 - 14 810 000 935 000
15 - 19 839 000 819 000
20 - 24 777 000 754 000
25 - 29 806 000 751 000
30 - 34 849 000 799 000
35 - 39 732 000 688 000
40 - 44 711 000 673 000
45 - 49 666 000 625 000
50 - 54 643 000 585 000
55 - 59 561 000 505 000
60 - 64 495 000 428 000
65 - 69 348 000 287 000
70 - 74 231 000 182 000
75f;F Nky; 334 000 223 000

- $k;gf tiugpy; taJg; gpupTfs; fpilahf tiue;J fhl;lg;gLk;. ghu;fspd;

ePskhdJ taJg; gpuptpYs;s egu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk;.
- $k;gfj;jpd; Fj;jhd mr;rpy; taJg;gpupT Fwpf;fg;gLk;. rhjhuzkhf> fpilahd
ghu;fis eLtpy; ,uz;L rkkhd gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J ,uz;L Fj;jhd mr;Rf;fs;
tiuag;gLk;. ,lJ gf;f mr;rpy; Mz;fSk;> tyJ gf;fj;jpy; ngz;fSk;
vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
- $k;gfj;jpd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; Fiwe;j taJg;gpuptpdu; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLtu;.
- ehl;bd; rdj;njhiff; fl;likg;gpidg; gw;wpa KOikahd mk;rj;jpid vLj;Jf;
fhl;Ltjw;fhd jpwid ,t;tiuG nfhz;bUg;gjhdJ xU Kf;fpa ed;ikahf
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

150
 ,yq;if rdj;njhifapd; taJ fl;likg;G - 2013

ml;ltiz ltiz 5.4.6

ml;5.4.6
taJ ,yq;
mbg;gi fapd; taJ
ilapyhd mbg;
,yq; gilap
ifapd; y hd
rdj; rdj;njhif
njhif
2013 2013
Male
Mz; Female
ngz;

75+

70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
pT
pu 40 - 44
g
J35 - 39
a
taJ gpupT

t
30 - 34

25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
rdj;n jhif msT (100>000 fspy;)

- ehl;bd; rdj;njhif cWjpahf cs;sjh my;yJ tpuptilfpwjh my;yJ

RUq;Ffpwjh vd;w epiyfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F cjTk; xU tiughf taJf;
$k;gfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
- jw;Nghja taJf; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; ghy; tpfpjk; Nghd;wtw;iw kl;Lkd;wp
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,lk; ngwf;$ba khw;wq;fisAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ,J
cjTfpd;wJ.
- njhopy; gilAld; njhlu;Ggl;l jq;fpapUg;Nghupd; rjtPjj;jpidAk; ,dq;fhz
KbAk;.
- vjpu;fhy mgptpUj;jpg; gpur;rpidfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;> nghUshjhu> rKf
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupf;fTk; ,t;tiuG cjTfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf : rpWtu; rdj;njhifapy; Vw;gl;L tUk; tPo;r;rp> vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
taJ Kjpu;e;Njhu; rdj;njhifapy; Vw;gLk; rjtPj mjpfupg;G.

tl;l tiuGfs; (gpupf;f g;gl;l tl;lq;f s;)

- tl;l tiuGfs; gpupf;fg;gl;l tl;lq;fs; (Divided Circles) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
- xU ehl;bd; ,d uPjpahd> rka uPjpahd Nru;fi
; f> Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp Nru;f;if
Mfpa khwpfspd; Nru;itiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F tl;l tiuG gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

151
 - ,t;tiugpid tiuAk; NghJ gad;gLj;Jfpdw ; khwpfspd; nkhj;jg; ngWkhdq;fs;
tl;lj;jpd; 360 f;F rkg;gLj;jg;gLk;. xt;nthU khwpfspdJk; ngWkjpfshdJ
0

3600apd; gpupTfSf;F Vw;g vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk;.

- ,t;thW mt;tt; gpupTfSf;F fpilf;fpd;w ghif fzf;fPl;Lf;F Vw;g tl;lk;
gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ml;ltiz 5.4.7 -
,yq;ifapd; tptrha nghUl;fspd; Vw;Wkjp - 2015 (kpy;ypad; nlhyu;fspy;)

gapu;fs; nlhyu; (kpy;ypad;) nkhj;j rjtPjk; ghif (3600)

Njapiy 1340.5 54 1940
,wg;gu; 26.1 1 40
njq; F 351.7 14 500
thrid jputpaq;fs; 377.4 15 540
Vidait 385.8 16 580
nkhj; j k; ; 2481.5 100 3600

tiuG 5.4.7 - ,yq;ifapd; tptrha Vw;Wkjp Nru;f;if - 2015 (kpy;ypad; nlhyu;fspy;)

16%
1%
Njapiy

thrid jputpaq;fs;
14%
njq;F
54%
,wg;gu;

Vidait
15%

- tl;lj;ijg; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;Fk; NghJ fbfhuk; Nghd;W mjd; cr;rpapypUe;J

tyJ Gwkhf gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- Kjypy; $ba ngWkjpAk; gpd;G Kiwahf Fiwe;j ngWkjpfSk; ,wq;F
tupirapy; Fwpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
- NtW> Vida> tifg;gLj;jg;glhj tiffs; fhzg;gLkhapd; mtw;wpid
,Wjpahff; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. cau; ngWkhdq;fis mit nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
$l mtw;wpid ,Wjpapy; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
- cupathW gpupf;fg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fis mt;tg; gFjpfSf;F Vw;g tl;lj;jpd;
cs;Ns fhl;LtJ gaDilaJ.
- ,t;tl;lq;fspd; gUkd; my;yJ Miuapd; ePsk; my;yJ msT njhlu;gpy;
fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;bajpy;iy.

152
 - vspa gpupf;fg;gl;l tl;lq;fs; khwpfspd; Nru;f;ifiaf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
- gy Mz;Lfspd; juTfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F xt;nthU tUlj;Jf;F xU tl;lk;
vd;w Kiwapy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- %d;W Mz;LfSf;fhd rdj;njhiff; $l;Lf;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F %d;W tl;lq;fs;>
mit rkkhd msT nfhz;litahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,q;F
rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp gw;wpa fUj;J vJTk; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;glkhl;lhJ.

5. 5 gltiu fiyapay; El;gq;fs; (Cartographic Techniques)

- ,l uPjpahd guk;giy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l VNjDk; khwpAld; njhlu;Gila
Gs;sptpgu juTfs; fhl;lg;gLk; NghJ gltiu fiyapay; El;g fl;Gy Clfj;jhy;
Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ mjpf gaDilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
- tiugl El; g Kiwfs; gy cs; s njdpDk; ,q; F ,uz; L tifahd
El;gKiwfNs Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
1. rkfzpag; glq;fs; (Isopleth maps)
2. ,lf;fzpa glq;fs; (Choropleth maps)

rkfzpag; glq;f s; ;
- rkfzpag; glk; vd;gJ rkkhd ngWkjp nfhz;l Gs;spfisj; njhLj;J
tiuag;gLk; NfhLfisf; nfhz;l glkhFk;.
- ,it mbg;gilapy; ,lk;rhu;e;j guk;gy;fSld; njhlu;ghd juTfisf; nfhz;L
tiuag;gLk; glq;fshFk;.
- ,lk;rhu;ej
; guk;gypd; Gs;spg; ngWkhdj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,g;glq;fs;
fhzg;gLtjdhy; mg;ngWkhdq;fisf; fhl;lTk; KbAk;.
cjhuzk; : ,lTauk;> ntg;gepiy> kiotPo ;r;r p> mKf;fk; ,yq;ifapd;
kiotPo;r;rpg; guk;giyf; fhl;Ltjw;F ,g;glq;fs; ngUksT
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
- rkkhd kiotPo;r;rpg; ngWkhdq;fspd; Gs;spfis ,izj;J rkfzpag; glq;fs;
mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;glq;fisg; guprPypj;Jg; ghu;g;gjd; %yk; ,yq;ifapy;
kiotPo;r;rpapd; gpuNjrg; guk;gypid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
- khdplg; Gtpapay; rhu;e;j khwpfisf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; rk fzpag;glq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; : xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTfs;
- rkfzpag; glnkhd;wpy; xt;nthU Nfhl;Lf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l ngWkhdk; cz;L.
,g;ngWkhdj;jpid rkfzpag; glj;jpDs; xNu epwj;jpy; ,lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- rkfzpak; neLfpYk; cs;s epiyikfisg; ngWkhdq;fs; fhl;Ltjdhy;
rkfzpaf; NfhLfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspd; ngWkhdq;fs; gw;wp vt;tpj
fUj;jpidAk; ngwKbahJ. ,J xU Fiwghlhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

153
tiuglk; 5.5.1 -

njd; N kw; F g; gUtf; f hw; W

(Nk - nrg;nlk;g h;)

; ;rp mm
kiotPor

km

ml;ltiz 5.5.2 - ,yq;ifapd; khtl;l uPjpahd rdj;njhif mlu;j;jp - 2015

khtl;lk; rdj;njhif khtl;lk; rdj;njhif
mlu;j;jp mlu;j;jp
nfhOk;G 3513 fpspnehr;rp 100
fk;g`h 1755 kl;lf;fsg;G 207
fSj;Jiw 793 mk;ghiw 160
fz;b 739 jpUNfhzkiy 157
khj;jis 251 FUehfy; 359
Etnuypah 434 Gj;jsk; 274
fhyp 675 mDuhjGuk; 134
khj;jiw 659 nghyeWit 136
mk;ghe;Njhl;il 252 gJis 299
aho;g;ghzk; 643 nkhduhfiy 86
kd;dhu; 55 ,uj;jpdGup 348
tTdpah 96 Nffhiy 511
Ky;iyj;jPT 39
%yk; : gjpthsu; ehafj; jpizf;fsk;

,lf;f zpag; glq;f s; ( Choropleth maps)

- ,lk; (epyk;) kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguj; juTfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhlu;Gfis ruhrup
mlu; j ; j papd; cjtpAld; vLj; J f; fhl; L tjw; F ,lf; f zpag; g lq; f s;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

154
- ,g;glq;fshdJ rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;fhd kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if> rJu fpNyh
kPww
; Uf;fhd tpyq;Ffspd; mlu;jj
; p> jyh n`f;laUf;fhd tpisr;ry; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
guk;gy;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg; ngUksT gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
- ,lfzpag;glq;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; juTfs; $l;lkhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fs; nghUj;jkhd glj;jpy; (Gtpapay; rhu;e;j my;yJ
epu;thf myFfisf; nfhz;l) cs;slf;fg;gl;L epwe;jlP l
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. tpsf;ff;
FwpaPLfSk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- ml;ltiz 5.5.1 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; khtl;l uPjpahd rdj;njhif mlu;j;jp
(2005) vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;juTfd; tiuglk; 5.5.2 ,y; cs;s
,lf;fzpag;glk; %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

tiuglk; 5.5.2 : ,yq;ifapd; khtl;l uPjpahd rdj;njhif mlu;j;jp - 2005

Fb mlu;j;jp

155
- khw pfspd; guk; g y; gh q; F fs; gltiu fiyapay; Ki wfs; % yk;
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
- tiuglk; 5.5.2 ,y; ,yq;if rdj;njhif mlu;jj
; papd; ,lk;rhu;e;j guk;gyhdJ
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
- juTfs; $l;lkhf;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; rdj;njhifg; guk;giy xg;gl
P ;L uPjpahf
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
- ,Ug;gpDk; Fwpg;gpl;l miktplq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;l ngWkhdq;fis vLj;Jf;
fhl;Ltjw;fhd jpwidf; nfhz;buhjJ xU Fiwghlhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; : rdj;njhif mlu;jj ; pahdJ xU khtl;lj;jpDs;Ns vt;thW guk;gpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ,g;glk; fhl;lkhl;lhJ.
- vdNt> rdj;njhif mlu;jj ; pahdJ xU rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;Fs; rkkhfg;
guk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;w mgpg;gpuhak; jtwhFk;.
- mNjNghy;> rJg;G epyq;fs;> ghiytdq;fs;> fhLfs; Nghd;w gFjpfspy;
FbapUf;F k; kpfr; rpwpa vz;zpf;if nfhz;l kf;f spd; NtWghLfis
,k;Kiwapd; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;l KbahJ. ,jdhy; ,k;Kiw xU jtwhd
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;siyj; jUfpd;wJ.
- tpNrlkhf> khtl;lq;fspd; vy;iyfisr; Rw;wpf; fhzg;glf; $ba khWghLfis
,k;Kiw vLj;Jf;fhl;lhJ.
- gpupTfSld; njhlu;ghd ngWkhdq;fisNa ,t;tiuG vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,lg;ngWkhdq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;glkhl;lhJ.

156
crhj; J izfs;

,yq;if epy msit jpizf;fsk; (2015). ,yq;if Njrg;glj; njhFjp> ghlrhiy

gjpg;G> nfhOk;G.

fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; (1996). Rw;whly; Gtpapay;> mur mr;rfj; jpizf;fsk;>

nfhOk;G.

FNu [P. ,uh[rpq;f kfpe;j. (2006)> vk;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s epyg;gug;G> nfhlNf rNfhjuu;fs;>
nfhOk;G.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;. (2008)> mdu;j;j ghJfhg;G fw;if> kfufk.

jdghy. V. vk;. (2012). Rw;whly; fw;if

gz;lhuehaf;f. gp. vk;. (1992)> fhyepiy ePUk; Rw;whlYk;.

kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rig. kdpjDk; #oYk;> Nyru; mr;rfk; (jdpahu;)

ePu; toq;fy; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;Gr; rig (2014). ePu; gad;ghl;L ifE}y;> fz;b ngUefu;
ePu; toq;fy; jpl;lk;> fl;Lf];Njhl;il.

National Resource Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka (1991)

National Resource of Sri Lanka condition and trend NASESA

157