“EVALUATION OF HYPOLIPIDAEMIC ACTIVITY OF SHIMSHAPA

(DALBERGIA SISSOO ROXB.) CHURNA”

A CLINICAL STUDY.
By
Dr. Appayya Mallapur

A dissertation submitted to the

Rajiivv Ganddhhi Unniiverssiity ooff H
Heeaallth SSciencceess,
Karnnatakkaa,, BBaangalloorre .
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATHI - M.D (AYURVEDA)
In
DRAVYAGUNA

Under the guidance of

DR.SUBHAS V.BAGADE
BAMS., MD (Ayu)

Co-guide

DR.SANJEEV. L. ATHANI.
BAMS., MD (Ayu)

SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S
AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.
2011
 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.

SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S AYURVEDIC MEDICAL

COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT

OF
DRAVYAGUNA

Certificate by the guide

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Evaluation of

Hypolipidaemic Activity of Shimshapa (Dalbergia sissoo roxb.)
Churna - A Clinical Study” is a bonafide research work done by
Dr. Appayya Mallapur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Ayurveda Vachaspathi – M.D (Ayurveda) in DRAVYAGUNA.

Signature of the Guide

Dr. Subhas V. Bagade

Date: BAMS., MD (Ayu)

Place: Ghataprabha Department of Dravyaguna

Shri J. G. C. H. Society’s Ayurvedic Medical
College, Ghataprabha.
 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.

SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S AYURVEDIC MEDICAL

COLLEGE , GHATAPRABHA.

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT

OF
DRAVYAGUNA

Certificate by the co-guide

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Evaluation of

Hypolipidaemic Activity of Shimshapa(Dalbergia sissoo roxb.)
Churna - A Clinical Study” is a bonafide research work done by
Dr. Appayya Mallapur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspathi – M.D (Ayurveda) in
DRAVYAGUNA.

Signature of the Co-Guide

Dr.Sanjeev. L. Athani
BAMS, MD (Ayu)
Date:
Department of Dravyaguna
Place: Ghataprabha Shri. J. G. C. H. Society’s Ayurvedic
Medical College , Ghataprabha.
 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE.

SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S AYURVEDIC MEDICAL

COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT

OF
DRAVYAGUNA
Endorsement by the HOD, Principal/Head of the
institution

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Evaluation of

Hypolipidaemic Activity of Shimshapa (Dalbergia sissoo
Roxb.)Churna - A Clinical Study” is a bonafide research work done
by Dr.Appayya Mallapur under the guidance of Dr. Subhas V.
Bagade, Assistant Professor of Dravyaguna.

Seal and signature of the HOD Seal and signature of the Principal

Dr.Mayuresh agate Prof. Dr.J.K.Sharma

BAMS., MD (Ayu) MD (Ayu)
Prof. HOD, Department of Dravyaguna Shri. J. G. C. H. Society’s Ayurvedic
Shri. J. G. C. H. Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College and Research centre,
Medical College, Ghataprabha. Ghataprabha.

Date:
Place: Ghataprabha
 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.

SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S AYURVEDIC MEDICAL

COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT

OF
DRAVYAGUNA

Declaration by the candidate

I here by declare that this dissertation/ thesis “Evaluation of

Hypolipidaemic Activity of Shimshapa(Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.)
Churna - A Clinical Study” is a bonafide and genuine research work
carried out by me under the guidance of Dr.Subhas V. Bagade, Asst
Professor. Department of Dravyaguna.

Date: Signature of the candidate

Place: Ghataprabha
Dr. Appayya Mallapur
 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.

SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S AYURVEDIC MEDICAL

COLLEGE , GHATAPRABHA.

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT

OF
DRAVYAGUNA

Copyright

Declaration by the candidate

I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health

Sciences, Karnataka shall declare the rights to preserve, use and
disseminate this dissertation/ thesis in print or electronic format for
academic/ research purpose.

Signature of the candidate

Date:

Place: Ghataprabha Dr. Appayya Mallapur

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very much indebted to my esteemed and respected guide

Dr. Subhas V. Bagade M.D(Ayu), Registrar coordinator P.G. faculty, Department of
Dravyaguna, for providing an opportunity to carry out this work under his able
guidance. I will be ever grateful for his invaluable guidance, constructive suggestions,
love and affection and thought provoking ideas in every stage of this work.

I consider it a great privilege to record my deepest sense of gratitude to my

mentor and co-guide Dr. Sanjeev. L. Athani MD (Ayu) Department of Dravyaguna,
Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha for their all timely
support, generous help and love and affection during this work.

I am very much thanking to Dr.Mayuresh Agate MD (Ayu) Professor, HOD

P.G Department of Dravyaguna, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College,
Ghataprabha, for his love and affection during this work. I also offer my special and
sincere thanks to Dr. S B Chougala for their timely help, support and co-operation
during my study.

I also express my sincere gratitude and offer my sincere thanks to

Dr. J. K. Sarma, MD (Ayu), Principal, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical
College, Ghataprabha for their scholarly influence during my study.

It is my duty to thank and profound sense of respect to Dr.B.K.H.Patil, MS

(Gen.Surgen), C.E.O, Shri. J. G. Co-op. Hospital Society, Ghataprabha for providing
me an opportunity in the institution for Post Graduate Studies. I also express my
sincere gratitude to and offer my sincere thanks to Dr. C. S. Banakar for his kind
support and co-operation.

I take this opportunity to convey my thanks to my teachers Dr. C. S. Maladkar,

Dr. K. P Pattnaik, Dr.S.D.Byadagi, Dr.Sidram Guled, and Dr. Anil Managoli, Dr. S.
V. Hosmath, Dr. Arun Naragund and Dr.Raghvendra Kolachi. Dr. Vilas Mane for
their co-operation and help.

I also thank Mr. S. B. Chalageri, Librarian, and all the other technical and non-
technical staff of the college for their co-operation and help.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In this precious moment I appreciate the efforts of my parents Shri Ramappa

Mallapur and Smt. Gangavva Mallapur, my younger brothers Siddu and tayyu and my
younger sister Yallavva as they are cause for me to take this noble profession and
shaped me into what I am today. I have not been able to find words enough to express
my sentiments of love, respect, and gratitude for them.

I, in this special moment, should be very thankful to Dr.Nagesh Sir DAO

(Mysore), Dr.Swomya, Dr. Preetha, Dr. Vasant, Dr. Muttu, Dr.Ramesh, for their
advice not only in this work but throughout my entire P.G. Studies.

My special acknowledgements to all my senior colleagues, Dr.Ramgonda,

Dr.Laxman, Dr.Yatti, my colleagues Dr.Vinayak, Dr.Mohsin, Dr.Shweta and my
Junior colleagues, Dr.Nilesh, Dr.Avinash, Dr.Vinayak, for their wonderful co-
operation during my entire course

Lastly I acknowledge my thanks to those who have directly or indirectly

extended their support for the completion of my work.

Dr. Appayya Mallapur

ii
 LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS

LIST OF TABLES

Sl.No. Name of the Table

1 Showing classification according to gana in Samhitas
2 Showing classification according to varga in Nighantus
3 Showing important Paryaya nama of Krishna Shimshapa
4 Showing important Paryaya nama of Kapila Shimshapa / Kushinshapa
5 Showing important Paryaya nama of Shweta Shimshapa
6 Showing Gunas of Shimshapa
7 Showing Gunas of Kapila Shimshapa / Kushimshapa
8 Showing Gunas of Shwetha Shimshapa
9 Showing important Karmas of Shimshapa
10 Showing the Bheda of Shimshapa
11 Showing important Prayoga of Shimshapa in different Vyadhis
12 Showing Vishishta yoga of Shimshapa
13 Showing classification of Shimshapa
14 Showing characters of Dalbergia Sissoo Linn., Roxb Bark
15 Showing classification of lipid concentrations
16 Showing summary of major drugs used for the treatment of Hyperlipidaemia
17 Showing nidana of Medovruddi
18 Showing principles of Medohara chikitsa by different acharyas
19 Showing Pathyapathya Ahara: (Dietary Regimen)
20 Showing Pathya - Apathya Vihara (Physical Regimen)
21 Showing Pathyapathya Manasa Bhava (Mental regimen)
22 Showing assesment of lipid profile
23 Showing macroscopic characters of Shimshapa Churna
24 Showing macroscopic characters of powder:
25 Showing Results of chemical tests for detection of organic chemical constituents:
26 Showing physico-chemical evaluation of Shimshapa churna
27 Showing the Age incidence.
28 Showing the Sex incidence
29 Showing the incidence of Habitat
30 Showing the Occupation incidence of patient

iii
 LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS

31 Showing the Soci-Economic Status of the patients

32 Showing the Soci-Economic Status of the patients
33 Showing incidence of Other habits
34 Test of significance - Z test with respect to Total cholesterol.
35 Test of significance - Z test with respect to Triglycerids
36 Test of significance - Z test with respect to HDL.
37 Test of significance - Z test with respect to LDL.
38 Test of significance - Z test with respect to VLDL.
39 Test of significance - Z test with respect to Total chol / HDL ratio

LIST OF GRAPHS
SL.NO GRAPHS
1 Showing the Age incidence
2 Showing the Sex incidence
3 Showing the incidence of Habitat
4 Showing the Occupation incidence of patients
5 Showing the Soci-Economic Status of the patients
6 Showing the incidence of Day sleep
7 Showing incidence of Other habits
8 Test of significance - Z test with respect to Total cholesterol.
9 Test of significance - Z test with respect to Triglycerids
10 Test of significance - Z test with respect to HDL.
11 Test of significance - Z test with respect to LDL.
12 Test of significance - Z test with respect to VLDL.
13 Test of significance - Z test with respect to Total chol / HDL ratio

iv
 LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

PL.NO LIST OF PHOTOGRHAPHS

1 Morphological Characters of the Plant
1. Shimshapa Tree.
2. Bark of Dalbergia sissoo roxb.
2 Phyto- Chemical Analysis
3. Soxhlet Extraction.
4. Shimshapa Churna Extract on Water Bath.
5. After Solidification.
6. Alcohalic Soluble Extractive.
7. Water Soluble Extractive.

v
 ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

ÌlÉ.AÉ : Nighantu Adarsha

ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ : Priya Nighantu
kÉ.ÌlÉ : Dhanvantari Nighantu
Mæü.ÌlÉ : Kaiyadeva Nighantu
pÉÉ.ÌS : Bhanoji Dixit
pÉÉ.mÉë : Bhava Prakasha
qÉ.ÌlÉ : Madanapala Nighantu
qÉÉ.S : Maadhava Dravyaguna
UÉ.ÌlÉ : Raja Nighantu
xÉÑ.xÉÇ : Sushrutha Samhita
xÉÑ.xÉÔ : Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana
vÉÉ.ÌlÉ : Shaligrama Nighantu
A.WØû.ÍcÉ : Ashtanga Hrudaya Chikitsa sthana
A.WØû.E : Ashtanga Hrudaya Uttartantra
A.H.Sa : Ashtanga Hrudaya Shareera
API : Ayurvedic Pharmacopiea of India
cÉ.ÍcÉ / Ca. Ci : Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana
cÉ.xÉ.xÉÑ : Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana
cÉ.xÉ.ÌuÉ / Ca. Sa.Vi : Charaka samhita vimana sthana
cÉ.xÉ.vÉÉ : Charaka samhita shareera sthana
xÉÑ.xÉÑ.ÍcÉ : Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa sthana
xÉÑ.xÉÑ.vÉÉ /Su.Sa : Sushruta Samhita shareera sthana
vÉ.Mü.SìÓ / S K D : Shabdakalpadruma
C.D : Chakradatta
cÉ.S : Chakradatta
Ha. Sam : Haritha Samhita

vi
 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda system of medicine dates back to Vedic ages and is an integral part
of Indian culture. According to Acharyas the foremost aim of Ayurveda is to maintain
health and cure the diseased. Ayurvedic texts have mentioned many diseases as well
as use of innumerable Plants, Minerals and Animal oriented preparations in the
treatment of diseases. Samhitas and Nighantu’s have contributed many new drugs to
Indian materia medica.
The use of medicinal plants is as old as human civilization. India has a
glorious tradition of health care system based on plants, which dates back to vedic era.
Rig veda which is oldest known repository of human knowledge and wisdom
mentioned about hundred medinicinal plants. In Atharva veda, the last among four
Vedas, there is an elaborate description of medicinal plants. Ayurveda is believed to
be the upaveda of Atharvaveda. It is not just a system of medicine in the conventional
sense of methodology for treating diseases, but it is a holistic science too. It believes
in the theory that the fundamental unit of Universe, as well as the fundamental unit of
human body is having Panchabhautika constitution.
On the basis of this theory it can be said that each particle of the Universe
should have some medicinal value for us. Acharya charaka also elucidates this theory
by his predication that - Each particle of the universe can be used as a medicine with
the Yukti pramana. The importance of medicinal plants has been overlooked in the
past. However at present, medicinal plants are looked upon not only as a source of
affordable health care but also a source of income. The plants which can be used as a
source of income, they gradually started to forget its medicinal value.
Shimshapa is one among such type of trees. Heart wood of the drug
Shimshapa is being widely used as a timber because of its durability and hardness.
This is the reason that though it is being mentioned from the Vedic kala and its
therapeutic value have been mentioned from Samhita kala, people or even Ayurvedic
vaidyas have neglected towards its therapeutic utility. The Shimshapa can be
highlighted with its use mainly in the Kushtha, Krimi, Sthaulya, Jwara, Prameha etc
by various Samhitakaras. It is the Sushruta Samhita where in the Vata hara property
of Shimshapa Sara Sneha along with other drugs - Su.Su.45.123 has been mentioned.

1
 INTRODUCTION

But its “Medohara” property is mentioned in the Sushrutha Samhitha with respect to
Salasaradi gana - Su.Su.38/9 and Mushkakadi gana - Su.Su.38/21. In Ashtanga
Hrudaya its Medohara property is mentioned in Asanadi gana - A.H.Su.15/20 and
Mushkakadi gana - A.H.Su.15/32.
Its Medohara properties are mentioned in Nighantu’s like - Kaiyyadeva
Nighantu in Aushadhi Varga, Nighantu Adarsha in Palashadhi Varga, Shaligrama
Nighantu in Vatadi Varga, Bhavaprakasha Nigantu in Vatadi Varga and Priya
Nighantu in Haritakyadhi Varg
The Analgesic, Anti-pyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Hypo-lipidaemic and Hypo-
cholesteraemic activity of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Leaves have been reported
pharmacologically. But the stem bark of Shimshapa, mentioned as Medohara needs
clinical exploration. Being a Scholar of Dravyaguna, it is the duty of Dravyaguna
department to throw some light and to assess the medicinal values of such type of
drugs. That is the reason behind selecting the drug Shimshapa for this study.

In the present scenario of modernization with the increase in the living

standards, consumption of high caloric diet, lack of enough physical activity and
stressful life – the body fats along with cholesterol are increasing in our body, which
invites the disorders like Hyperlipidaemia, Heart diseases and Hypertension.
Dietary habits such as fast foods, freezed items, soft drinks and beverages,
canned foods, lack of enough physical activity results in the disturbance of agni or
metabolism and ultimately leads to the clinical entity known as Hyperlipidaemia.
Hyperlipidaemia is a condition in which the levels of lipoproteins i.e,
cholesterol, triglycerides or both are raised in plasma. Out of which cholesterol is
deposited in the arteries including the coronary arteries where it contributes to the
narrowing and blockage of the arteries that causes the symptoms of heart disease.
Here a humble effort has been made to use the Shimshapa Kanda Twak
Churna in the management of Hyperlipidaemia.
Keeping all these facts in mind, this study entitled as - “Evaluation of
Hypolipidaemic Activity of Shimshapa (Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb) Churna – A Clinical
Study” is undertaken.

2
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

 Review of the literature :

 To review both Ayurveda and Modern literature on Shimshapa from

various references.
 To review literature on Hyperlipidaemia from all classics and also from
recent journals, magazines relating to the study.

 Collection and identification of genuine species of Shimshapa Kanda Twak :

 To collect the drug from its natural habitat, identify and authenticate the
drug botanically, and store it for further study.

 Preparation of Churna:

 To prepare the Churna of Shimshapa Kanda Twak as per the classics.

 Pharmacognostic and Preliminary phytochemical study of selected drug:

 To study the crude drug under Pharmacognostic scheme and to study the
preliminary tests for phyto constituents.

 Hypolipidaemic evualation of the drug:

 The present study is designed to Evaluate Hypolipidaemic Activity of the

drug through a clinical study.

3
 DRUG REVIEW

HISTORY

The heart wood of the drug Shimshapa is being widely used as a timber
because of its durability and hardness. This is the reason that though it is being
mentioned from the Vedic Kala and therapeutic value have been mentioned from
Samhita Kala. It is extensively planted throughout India.

VEDIC PERIOD:
In Vedas, References regarding Shimshapa can be traced both in Rigveda
and Atharvaveda. The word “Shimshapa” has been used in Rigveda and Atharvaveda
for Shisham tree. In Rigveda, Shimshapa is found to be useful to make cart wheel and
falls under the category of “Shanta Vriksha”. The drugs which are useful in shanti
Karma, are kept under Shanta Vriksha. In Patanjala Mahabhashya Shimshapa is given
for the example of Vriksha.
SAMHITA PERIOD:
Charaka Samhita:
Charaka Samhita, the ancient literature on Indian science, especially deals
with the clinical medicines. For example the following 7 references are found in
Charaka Samhita regarding the drug Shimshapa. They are –
 Cha. Su. 25/49 - Shimshapa is mentioned under 20 Sarasava among the 84
Asava Yonis.
 Cha. Vi. 8/144 - It is mentioned in Kashaya Skandha.
 Cha. Sha. 8/38-Shimshapa Sara Dhuma is useful at the time of labour in
Asanna Prasava.
 Cha. Chi.1/2/3- It is one of the ingredient of Bramha Rasayana.
 Cha. Chi. 7/152 - It is one of ingredient of Mahakhadira Ghrita.
 Cha. Ka. 1/8 - In the description of Jangala desha, where trees like Shimshapa
etc., grows that is Jangala desha.
Sushruta Samhita:
In Sushrutha Samhita for example 9 references of Shimshapa found are
 Su. Su. 38/8 – mentioned in Salsaradi gana.
 Su. Su. 38/20 – mentioned in Mushkakadi gana.

4
 DRUG REVIEW

 Su. Su. 45/123 - Guna Karma of Sara sneha of Shimshapa and other drugs
have been mentioned.
 Su. Chi.10/8 - Sura of Shimshapa and other drugs are useful in the treatment
of Kushta.
 Su. Chi. 10/12 - Ayaskruti prepared by Shimshapa and other drugs is useful to
treat Asadhya Kushta or Prameha, in the treatment of Sthulatha, Shopha,
especially in Rajayakshma.
 Su. Chi. 11/9 - Shimshapa Kashaya is indicated in treatment of Vasa meha.
 Su. Chi. 31/5 - Sara sneha of Shimshapa along with other drugs is useful in
Dadru, Kushta, Kitibha.
 Su.Ut. 39/203 – Shimshapa Sara pakva Kshira is indicated as Sarva
Jwarapaham.
 Su. Ut. 40/51 - Shimshapa is indicated in treatment of Atisara along with other
drugs.
Ashtanga Hrudaya:
In Ashtanga Hridaya for example 5 references of Shimshapa found are –
 A. H.Su. 15/19-20 - Shimshapa is included in Asanadi gana.
 A.H.Su. 15/32 - Shimshapa is included in Mushkakadi gana.
 A.H.Chi. 1/115 - Shimshapa Sara Sidhha Kshira is indicated as sarva
Jwarapaham.
 A.H.Chi. 9/96-97 - Pichha basti of Shimshapa and Kovidara is indicated in
Guda bhraumsha, Pravahana, Ruja, and Kshata Kshina.
 A.H.U. 39/169 - Indicated as one of the Rasayana.
NIGHANTU PERIOD:
Almost all the Nighantukaras starting from the ancient period till date have
mentioned elaborately regarding Shimshapa its Paryaya, Guna Karma, Prayoga,
Bheda, Guna Karma of Shimshapa Sara Taila.
Dhanvantari Nighantu, Madanapala Nighantu & Kaiyyadeva Nighantu have
described 2 types of Shimshapa, they are – Shimshapa & Kushimshapa.
Raja Nighantu & Shaligrama Nighantu have described 3 types of Shimshapa,
they are – Shyama Shimshapa, Shwetha Shimshapa & Kapila Shimshapa.
Medohara properties of Shimshapa are described in Kaiyyadeva Nighantu,
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu & Priya Nighantu.

5
 DRUG REVIEW

aÉhÉ - uÉaÉï
In Vedas and Ayurvedic treatises, drugs have been classified into either
Vargas or Ganas. Etymologically the Varga means a group of limited number of
Dravyas having similar pharmacological actions. Gana consists of large number of
Dravyas having similar pharmacological actions. The other word, which is frequently
used in this connection, is the Skandha, which includes a larger number of Dravyas
specially mentioned with respect to Rasas viz. Madhura Skandha etc. The aim of this
type of classification is to summarize the Karma or main use of Dravya or Dravyas.

Table –1 Showing classification according to gana in Samhitas

xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ aÉhÉ
cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ MüwÉÉrÉ xMülkÉ , AÉxÉuÉ-rÉÉåÌlÉ-xÉÉU uÉפÉÉ
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ xÉÉsÉxÉUÉÌS aÉhÉ , qÉÑwMüMüÉÌS aÉhÉ

A¹ÉÇaÉ xÉÇaÉëWû qÉÑwMüMüÉÌS aÉhÉ , AxÉlÉÉÌS aÉhÉ

A¹ÉÇaÉ दय qÉÑwMüMüÉÌS aÉhÉ , AxÉlÉÉÌS aÉhÉ

Table –2 Showing classifications according to varga in Nighantus

ÌlÉbÉhOÒû uÉaÉï
kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû AÉqÉëÉÌS uÉaÉï
xÉÉåRûsÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû AÉqÉëÉÌS uÉaÉï , iÉæsÉ uÉaÉï
qÉÉkÉuÉ SìurÉaÉÑhÉ ÌuÉÌuÉkÉ AÉæwÉÍkÉ aÉhÉ , iÉæsÉ uÉaÉï
qÉSlÉmÉÉsÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû uÉOûÉÌS uÉaÉï
MæürÉSåuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû AÉæwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï
pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉvÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû uÉOûÉÌS uÉaÉï
UÉeÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû mÉëpÉSìÉÌS uÉaÉï
vÉÉÍsÉaÉëÉqÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû uÉOûÉÌS uÉaÉï
ÌmÉërÉÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû WûËUiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï

6
 DRUG REVIEW

mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ
A single name is given to many drugs and also a drug may have many names
which themselves are called as Paryaya’s. Narahari Pandit the author of Rajanighantu
has given seven factors based on which the names were ascribed to the plants.
1. Rudhi (traditional usage)
2. Prabhava (effect)
3. Deshyokti (habitat)
4. Lanchana (morphological characters)
5. Upama (simile)
6. Virya (potency)
7. Itarahvaya (due to other factors).
In the olden days, the prevailing system of description of a medicinal plant
was through various synonyms which are indicative of its physical characters,
properties, actions, habitat, therapeutic uses, specific natural characteristics etc. So the
knowledge of synonym of the drugs has much importance in Dravyaguna Vignana.
No synonym of Shinshapa was found during Samhitha Kala.

7
 DRUG REVIEW

ÌlÉÂÌ£.
कुिशंशपा : कु सता िशंशपा कुिशंशपा । ( S.K.D)
This variety of Shinshapa which is lower in quality and appearance (deep
black colour) of original Shinshapa is known as Kushinshapa

वृ प ा : वृ ािन प ा ण अ याः । ( S.K.D )

Leaves are rounded in shape.

क पला ी : ी क पलम ् अ वत ् पु पम ् अ याः । ( S.K.D )

Flowers are small os that of eyes & yellowish in colour.

कृ ण सारा : कृ णः सारोऽ याः कृ णसारा । ( S.K.D )

Its internal portion of wood (heart wood) is black in colour.

यामा : यामा वणः अ त अ याः अश आ च ् । ( S.K.D )

The colour of the part used (heart wood) is black or drug is black in Colour.

महा यामा : महती चसौ यामा च महा यामा । ( S.K.D )

This synonym also indicates that its heartwood is black in colour.

न गु दजरः
ु अ मात ् इित । ( S. K.D )
This meaning indicates it’s Karma that it is not heavy for digestion.

ती ण सारा : ती णः क ठणः सारा य याः । ( S. K.D )

Heart wood is very heavy and Tikshna.

भ मगभ य याः सा शु ल सार वात ् । ( Bh.Ni )

Colour of its heart wood is like Bhasma (Whitish).

क पल वण पु पं अ त अ याः । ( Bh. Ni )
Flowers of Shimshapa are of Kapila Varna – brown colour.

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Table–3 Showing important Paryaya nama of Krishna Shimshapa:

mÉrÉÉïrÉ kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ

1. अगु + +
2. अंगारसारा +
3. अ गारवणा
3. AlÉÑmÉÑwmÉMü
4. AuÉxÉÉSlÉÏ
5. भ मगभा
6. SsÉmɧÉÏ +
7. धीरा +
8. धूि का + +
9. ढदा ः +
10. aÉÑcNûmÉÑwmÉ
11. गु +
12. गु lÉÉpÉÉå
13. गु सारा
14. गु xÉÉËUMüÉ +
15. MüÉsÉÉlÉÑxÉÉrÉÉï +
16. क पला + + + +
17. कृ ण िशंशपा +
18. कृ ण सारा + + + + + + +
19. कृ ण +
20. महासारा
21. महा यामा + + +
22. म डलcNदाû
23. म डलप का +
24. mÉÉhQÒûUcNदाû
25. प छला + +
26. प छला +
27. ÌmÉmÉsÉÉ +
28. UÉåcÉlÉÉ
29. सारा म डलप का +
30. ÍzÉqoÉÏTüsÉ
31. िशंशपा + + + + +
32. ÍzÉÇÍzÉmÉÉ + + + + + + + +
33. यामा +
34. ÍxÉiÉÉ
35. iÉϤhÉkÉÔqÉ

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36. ती णसारा +
37. iÉÏuÉëkÉÔqÉMü
38. iÉÏuÉëkÉÔqÉÉÇaÉkÉÔqÉ
39. uÉÏUÉ +
40. वृ प ा +
41. rÉÑaÉmȨ́ÉMüÉ +

Table–4 Showing important Paryaya nama of Kapila Shimshapa /

Kushimshapa:
mÉrÉÉïrÉ kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ

1.भ मगभा + + + +
2. भ म पंगला + +
3. क पला + + + +
4. क पला¤ÉÏ + +
5. क पला िशंशपा + +
6. कुिशंशपा + + + + +
7. mÉÏiÉ + +
8. xÉÉËUhÉÏ + +
9. वरसादनी +
10. वसादनी + +

Table – 5. Showing important Paryaya nama of Shweta Shimshapa:

mÉrÉÉïrÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ

1. ेत प ा +
2. ेत िशंशपा
3. ेत +
4. िसता ा +

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aÉÑhÉ

MüqÉÉïÍpÉxiÉÑ AlÉÑqÉÏrÉliÉå lÉÉlÉÉ SìurÉ´ÉÉrÉÏ aÉÑhÉÉ: | ( xÉÑ.xÉÔ.43 )

The Gunas of a Dravya are inferred based on the pharmacological actions of

that Dravya. The word Guna here indicates Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka, Karma and
Prabhava if any.
Table- 6. Showing Gunas of Shimshapa
aÉÑhÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ
MüOÒû + + + + + + +
UxÉ ित + + + + + + + +

कषाय + + + + + + +

लघु +

aÉÑhÉ +

प छल + +

uÉÏrÉï EwhÉ + + + + + + +

ÌuÉmÉÉMü MüOÒû +

uÉÉiÉWûU + + +
SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ ÌmɨÉWûU +
MüTüWûU + + + + + +

Table- 7. Showing Gunas of Kapila Shimshapa / Kushimshapa

aÉÑhÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ

UxÉ ित + +

aÉÑhÉ
uÉÏrÉï शीत + +

ÌuÉmÉÉMü MüOÒû
uÉÉiÉWûU + +
SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ ÌmɨÉWûU + +
MüTüWûU

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Table-8. Showing Gunas of Shwetha Shimshapa

aÉÑhÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ

UxÉ ित + +
aÉÑhÉ
uÉÏrÉï शीत + +
ÌuÉmÉÉMü MüOÒû
uÉÉiÉWûU
SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ ÌmɨÉWûU + +
MüTüWûU

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MüqÉï

rÉiÉç MÑüuÉïÎliÉ iÉiÉç MüqÉï | (cÉ.xÉÔ.26)

The effect of Dravya seen on the body is called as Karma. The Karma is
independent of its own to bring out the action of the Dravya. Pharmacological action
of a drug is defined as the action which is aimed to obtain a specific therapeutic
effect.
Table- 9. Showing important Karmas of Shimshapa

MüqÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.A API
É
oÉsrÉ + + + + +

दाह शमन + + + +
द या + +
दे हदा याकृत ् + +
गभपातन + + + + +

वर न + + + +
कफ वशोषण + + +
िम न + + +
कु न + + + + + + +

मेदोहर + + + + + + +
मेदो वशोषण + + +

UÉåcÉlÉ + + +

शोषहर + + + +

शोथहर +
शु दोषहर + + +
सारक + +
वामक +
व या + + + +

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भेद

An exhaustive search for reference regarding the types of Shimshapa in our

classics showed that:
Table- 10. Showing the Bheda of Shimshapa
भेद िशंशपा कृ णिशंशपा क पलािशंशपा कुिशंशपा ेत िशंशपा
kÉ.ÌlÉ + +
qÉ. S +
qÉ.ÌlÉ + +
Mæü.ÌlÉ + +
pÉÉ.ÌlÉ + +
UÉ.ÌlÉ + + +
ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ +
vÉÉ.ÌlÉ + + +

Acc. to Bhavamishra, he has mentioned 2 varieties of Shimshapa. They are as follows

1. Shimshapa i.e. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., Heart wood is of black colour.
2. Kapila Shimshapa i.e.Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.,Heart wood is of Ash colour.
According to Nighantu Adarsha, the types of Shisham mentioned are -
1. Shisham - Indian rosewood, Bombay blackwood
2. Dalbergia latifolia – Blackwood
3. Dalbergia sissoo – sissoo
4. Dalbergia sissoides – Malabar black wood
5. Dalbergia melanoxylon - Ebony of ancient Egypt
6. African blackwood - Senegal or Sudan Ebony
7. Chinese blackwood
There are a larger number of varieties of Shimshipa cultivated throughout
India differing in colour of the heartwood. Because of its durability it is extensively
used as timber tree.

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mÉërÉÉåerÉ AÇaÉû LuÉÇ qÉɧÉÉ

mÉërÉÉåerÉ AÇaÉ :

Shimshapa being a Vruksha, it is used extensively. For the purpose of

medicine the following parts are mainly concerned.
1. मूल
2. वक्
3. सार
4. प

qÉɧÉÉ:

An ideal Matra is that quantity of the medicine which can bring upon the
aggravated doshas into normal state and not to show any adverse effect on the dhatus.
This particular quantity of the medicine is also called Prayoga Matra. The Matra of
the medicine varies according to age, sex, strength of the patient and according to
doshas involved.
The word posology is derived form the Greek word “Posos” means how much
and “logos” means science, which means it is a branch of medical science which deals
with doses or quantity of drugs which can be administered to produce the required
pharmacological actions.
 वाथ - 50 to 100 ml , 10 to 20 gms for heartwood.

 चूण – 3 to 6 gms , 1.5 to 10 gms for heartwood or Bark.

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mÉërÉÉåaÉ
The various disorders in which the Shimshapa is used mainly are Kushta,
Medoroga, etc. and also in various disease conditions as shown in the following table.
Table-11 Showing important Prayoga of Shimshapa in different Vyadhis
mÉërÉÉåaÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ API
अजीण + +

अशस ् + +
AvqÉUÏ + + +
अितसार + + +
ब त + +
वकार
द ु +
दाह + + + + + +

aÉÑsqÉ + +
ÌWûMMüÉ + +
euÉU +
क डु +
िम + + + +

कु + + + + + + +
मेदोरोग + + + + +
मू शकरा +
पा डु + + +
पीनस + +
पमेह + + + +
र + + +
वकार
शु दोष +
शोष +
vÉÉåjÉ + + + + +
+ + + + +
वमन + +

वसप + +
ण + + + +

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AÉqÉÌrÉMü mÉërÉÉåaÉ

cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ:

१. आस न सव :

 Cha. Sha. 8/38 - Shimshapa Sara Dhuma is useful at the time of labour in
Asanna Prasava.
२. रसायन :

 Ch. Chi.1/2/12 - Shimshapa Svarasa is used as one of the Pranakameeya

rasayana.
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ :

१. कु :

 Su. Chi.10/8 - Sura of Shimshapa and other drugs are useful in the treatment
of Kushta.
 Su. Chi. 31/5 - Sara sneha of Shimshapa along with other drugs is useful in
Dadru, Kushta & Kitibha.
२. थौ य :
 Su. Chi. 10/12 - Ayaskruti prepared by Shimshapa and other drugs is useful to
treat Asadhya Kushta , Prameha, Sthulatha, & Rajayakshma.
३. वसामेह :
 Su. Chi. 11/9 - Shimshapa Kashaya is indicated in treatment of Vasa meha.
४. वर :
 Su. Ut. 39/203 - Shimshapasara pakva Kshira is indicated as Sarva
Jwarapaham.
A¹ÉÇaÉ दय:

१. गुद ंश :

 A.H.Chi. 9/96-97 - Pichha basti of Shimshapa and Kovidara is indicated in

Guda bhrarnsha, Pravahana, Ruja & Kshata Kshina.
२. वर :

 A.H.Chi. 1/115 - Shimshapa Sara Siddha Kshira is indicated as Sarva

Jwarapaham.

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Table-12 Showing Vishishta yoga of Shimshapa.

ÌuÉÍzɹ rÉÉåaÉ EmÉrÉÉåaÉ REFERENCE
qÉWûÉ ZÉÌSU bÉ×iÉ कु cÉ . ÍcÉ. 7/152

oÉë¼É UxÉÉrÉlÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉ cÉ . ÍcÉ.1/2/3

AÉrÉxM×üÌiÉ पा डु अ. WØû . ÍcÉ . 12/28
lÉUÍxÉÇWû bÉ×iÉ uÉÉeÉÏMüU A.P.I volume 3
xÉÉsÉxÉUÉÌS sÉå½É मेदोरोग D.B.M.P volume 2

Uses of Shimshapa in other systems of medicine:

In Homeopathy:
 Alcoholic extract of Dalbergia Sissoo is found to have the Spasmolytic effect
& used as ethnoveterniary medicine as per Vetwork, U. K.
 Alcoholic extract of the root exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in
carrageenan induced hind paw oedema of albino rats.
In Unani:
 Shimshapa is useful in Dental pain, boils and burning sensation of penis.
(Trivedi Sudarshanlal, 1958)
 Decoction of leaves can be used in acute Gonorrhoea.
(Bhandari Chandraraj, 1971).
 Decoction of leaves also can be given in blisters and furuncles.
(Bhandari Chandraraj, 1971)
 Poultice of leaves can be tied on inflammation of breast(Bhandari Chandraraj).
 The bark is haemostatic and is effective in bleeding piles, menorrhagia and in
varicose veins. (Dhiman Anil, 2004).

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REFERENCES:

 cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ :

zÉÉsÉÌmÉërÉMüɵÉMühÉÉï cÉÇSlÉxrÉlSlÉ ZÉÌSUMüSU xÉmiÉmÉhÉÉïeÉÑïlÉÉxÉlÉÉËUqÉåSÌiÉlSÒMü

ÌMüÍhÉWûÏzÉqÉÏzÉÑÌ£üÍzÉÇzÉmÉÉÍzÉUÏwÉuÉlÉgeÉÑsÉ kÉluÉlÉ qÉkÉÔMæüÈ xÉÉUÉxÉuÉÉ ÌuÉÇzÉÌiÉpÉïuÉÎliÉ | cÉ. xÉÔ. 25/49

ÌmÉërÉXçauÉlÉliÉÉ ............ ÍzÉUÏwÉÍzÉÇzÉmÉxÉÉåqÉuÉsMü ....... CÌiÉ MüwÉÉrÉ xMülkÉÈ | cÉ. ÌuÉ. 8/144

 xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ :

xÉÉsÉxÉÉUÉeÉMühÉÉïZÉÌSUMüSUMüÉsÉxMülkÉ¢üqÉÑMüpÉÔeÉÉïqÉåwÉzÉ×…¡ûÌiÉÌlÉzÉcÉlSlÉMÑücÉlSlÉÍzÉÇzÉmÉÉÍzÉUÏwÉÉxÉlÉkÉuÉÉeÉÑï

lÉiÉÉsÉzÉÉMülÉ£üqÉÉsÉmÉÔÌiÉMüɵÉMühÉÉïaÉÑÃÍhÉ MüÉsÉÏrÉMÇü cÉåÌiÉ ||

xÉÑ. xÉÔ. 38/ 8

qÉÑwMüMümÉsÉÉzÉkÉuÉÍcɧÉMüqÉSlÉuÉפÉMüÍzÉÇzÉmÉÉuÉeÉëuÉפÉÉÎx§ÉTüsÉÉ cÉåÌiÉ | xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 38/ 20

xÉUsÉSåuÉSÉÂÍzÉÇzÉmÉÉaÉÑÂaÉhQûÏUxÉÉUxlÉåWûÉÎxiÉ£üMüOÒûMüwÉÉrÉÉ SÒ¹uÉëhÉzÉÉåkÉlÉÉÈ M×üÍqÉMüTüMÑü¸ÉÌlÉsÉWûUÉ¶É |

xÉÑ. xÉÔ. 45/123

AjÉ xÉÑUÉ uɤrÉÉqÉÈ – ÍzÉÇzÉmÉZÉÌSUrÉÉåÈ xÉÉUqÉÉSrÉÉåimÉÉš cÉÉå¨ÉqÉÉUhÉÏoÉëɼÏMüÉåzÉuÉiÉÏxiÉixÉuÉïqÉåMüiÉÈ

MüwÉÉrÉMüsmÉålÉ ÌuÉmÉÉcrÉÉSMüqÉÉSSÏiÉ qÉhQûÉåSMüÉjÉïÇ, ÌMühuÉÌmɹqÉÍpÉwÉÑhÉÑrÉÉŠ rÉjÉÉå£üqÉç | xÉÑ. ÍcÉ. 10/8

 A¹É…¡û WØûSrÉ :

AÉxÉlÉÌiÉÌlÉzÉpÉÔeÉïµÉåiÉuÉÉWûmÉëMüÐrÉÉïÈ ZÉÌSUMüSUpÉhQûÏÍzÉÇzÉmÉÉqÉåwÉzÉ×XçarÉÈ |

̧ÉÌWûqÉiÉsÉmÉsÉÉzÉÉ eÉÉå…¡ûMüÈ zÉÉMüzÉÉsÉÉæ ¢üqÉÑMükÉuÉMüÍsÉ…¡ûcNûÉaÉMühÉÉïµÉMühÉÉïÈ ||

AxÉlÉÉÌSÌuÉïeÉrÉiÉå ͵ɧÉMÑü¹MüTüM×üqÉÏlÉç |

mÉÉhQÒûUÉåaÉÇ mÉëqÉåWÇû cÉ qÉåSÉåSÉåwÉÌlÉoÉWïûhÉÈ || - A. WØû. xÉÔ. 15/ 19, 20,

qÉÑwMüMüxlÉÑauÉUɲÏÌmÉmÉsÉÉzÉkÉuÉÍzÉÇzÉmÉÉÈ |

aÉÑsqÉqÉåWûÉzqÉUÏmÉÉhQÒûqÉåSÉåzÉïÈMüTüzÉÑ¢üÎeÉiÉç || - A. WØû. xÉÔ. 15/ 32, 20 ,

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 kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

पयाय : िशंशपा तु महा यामा कृ णसारा मृ ताऽगु ः ।

कुिशंशपा अ या क पला भ मगभा वसादनी ॥

गुण-कम : िशंशपा युगलं व या ह का शोफौ वसजयेत ् ।

प दाह शमनं ब यं िचकरं परम ् ॥

 qÉSlÉmÉÉsÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

पयाय : िशंशपा क पला कृ णा सारम डलप का ।

अ या कुिशंशपा भ म पंगला यात ् वसादनी ॥

गुण-कम : िशंशपा उ णा हरे मेहान ् कु विम मीन ् ।

ब त णदाह गभ गूढ िनपाितनी ॥

 MæürÉSåuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

िशंशपा प छला कृ णसारा म डलप का ।

महा यामा अंगारसारा क पला गु सा रका ॥

अ या कुिशंशपा भ म पंगला वरसादनी ।

ु ित ा कषाया गभापातनी ।
िशंशपा कटका

उ णवीया हरे न ् मेदः ( पाठभेदः मेह ) कफविम णान ् ।

शोष ( पाठभेदः शोफ ) कु कृ िम ब त क् पीनसान प ॥

 pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉvÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

िशंशपा प छला यामा कृ णसारा च सा गु ।

क पला सैव मुिनिभभ मगभितक ितता ॥

ु ित ा कषाया शोषहा रणी ।

िशंशपा कटका

उ णवीया हरे मेदः कु विमकृ मीन ् ।

ब त णदाहा बलासान ् गभपाितनी ॥

 UÉeÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

याम िशंशपा : िशंशपा तु महा यामा कृ णसारा च धूि का ।

ती णसारा च धीरा च क पला कृ णिशंशपा ॥

यामा द िशंशपा ित ा कटु उ णा कफवातनुत ् ।

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न अजीणहरा द या शोफ अितसार हा रणी ॥

ेत िशंशपा : िशंशपाऽ या ेतप ा िसता ा द िशंशपा ।

ेता द िशंशपा ित ा िशिशरा प दाहनुत ् ॥

क पल िशंशपा : क पला िशंशपा ित ा शीतवी या मापहा ।

वात प वर नी च छ द ह का वनािशनी ॥

तय : िशंशपा तयं व य हमं शोफं वसप जत ् ।

प दाह शमनं ब यं िचकरं परम ् ॥

 vÉÉÍsÉaÉëÉqÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû :

िशंशपा : िशंशपा कृ णसारा च युगप का ।

प छला धूि का वीरा क पला अगु िश शपा ॥

ेता : िशंशपा अ या ेतप ा िसता ा द िशंशपा ।

क पला : क पला िशंशपा च अ या पीता क पल िशंशपा ॥

सा रणी क पला ी च भ मगभा कुिशंशपा ॥

अ य च : िशंशपा द ु शोफ नी कु अजीण वरापहा ।

 ÌmÉërÉÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû :

िशंशपा ढदा ः यात ् कृ णसारा च नामतः ।

ायशो गृ हिनमाणो व या दा यु यते ।

िशंशपा ित ा तुवरा ो ण दे हदा यकृ त ् ॥

मेदो नी ह त कु ा दोषान ् णकृ मीन ् ।

दे ह य थभावं मेदोजातं िनवाय वीयण ॥

दा ण इव संदा य जनयित सा िशंशपा जय त ।

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MODERN DRUG REVIEW

CLASSIFICATION

Table- 13. Showing classification of Shimshapa.

According to Benthem and Hooker’s system of classification :

Kingdom Plantae Plants
Subkingdom Spermatophytae Seed plants
Super Division Angiospermae Vascular plants
Division Magnoliophyta Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons
Subclass Choripetalae Polypetalae
Series Calyciflorae Saxifraginae
Order Rosales Dicotyledous
Family Leguminoceae Pea family
Sub-family Fabaceae Papilionaceae
Genus Dalbergia Shimshapa
Species Sissoo Shimshapa

DEFINITION:

 Dalbergia:

A large genus of tropical trees having pinnate leaves & paniculate flowers &
cultivated commercially for their dramatically grained & coloured timbers.

 Sissoo:

East Indian tree whose leaves are used for fodder, yields a compact dark
brown durable timber used in ship building & making rail road ties.

VERNACULAR NAMES

The drug is universally know and accepted by its scientific name. But
still the knowledge of the names in both local and the regional languages is very
important to procure the drug from the regions of its availability.

English - Sissoo, Malabar black wood, South Indian Red wood

Black wood, Rose wood
Hindi - Shisham, Shissu, Shisham, Sissai, Shishi
Kannada - Agaru, Shishu mara, Eragundimavu
Marathi - Sissu, Shishav

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Gujarati - Sisam, Tanach

Punjabi - Tali, Shisham, Shishai, Safeda, Shin, Nelkar, Shewa, Shia,
Sharai
Bengali - Shishu, Sisu, Shishu, Shishugachh,
Malayalam - Irupal, Sisam, Iruvil, Tali, Sissui, Pivala-sesaba, Irupoola
Tamil - Gette, Itti, Nukku-kattai, Pichai, Sisu, Yette, Sisu itti,
Tesimaram, Irupoolai
Telugu - Errasissu, Ettasissu Simshupa, Sissu, Karra,
Sissukarrai, Irugudu, Virugudu, Sissoo
Urdu - Shisham
Assam - Sissu
Arabic - Sasam, Sasim
Persian - Sisam
French - Ebenier Juane
German - Ostindisches Rosenholz
Spanish - Sisu

MORPHOLOGY
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae )
This is the second biggest family among the dicotyledons (being second only
to Compositae), and has varying characteristics. About 12,000 species are found all
over the world, among them 951 species are found in India.
Distribution : Extensively cultivated almost all over India. Often seen in the Sub -
Himalayan tract of India.
Habit : These are herbs, shrubs, trees, twiners or climbers.
Leaves : These are alternate, pinnately compound, and rarely simple, with a
swollen leaf-base known as the pulvinus.
Flowers : These are bisexual and complete, regular or zygomorphic or irregular,
and hypogynous or slightly perigynous.
Stamens : Often 10 or more stamens, either free or united.
Filaments : Single filament, free.
Anthers : Single anther, oblong.
Ovary : Single - celled.

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Ovules : One to many ovules.

Style : Short, ascending.
Fruit : Mostly a legume or pod.
Seeds : Very small, many, reniform.

Genus: Dalbergia Linn., Roxb. :

300 species are distributed in the tropical and subtropical parts of the
world and South Africa. 25 species have been reported from India. Which include two
of the most valuable of Indian timber trees, i.e. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and Dalbergia
latifolia Roxb.
Distribution : Extensively cultivated almost all over India.
Habit : Trees or shrubs often climbing.
Leaves : Alternate, imparipinnate or rarely 1- foliolate, Leaflets exstipellate,
subcoriaceous.
Flowers : Small, set in branching clusters, and white or purplish in colour, copious, in
terminal or lateral panicles.
Stamens : 8-10, all connate into a tube split down the upper side, or the tube split
into 2 equal bundles; anthers minute; basifixed, with the cells back to
back, dehiscing usually by an apical (rarely a longitudinal) slit.
Filaments : Ten , subequal.
Anthers : Roundish, uniform, dorsifixed.
Ovary : Stalked; ovules few; style incurved, short; stigma small, terminal.
Style : Filiform, very short.
Stigma : Globose, ascending.
Capsule : Oblong or strap – shaped, membranaceous, reticulately veined, oblong
linear, usually thin and flat, indehiscent, not thickened or winged at the
sutures.
Seeds : 1-4, reniform, flat compressed.

Species: Dalbergia Sissoo Linn., Roxb. :

Habit : A fairly large, deciduous, handsome tree; reaching 18 m. high; young parts
pubescent or tomentose; branches numerous, downy, grey and spreading.
Bark : Grey or light brown, somewhat reticulately longitudinally furrowed,
exfoliating in narrow strips; young parts grey downy, inside light brown.

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Heart wood : The heart wood is brown, mottled with darker longitudinal veins, hard
and close grained, annual rings not distinctly marked; medullary rays
very fine; pores uniformly distributed, joined by wavy white concentric
bands; wt 45-55 lbs. per c.ft.
Leaves: Alternate, bifarious, imparipinnate; leaf-rachis 2-4 cm long, zigzag,
pubiscent when young, Pale green
Leaflets : 3-5, firm, 3.8-6.3 by 3-5.4 cm. distant, alternate, broad ovate or rhomboid,
tough, slightly waved on the margin. Sub-orbicular, conspicuously and abruptly
acuminate, puberulous when young, soon glabrescent and shining when old.
Flowers : 0.2-0.3 inch long, yellowish white, scented, each shaped after the plan of a
pea flower, sessile or nearly so, in axillary panicles shorter than the leaves.
Petioles : Terete, very downy when young; 3-6 mm. long.
Stipules : Lanceolate, caduceus.
Calyx : Downy, about half the length of the flower. Standard with a long claw;
4-5 mm. long, hairy; teeth short, ciliate the 2 upper connate except at the tip.
Corolla : Pale yellow, 6-8 mm. long; standard 4 mm. broad, with a long claw, the
limb obovate-orbicular.
Stamens : 9 in one bundle. The sheath of the filaments slit only at the top.
Filaments : Nine, united into one body with a fissure down the back.
Anthers : Single, attached to the edge of the petal – like filament.
Ovary : Pubescent; ovules 2-4.
Style : Spatulate, Short, growing to the tube of the corolla.
Stigma : Linear, large, glandular.
Pods : 3.8-10 by 0.6-1.3 cm. narrowed at the base into a long stalk which is twice as
long as the calyx, thin, strap-shaped, linear, lanceolate, glabrous, pale brown
when ripe, slightly reticulate.
Seeds: 1-4 in number, 0.25 cm long, kidney shaped, flat.

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PHARMACOGNOSY

Table-14 Showing characters of Dalbergia Sissoo Linn., Roxb Bark

Characters Dalbergia Sissoo Linn., Roxb Bark

Macroscopic
Colour Grey or light brown, young parts grey downy, inside
lightbrown, soon turning to dark-brown
Thickness 0.1cm , 3 – 5 cm long
Nature Reticulately longitudinally furrowed, exfoliating in narrow
irregular woody strips & scales; fibrous
Odour Strong sweet smell

Microscopic
Bark 6 – 25 or more rows of rectangular, thin walled, radially
arranged cork cells, a few outer layers exfoliating,
secondary cortex wide consisting of round or oval, thin
walled, parenchymatous cells, a number of groups of
sclerenchymatous cells, found scattered throughout
secondary cortex, a few cortical cells contain prismatic
crystals of calcium oxalate, secondary phloem very wide
consisting of usual elements of thin walled cells &
tangential strips of phloem fibres, collapsed, thin walled,
parenchymatous cells present in tangential strips
throughout the secondary phloem, most of the phloem fibres
& parenchyma cells contain prismatic crystals of calcium
oxalate, phloem rays short , uni to triseriate , consisting of
radically elongated thin walled parenchymatous cells.
Powder Light brown, shows thin walled parenchymatous cells ,
phloem fibres, fragments of cork cells & prismatic cells of
calcium oxalate.

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CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
1. Stem bark: Stem bark of Dalbergi. sissoo Roxb. contains Flavanoids. (The API,
Part I, Vol. III), 5,7,4 -trihydroxy-8 methoxyisoflavone (isotectorigenin),
dalbergenone, dalbergin, Medalbergin, 4-ph-chromene-dalbergichromene (Data base
on Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2).
2. Pods: 7-O methyltetorigenin, isoflavone glucoside- caviunin-7-O-gentiobioside,
isocaviunin-7-gentiobioside, isocaviunin, tectorigenin, dalbergin, biochanin A, 7-
hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin, isocaviudin along with tectorigenin-7-o-glucoside,
caviunin-7-O-glucoside, 2% tannin (Data base on Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2).
3. Heart wood: It contains Fixed Oil, Essential Oil, Tannins and Flavonoids. (The
API, Part I, Vol. III) allylphenol of latifolin type dalbergiphenol along with
dalbergenone, dalbergin and methyl dalbergin, hydroxyl – and OMe – dalbergenones,
dalbergichromen, nordalbergin and isodalbergin, 3,5-di-OH-trans stilbene and
biochanin A. (Data base on Medicinal Plants, Vol.2
4. Essential oil form wood :The wood is said to yield a medicinal oil which is Anti-
rheumatic.The heart wood yields 5.35% of a light brown, highly viscous fixed oil,
which on cooling becomes almost solid like Vaseline.
The component of fatty acids of the oil is:
Myristic5.56; Palmitic 21.79;Stearic 24.33; Arachidic 19.37; Linoleic 10.81 and Oleic
9.40% (Kathpalia & Dutt, Indian Soap J.,1952, 17, 235). (Wealth of India Vol. III)
Essential oil contains:
bisaboline and nerolidol; biochanin A and its 7 – glucoside; 5-4’ dihydroxy – 6,7 –
dimethoxy isoflavone (7-O-methyl tectoriginin); 5 – hydroxy – 4 methyl coumarin
(Data base on Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2).
5. Leaves: The young trees are liable to be browsed by cattle, goats, and camels
(stewart); but the arrangements for forest conservation prevent this as much as
practicable (George Watt, 1972). Sissoo leaves are use as fodder. They contain (dry
basis) : Crude protein 12.6 – 24.1; Ether extr. 2.0 – 4.9; Crude fibre 12.5 – 26.1; N-
free extr. 42.1 – 54.8; Ash 6.6 – 12.0; Ca 0.84 – 2.87 and P 0.12 – 0.42 Analysis of
silage prepared from the leaves gave the following values (drybasis); Crude protein
14.0; Ether extract. 3.6; Crude fibre 30.0 and N-free extract. 34.1%; Crude digestible
protein 7.3%; Starch equivalent 20 ( Jt Publ. imp. agric. Bur.No. 10, 1947, 111, 115,
200, 222; sen, Misc. Bull. I.C.A.R.No.25,1946,14 )( Wealth of India Vol. III)

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PHARMACOLOGY
 Anti – inflammatory activity of root of Dalbergia Sissoo :
The phytochemical analysis of hexane, chloroform and methanol extract
revels presence of different phytochemical constituent’s. The methanolic extract
showed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides
and steroids. The methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb was investigated for
anti-inflammatory activity in experimental animal models. Treatment with 70%
methanolic extracts of Dalbergia sissoo demonstrate a diminished inflammation in rat
hind paw when challenged with carrageenan induced paw edema. The methanolic
extract of Dalbergia sissoo root at 1000 mg/kg showed the most potent anti-
inflammatory activity compared to the other groups (100 and 500 mg/kg) throughout
the observation period. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb was devoid of ulcerogenic effect on the
gastric mucosa of rats in acute and chronic tests. It was concluded that the Dalbergia
sissoo root extract possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity without any side
effect on gastric mucosa.
 Antidiarrhoeal activity:
The decoction of dried leaves of D. sisso possesses antidiarrhoeal activity. The
ethanolic extract of the bark of D. lanceolaria have shown activity against castor oil
and magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoea in albino mice.
 Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity :
Alcoholic extract of D. sisso leaves have shown peripheral analgesic activity
and central analgesic activity in various models viz; acetic acid induced writhings, hot
plate method, tail-clip test in mice and Randoll-selitto assay. Similar activity has also
been reported in ethanolic extract of D. lanceolata bark. The alcoholic extract of D.
sisso leaves extract also showed antipyretic activity in Brewers yeast induced pyrexia
in rats . The ethanolic extract of D. sisso leaves significantly inhibited carragenin,
kaolin, and nystatin induced paw edema as well as the weight of granuloma induced
by the cotton pellet. It also inhibited dye leakage in acetic acid -induced vascular
permeability test in mice . Biochanin- A (5,7dihyddroxy -4-methoxy isoflavone)
isolated from flowers of D. sissoids have shown to possess anti -inflammatory
activity.

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 Antiartritic activity :

The petroleum ether, alcohol and aqueous extracts of D. lanceolaria had

been found effective against arthritis when tested against formaldehyde-induced
arthritis in young growing albino rats. The effects of extracts were comparable with
cortisone, a standard anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic drug.

 Antimicrobial activity :

Citric acid extract of bark of D. melanoxylon have shown significant

antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria
(Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus). The plant has
potential antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger

 Antiulcerogenic activity:

The lyophilized aqueous extract (LAE) of D. monetaria have shown a dose

dependant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by indomethacin, ethanol, pylorus
ligature and hypothermic- restraint stress on oral administration

 Antigiarrdial activity:

The extracts and formononetin an isoflavone from the bark of D. frutescans

have shown significant activity against Giardia intestinalis with an IC 50 value of
30ng/ml (approx. 0.1 μm) as compared to the value for metronidazole, the current
drug of choice of 100 ng/ml (approx. 0.6 μm).

 Antiplasmodic activity :

The flavanoids isolated from air dried powdered heartwood of D. louvelli

showed antiplasmodial activity with IC 50 values ranging from 5.8 to 8.7 um.

 Antifertility activity :

Triterpenoid glycosides, DSS, isolated from the root of D.saxatilis have

shown antifertility activity in female wistar rats at the dose rate of 200mg/kg body
weigtt at the premating period, inhibiting the conception in 71.4% of the treated
animals. Fertility index was 107.82 compared to 373.5 for control rats.

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CULTIVATION
Natural Habitat :
Dalbergia sissoo is adapted to a seasonal monsoon climate and a dry season
of up to 6 months.

Geographic distribution:
Native : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Pakistan
Exotic : Cameroon,Cyprus,Ethiopia,Ghana,Indonesia,Iraq,Israel,Kenya,Mauritius,
Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, United States of America, Zimbabwe

Biophysical limits :
Altitude: 0-1500 m
Mean annual temperature: -4 to 45 deg. C
Mean annual rainfall: 500-4500 mm
Height: over 40 ft. (12 m)
Spacing: 30-40 ft. (9-12 m)
Soil type: D. sissoo grows well in a wide range of soil types, from pure sand and
gravel to rich alluvial soil of riverbanks.
Soil pH requirements:
5.6 to 6.0 (acidic)
6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic)
6.6 to 7.5 (neutral)
Reproductive Biology :
At 9 months, D. sissoo starts producing flowers profusely. The small
bisexual flowers are borne on small branches from the leaf axis.
Climate:
Ranging from sea level to >1500 m, it can stand temperatures from below
freezing to nearly 50°C.

CULTIVATION :
Directly sown seed attain 15-25 cm after the first rains, 90-120 cm after the
second rains in India. For seedling transplantation, only tender plants with small
taproots should be used. Root suckers transplant satisfactorily in dry climates.
Planting should be in spring (March in India). Raising of monocultural sissoo is

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discouraged. Stump planting is widely employed in irrigated plantations in India.

Trenches are dug ca 1.5 m apart, earth thrown a little away from the trenches and the
berms used for sowing seed or pod segments. Sowing is done on both sides of the
trenches, between middle March and middle June, earlier sowing being preferred.
Plants are big enough by the beginning of the next season to yield stumps. Plants are
pulled out and stems and roots chopped off leaving 3-5 cm of the former and 22-35 m
of the latter; ther lateral roots are also removed. Stumps thicker than 2.5 cm and
thinner than 2 cm diam. at the collar are rejected. The yield of stumps is 160,000 per
ha. For transport over long distances, stumps are made into bundles, wrapped in
leaves or grass, sprinkled with water, and carried in gunny bags. Stumps are planted
in spring, not earlier than the third week of March, perhaps April. In no case should it
be put off to August. Where subsoil water is low or rainfall poor and uncertain,
irrigation is essential. Stumps are planted along trenches or on berms of pits and the
field is irrigated. Shallow and frequent irrigation or constant flooding is harmful and
induces superficial root formation. Depending upon the weather and the condition of
plants, 10-15 irrigations are adequate in the first season and 4-6 in the second. Under
proper irrigation, sissoo roots tap the subsoil water within 2 years. Irrigation in later
years is required only for supplementing subsoil water supplies.

CULTIVATION METHODS :
Indian Rosewood is mostly propagated through the root suckers and seeds. It
requires fertile well drained soil. Seeds are soaked in water for 48 hours before
sowing. Seeds are germinated in three weeks. Young Rosewood needs full sunlight. It
requires dry to wet soil. Young plants are well watered until established. Flowers
occur from October to February.

PROPAGATION METHODS:
While seeds may be sown without pretreatment, it is recommended that they
be soaked in water at room temperature for 24-48 hr, inoculated with Rhizobium after
soaking and sown immediately. D. sissoo rarely regenerates under the parent canopy.
Natural regeneration is nonetheless abundant along streams and riverbanks where the
pods have been carried by floods. Ripe pods may be collected manually by climbing
trees and picking the fruits or by shaking the branches and picking the fruits from the
ground. Propagation by root suckers is done best by cutting stems just below the soil

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surface. While it is difficult to propagate using stem and branch cuttings without
hormone treatments, exogenous application of auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA) have
been found to improve survival and growth rates.

FUNCTION USES :

Fodder: Young branches and foliage form an excellent fodder with a dry matter
content of 32.46%, crude protein 2.7-24.1%. The foliage has normally been used as
emergency feed when other fodder sources fail. .
Fuel: The species is fast growing, hence suitable for firewood. Sapwood and
heartwood have calorific values of 4.9 and 5.2 kcal/g respectively.
Fibre: Sulphate pulp from wood is used in producing writing and printing paper.
Timber: Dalbergia sissoo is one of the most useful timber species of India. The
heartwood is very hard and close grained with a specific gravity of 0.62-0.82.
Tannin or dyestuff: Dalbergia sissoo pods contain 2% tannin.
Lipids: Heartwood yields light brown, viscous, non-drying fixed oil (5.35%),
suitable as a lubricant for heavy machinery.
Poison: Dalbergia sissoo is reported to have pesticidal properties. Aqueous extracts
from the leaves, stems and roots inhibit the reproduction, growth and development of
the insect pest Utethesia pulchella.
Medicine: Oil obtained from the seeds is used to cure skin diseases. The powdered
wood, applied externally, is reportedly used to treat leprosy and skin diseases.

ADULTERANTS / SUBSTITUTES
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. is an another species known and used by the same
name Shimshapa. (Data base on Medicinal Plants, vol. 2)

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PHOTOS

Photo No 1 . Dalbergia Sissoo tree.

Photo No 2 . Bark of Dalbergia Sissoo

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DISEASE REVIEW

Hyperlipidaemia is the condition of abnormally elevated levels of any or all

lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood. It is the most common form of dyslipidemia

Hyper + lapidarian

Hyper + lipos + Haima

Hyper  Increased

Lipos  Fat or lipids

Haima  Blood

An increase in the lipid concentration in the blood is termed as Hyperlipidaemia.

Hyperlipidaemias are divided in primary and secondary subtypes. Primary

hyperlipidaemia is usually due to genetic causes (such as a mutation in a receptor
protein), while secondary hyperlipidaemia arises due to other underlying causes such
as diabetes. Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general
population, and are regarded as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease due
to their influence on atherosclerosis. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute
pancreatitis.

Fast foods, lack of exercise, stress, various addictions etc. are some of the
factors which contribute greatly to such diseases. These factors generally act by
impairing the metabolism of an individual making him prone to series of disorders.
Hyperlipidaemia is one such disorder which is identified as a potential risk factor for
multitudes of diseases like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and even
hypertension.

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REVIEW ON LIPIDS

Definition:

1. The lipids are heterogeneous group of compounds, including fats, oils, steroids,
waxes and related compounds that are related more by their physical than their
chemical properties..

Common properties of lipids:

1. Relatively insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar solvents e.g. ether,
chloroform etc.
2. They are important dietary constituents not only because of high energy value, but
also because of fat soluble (A, D and K) vitamins and the essential fatty acids
contained in the fat of natural food.
3. Fats stored in Adipose tissue, where it also serves as a thermal insulator in the
subcutaneous tissues and around certain organs
4. Combination of lipids and proteins are important cellular constituents, occurring
both in the cell membrane and in the mitochondria and serving also as the means
of transporting lipids in the blood.

Knowledge of lipid biochemistry is necessary in understanding many

important biomedical areas e.g. Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Atherosclerosis etc.

Classification of lipids:

Lipids are classified into three categories as

1. Simple lipids
2. Complex or Compound lipids
3. Precursor and Derived lipids

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LIPIDS

1. Simple lipids 2. Complex lipids 3. Derived and Precursors

a. Fats(Triglycerides) a. Phospholipids a. Fatty acids
b. Waxes i. Lecithin b. Steroids
ii. Cephalin
iii. Plasminogen
iv. Sphingomylins
b. Glycolipids
c. Cerebrosides
d. Others

TRIGLYCERIDES:

It is an ester of glycerol (a trihydric alcohol) with fatty acids. Triglyceride is

the older name. Most of the modern day authors of biochemistry books prefer the
term Triacylglycerol. They are derived either from dietary sources (exogenous) or
synthesized within the human body (endogenous). Liver and adipose tissue are the
major sites of triglyceride synthesis. The triglycerides constitute 95 % of the adipose
tissue, where they are mainly used for the storage of energy whereas in the liver
triglycerides are mainly secreted as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). These
triglycerides are broken down to free fatty acids and utilized as an energy source

PHOSPHOLIPIDS:

Phospholipids constitute element constant lipids in the body. The

phospholipids are chiefly present in the cell membrane and the amount of
phospholipid in the body does not change in starvation as well as in well fed state.

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Functions of phospholipids:
 Lecithin is one of the constituent of cell membrane
 Sphingomyeline is one of the constituent of myelin sheath of nerve cell.
 One of the phospholipid is a hemostatic agent
 Each molecule of phospholipid can combine with fatty acid and thus carry fatty
acids.
 Phospholipids prevent fatty liver.

CHOLESTEROL

The name of cholesterol is derived from the Greek word meaning “Solid bile’,
cholesterol is the most important sterol in human body. Its molecular formula is
C27H45OH. It is a white waxy solid found associated with fats but chemically different
from fats. It is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol. It is not saponifiable
and its melting point is 1470C to 1500C.
Cholesterol is an important component of biomembranes, cholesterol is
present in plasma either as free form or esterified. Bile has high concentration of
cholesterol and so bile serves as the major excretory route for cholesterol. majority of
cholesterol present our body is converted in to bile acids which enters the bile acid
pool eventually removed by GI tract.
Some of it is taken up by endocrinal glands (gonads, adrenal cortex) converted
into steroid hormones and eventually eliminated via urine as steroid glyceronides

Occurrence:

It is widely present in the body tissues; cholesterol is found largest amounts in

normal human adults.
Brain & Nervous Tissue -2%, in the Liver -0.3%, Skin-0.1%, intestinal mucosa 0.2%,
Viz-adrenal cortex contains-10% or more. Corpus leutium is also rich in cholesterol.
Cholesterol is present in blood and bile usually a major constituent of Gall Stones.
Site: Most cells synthesize cholesterol; Most important organ for synthesis is liver,
Other important organs/tissues are, gonads (testis/ovary), adrenal cortex and
intestine. In these cells, synthesis occurs in SER-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and
Cytosol.

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Cholesterol Functions:
 Cholesterol is essential component of cell membrane.
 It controls cells permeability and thus equilibrium of ions and substrates.
 It helps in the formation of bile salts and cholic acid.
 It helps in the synthesis of steroid hormones of sex glands in adrenal cortex and
synthesis of vitamins.
 Large part of fat is transported as cholesterol esters.
 Cholesterol helps in the synthesis of myelene sheath of nerves and acts as
insulator for nerve impulses.

LIPOPROTEINS:

Lipoproteins are large mostly spherical complexes of lipids and proteins that
transport lipids (primarily triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and fat soluble vitamins)
through the body fluids (plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph). Their functions are:
1. In the absorption of dietary cholesterol, long chain fatty acids and fat soluble
vitamins.
2. The transport of triglycerides, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins from the liver
to the peripheral tissues. and
3. The transport of cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver.
Depending upon density (by ultra centrifugation) or on the electrophoretic
mobility, the lipoproteins in plasma are classified into 5 major categories:
1. Chylomicrons.
2. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or pre-beta lipoproteins.
3. Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) or broad-beta lipoproteins.
4. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) or beta lipoproteins.
5. High density lipoproteins (HDL) or alpha lipoproteins.

The chylomicrons are the lipoprotein particles lowest in density and largest in
size contain the most lipid and smallest percentage of protein. VLDLs & LDLs are
successive more dense, having a higher content of protein and lower content of lipid.
HDL particles are the densest of the plasma lipoproteins.

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VLDL: Very Low Density Lipoproteins

Origin - Liver and intestine.

Size - Large.
Density - 0.96-1.006.
Protein - 12%.
Major lipid -Trigycerids (50%)
Function -Transports exogenous trigycerids (TG)

LDL: Low Density Lipoproteins

Origin-In blood by degradation of VLDL

Size - Smaller
Density - 1.006-1.063
Protein - 25%.
Major lipid - Cholesterol (45%)
Function-Metabolic end product of VLDL; transports cholesterol to
peripheral tissues.

HDL: High Density Lipoproteins

Origin -Liver (intestine?)

Size - Smallest.
Density- 1.063
Protein - 50%.
Major lipid-Cholesterol / phospholipids (18 / 30%)
Function-Scavanging action, transports cholesterol from peripheral tissue to liver for
degradation

CAUESES OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA:

 Inherited disorders:

1] Familial dyslipidaemias.

2] Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH).

3] Familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH).

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 Secondary causes:

1] Medical conditions, e.g. hypothyroidism, obstructive jaundice, Cushing's

syndrome, anorexia nervosa, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and renal failure

2] Drugs, e.g. thiazide diuretics, glucocorticoids, ciclosporin, antiretroviral therapy,

betablockers, combined oral contraceptive pill, atypical antipsychotics, and retinoic
acid derivatives.

3] Pregnancy.
4] Obesity.
5] Alcohol abuse.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Although hypercholesterolemia itself is asymptomatic, longstanding elevation

of serum cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis. Over a period of decades, chronically
elevated serum cholesterol contributes to formation of atheromatous plaques in the
arteries. This leads to progressive stenosis (narrowing) or even complete occlusion
(blockage) of the involved arteries. Blood supply to the tissues and organs served by
these stenotic or occluded arteries gradually diminishes until organ function becomes
impaired. It is at this point that tissue ischemia (restriction in blood supply) may
manifest as specific symptoms. For example,

1] Temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a transient ischemic

attack) may manifest as temporary loss of vision, dizziness and impairment of
balance, aphasia (difficulty speaking), paresis (weakness) and paresthesia (numbness
or tingling), usually on one side of the body.

2] Insufficient blood supply to the heart may manifest as chest pain, and ischemia of
the eye may manifest as transient visual loss in one eye.

3] Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as calf pain when walking, while
in the intestines it may present as abdominal pain after eating a meal

Some types of hypercholesterolemia lead to specific physical findings. For

example, 1) familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia) may be
associated with xanthelasma palpebrarum (yellowish patches underneath the skin
40
 DISEASE REVIEW

around the eyelids), arcus senilis (white or gray discoloration of the peripheral
cornea), and xanthomata (deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material) of the
tendons, especially of the fingers. 2) Type III hyperlipidemia may be associated
with xanthomata of the palms, knees and elbows.

DIAGNOSIS:

The patient's medical and lifestyle history must be taken into account when
assessing the lipid profile. Ideally, the patient should be in a steady state (no
significant weight change or acute illness). Medications should be noted, since some
drugs may interfere with lipid metabolism. Improvement of the conditions listed
above that lead to hyperlipidemia may also improve the lipid profile.

LABORATORY TESTING:

Patients must fast for at least 12 hours before blood sampling, because
chylomicron clearance can take up to 10 hours. However, a fasted sample is not
required for simple cholesterol screening.

Laboratory testing of the lipid profile measures total plasma cholesterol, HDL,
and triglycerides directly. VLDL cholesterol levels are calculated by dividing the
triglyceride value by 5. LDL cholesterol is calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol
and VLDL cholesterol from total cholesterol. When triglycerides are above 400
mg/dL, LDL calculation is inaccurate, and specialized laboratory tests measuring
direct LDL are indicated.

Table-15 Showing classification of lipid concentrations

Low risk Border line High risk

risk
Cholesterol <200mg/dl 200-239mg/dl >240mg/dl
Triglycerides <165-200mg/dl 200-400mg/dl 400-700mg/dl
LDL <130mg/dl 130-159mg/dl ≥160mg/dl
HDL ≥60mg/dl <35mg/dl

41
 DISEASE REVIEW

TREATMENT:

The mainstay of treatment for hyperlipidemia is dietary and lifestyle

modification, followed by drug therapy.

Life style: Regular exercise can improve lipid concentrations. Low to moderate
amounts of physical activity such as walking lower triglyceride concentrations by an
average of 10 mg/dL, while raising HDL by 5 mg/dL/ (these numbers are means
drawn from large groups). More strenuous activity may have greater effects.

Dietary: Hyperlipidemia should not be considered refractory to dietary treatment if

the therapeutic regimen included animal products or more than minimal amounts of
vegetable oils. Such diets do not lower LDL cholesterol concentrations as effectively
as high-fiber, low-fat diets that exclude animal products (see Nutritional
Considerations).

Medication: Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia typically require medication

starting in early childhood.

Table- 16. Showing summary of major drugs used for the treatment of
Hyperlipidaemia.

Drugs Major indication

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: Elevated LDL
Lovastatin, Pravastatin, Simvastatin,
Fluvastatin and Atorvastatin.
Nicotinic acid: Immediate Elevated LDL and TG
release,Sustained release,Extended
release.
Fibric acid derivatives: Elevated TG
Gemfibrizol,Fenofibrate
Fish oil: Severaly Elevated TG
Cholesterol absorption Elevated LDL
inhibitors:Ezetimibe

42
 DISEASE REVIEW

Hyperlipidaemia in Ayurveda.

Hyperlipidaemia may be taken as Medovruddi. Medovruddi is a condition in

which exessive medas is present and Ap tatwa is most important component of
composition of all the dhatus may be in the first formation or as chief constituent of
the dhatus. This Ap tatwa helps to keep the dhatus in union. For this union Snigdhata
which is there in Ap is most important. Wherver the snigdhata is less then it will be a
condition of Dhatu kshaya and whereever it is abnormally increased it appears as
either Ama, or increased Medo dhatu and severe conditions it is Sthaulya where in
nutrient to other dhatus than medas is totally diminished.

qÉÉÇxÉmÉëpÉuÉÉkÉÉiÉÑÌuÉzÉåwÉ: | iÉiÉç mÉrÉïrÉ: | uÉmÉÉ uÉxÉÉ | - Shabdakalpadruma

Meda is also defined as the one which performs the function of Snehana. It has
a specific type of Dhatu having originated from the Mamsa Dhatu And is having
atisnigdha, guru, stula, picchala, mridu, Sandra gunas.

The total medas content of the body is enumerated as 2 anjali. and medo
dhatu karmas are snehan, sweda, asthi pushti etc. The mool of Medovaha srotas are
vrikka and vapavahan by charaka, vrikka and kati are according to sushruta.

43
 DISEASE REVIEW

NIDANA

The causatuve factors of Medo Vruddi are summerised in the table below.
Nidana Parivarjana or discontinuation of the etiological factors serves as the first line
of treatment in any disease.following is the nidanas of medovruddi.

Table-17 Showing nidana of Medovruddi

SI.No Aharatmaka Viharatmaka
1 Atimadhura Avyayama
ahara sevana
2 Amarasa Diwaswapna
sevana
3 Atisneha
padartha
sevana
4 Kapha karaka
ahara sevana

SAMPRAPTI
Excess Meda dhatu does srotoavarodha, thus it hampers the nutrition of further
dhatus and leads to Medovruddi.

ROOPA
1] Kshudra swasa
2] Trashna.
3] Moha.
4] Nidra.
5] Glani.
6] Ati kshudha.
7] Dourgandhya
8] Alpa Shakti.
9] Alpa maithuna
10] Dificulty in expiration and Excessive deposition of medodhatu.

44
 DISEASE REVIEW

SADHYASADHYATA

A Medovruddi lead to Medoroga is described as a Krichra-Sadhya Vyadhi.

Acharya Charaka has mentioned the bad prognosis of Medoroga as:

qÉåSxrÉiÉÏuÉ xÉÇuÉ×®å ............lÉÉzÉrÉlirÉÉzÉÑ eÉÏÌuÉiÉqÉç | (C. Su. 21/8)

Means, if an obese person is not duly managed, he is prone to death due to

excessive hunger, thirst and complications. Sahaja Medoroga is considered as
Asadhya.

As per the enumeration of Vagbhata Medogata diseases are curable only in

uncomplicated patients with more Bala and less chronicity. So, Vagbhata has
mentioned Medoroga as Asadhya Vyadhi due to its relapsing and challenging nature.

CHIKITSA:

The main aim of medovruddi chikitsa is to restore the Medodhatvagni

to its normal state, correct unbalanced doshas, vitiated srotas, dhatus & malas which
are the main factors involved in the samprapti of Medo vruddi. Here, we must restore
the equilibrium of vata and kapha dosha, Agni & Medodhatu by which restoring
Medodhatvagni is essential.
By looking into the above discussion, we should use the drugs having qualities
like Vata, Sleshma & Medohara. The dravyas which are having katu, teekshna,
lekhana and kashaya rasa alleviate kapha & medas which are having deepana and
pachana properties.
Medohara Drugs are:
e.g. Pippali, Chitrak, Haridra, Daruharidra, Vacha, Haimavati,Ativisha, Kusta,
Katuk rohini, Guduchi, Triphala, Vidanga, nagara, ksharalohabhasma, Madhu,
Amalaki, Bilvadi, Shilajatu, Agnimantha rasa, Rasanjana, Guggulu, kshara,
yavamalaka churna, Chavya, Jeeraka, Vyosha, Hingu, Souvarchala, Musta
Samanya Chikitsa
Nidana parivarjana, Shodhana, Guru Atarpana, Ruksha ushna Basti,
Virukshana, Chedana, Lekhana basti, Dhoomapana, Raktamokshana, Teekshna,
ruksha udvartana

45
 DISEASE REVIEW

PATHYA-APATHYA

Acharya Charaka has defined that the food articles, drugs and regimen, which
do not affect the body and mind adversely are regarded as Pathya and in the same
way, which adversely affect the body, are considered as Apathya. Practicing
appropriate Pathya-Apathya along with the treatment of disease is one of the unique
characteristics of Ayurvedic science

Regarding the Pathya Ahara of Medoroga it should be kept in mind that

whenever Ahara Kalpa is to be given, it should be Kaphahara along with Vatahara.
The list of Pathya-Apathya described by various Acharyas is given below

Table- 19. Showing Pathyapathya Ahara: (Dietary Regimen)

Ahara Varga Pathya Apathya
Purana Shali, Kodrava,Shyamaka,Yava,
Shuka Dhanya Naveen Dhanya
Priyangu, Laja, Nivara, Koradushaka, Jurna,
(Cereal grain) (Shali) Godhuma
Prashatika, Kanguni
Shami Dhanya Mudga, Rajamasha, Kulatha, Chanaka,
Masha Tila
(Pulses) Masura, Adhaki, Makusthaka
Patola, Patrashaka, Shigru, Vruntaka, Katu Kanda Shaka
Shaka Varga
tikta Rasatmaka etc. Vastuka, Trapusha, Madhura,
(Vegetables)
Vartaka, Ervaruka, Ardraka, Mulaka, Surasa. Rasatmaka,
Phala Varga Kapittha, Jambu, Amalaki, Ela, Bibhitaki,
(Fruits) Haritaki Maricha, Pippali, Erand Karkati, Madhura Phala
Ankola, Naranga Bilvaphala.
Milk
Preparations,
Honey, Takra, Ushnajala, Tila and Sarshapa
Drava Varga (Dugdha, Dadhi,
Tail, Asava, Arishta, Surasava, Jeerna Madhya
Sarpi), Ikshu
vikara
Aanupa, Audaka,
Mamsa Varga Rohita Matsya Gramya Mamsa
Sevana

46
 DISEASE REVIEW

Table- 20. Showing Pathya - Apathya Vihara (Physical Regimen):

Pathya Apathya
Shrama (Exercise) Sheeta Jala Sevana (Excessive
consumption of cold diet)
Jagarana (Awakening in night) Divaswapa (Day sleep)
Nityabhramana (Continuous walking) Avyavaya (Lack of sexual life)
Ashwa Rohana (Horse riding) Avyayama (Lack of physical exercise)
Vyavaya (Indulgence in sex) Asana Sukha (Luxurious sitting)

Table- 21. Showing Pathyapathya Manasa Bhava (Mental regimen):

Pathya Apathya
Nitya Harsha (Uninterrupted
Chinta (Anxiety)
cheerfulness)
Shoka (Grief) Achintana (Lack of anxiety)
Manaso nivrutti (Relaxation from
Krodha (Anger)
tension)

47
 MATERIALS & METHODS

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Aims and Objectives:

 Pharmacognostic and Preliminary phytochemical study of Shimshapa Churna.

 Evaluation of the Shimshapa Churna with respect to its Hypolipidaemic

(medohara) property.

Study design:

 Pharmacognostic study of Shimshapa Churna is carried out on the basis of

organoleptic characters.

 Preliminary phytochemical study of the water extract is carried out on the basis of
chemical tests conducted for Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Steroids,
Saponins, Tannins and Thin Layer Chromatography.

 Hypolipidaemic (Medohara) property of Shimshapa Churna is evaluated on

patients.

3.1. Plant material.

 The twak of the Shimshapa were collected from Botanical garden of Shri J G Co-
op Hosp. Sociaty’s Ghataprabha.

 The twak were pounded well in Kalva Yantra and sieved through number 100
sieve and used for the study.

3.2. Pharmacognostical study:

 Macroscopic characters of Shimshapa Churna, for the colour, odour, taste and
shape are studied.

3.3 Extraction of Shimshapa churna with help of Soxhlet apparatus

 15 gms of coarse powder is taken, which then is added to a round bottom flask
containing 200ml of water.
o
 And is boiled on Soxhlet constantly until it reaches 100 C, the temperature is
maintained at 100 o C till recommended 5 cycles.

 The concentrate is filtered by using clean cloth.

 This filtrate is subjected for evaporation in water bath.

48
 MATERIALS & METHODS

 The final product is dried in clean dish in hot air oven.

 Finally the product is stored in dry containers for further procedures.

Shimshapa churna:

Twak coarse powder taken - 015gms

Water taken - 200ml

After reduction - 160ml

After evaporation - 04.49gms

3.4. Preliminary phytochemical screening.

a. Determination of water soluble extractives:

Procedure:

 Weigh accurately about 5gms of powder and transfer it to clean dry conical
flask.
 Prepare 100ml of water-chloroform mixture in the ratio of 1:1 (50ml: 50ml)
and transfer into a conical flask containing 5gms of powder.
 Keep it for 24hours, with frequent gentle shaking. After this filter into the
separate container.
 Take one dish, weigh accurately and note down the reading.
 Transfer 25ml of filtrate to a previously weighed dish and again take the
reading.
 Evaporate the filtrate and complete the drying by keeping in oven at 105oC for
about fifteen mins. Then cool in desiccators and then again weigh accurately.
 Calculate the soluble extractives and percentage.

b. Determination of alcohol soluble extractives:

Procedure:

 Weigh accurately about 5gms of powder and transfer it to clean dry conical
flask.
 Take 100ml of alcohol and transfer into a conical flask containing 5gms of
powder.

49
 MATERIALS & METHODS

 Keep it for 24hours, with frequent gentle shaking. After this filter into the
separate container.
 Take one dish, weigh accurately and note down the reading.
 Transfer 25ml of filtrate to previously weighed dish and again take the
reading.
 Evaporate the filtrate and complete the drying by keeping in oven at 105oC
for about fifteen minutes. Then cool in dessicator and weighed accurately.
 Calculate the soluble extractives and percentage.

3.4.1. Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis:

Sl.No Tests Criteria

I. Test for alkaloids
Dragendorff’s Test Orange brown precipitate
Wagner’s test Reddish brown precipitate
II. Test for Carbohydrates
Molish’s test Purple to violet colour ring
Fehlings solution Test Brick red precipitate
III. Test for Phytosterls and
triterpenoids
Liebermann’s Buchard’s Test Deep red colour
Salkowski reaction Red colour
IV. Tests for Proteins & Aminoacids
Millon’s Test White precipitate turns red on
heating
Ninhydrin solution Test Voilet colour
VI. Test for Saponin glycosides

Foam test 1 cm foam layer

VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds
and Tannins
Ferric chloride solution Blue green colour

50
 MATERIALS & METHODS

3.4.2 Thin layer chromatography:

Take a beaker with watch glass, and pour the solvent into the beaker to a depth
of just less than 0.5 cm. and then using a pencil, draw a line across the pre-coated
Silica gel plate carefully at the 0.5 cm mark. The spot arising above this level is taken
into consideration. Dissolve sample to be analyzed in a few drops of a volatile solvent
such as hexanes, ethyl acetate, or methylene chloride. Spot the solution to be analyzed
(10µl per spot) by using capillary pipette on TLC plate origin and wait for dry. Repeat
the procedure 3 times. Place the prepared TLC plate in the developing beaker, cover
the beaker with the watch glass, and leave it undisturbed on your bench top. Run until
the solvent is about half a centimeter below the top of the plate. Quickly mark a line
across the plate at the solvent front with a pencil.

Visualize the spots - Allow the solvent to evaporate completely from the silica plate.
If the spots are colored, simply mark them with a pencil. Most samples are not
colored and need to be visualized with a UV lamp. Hold a UV lamp over the plate and
mark any spots which you see lightly with a pencil.

Refraction Value (Rf) - Measure and record the distance of each spot from the point
of its application and calculate the Rf. value by dividing the distance traveled by the
spots by the distance traveled by the front of the mobile phase.

3.5 Pysical contents

Ash Values

A) Total Ash

About 2g of crude powder was accurately weighed in a tared silica dish

previously ignited and weighed. Incinerated gradually by increasing the heat, not
exceeding dull red heat, until free from carbon, cooled and weighed. The percentage
of ash was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.

B) Acid-insoluble ash

The ash was boiled for 10 minutes with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, and
the insoluble matter was collected in a gooch crucible. it was washed with hot water,
ignited, and weighed. The percentage of acid-insoluble ash was calculated with
reference to the air-dried drug.

51
 MATERIALS & METHODS

C) Water-soluble ash

The total ash was boiled for 5 minutes with 25 ml of water. The
insoluble matter was collected in a gooch crucible. It was washed with hot water,
ignited, and weighed. The percentage of water-soluble ash was calculated with
reference to the air-dreid drug.

52
 MATERIALS & METHODS

CLINICAL STUDY

Materials

Selection of patients

Patients of Hyperlipidemia (Medo vruddi) were selected from O.P.D. and

I.P.D. of Shri J.G.CO. Ayurveda Medical College, hospital by considering inclusion
and exclusion Criteria.

Methods of collection of data

Diagnostic criteria

Patients suffering from hyperlipidaemia were selected for clinical study based
upon following criteria.

Inclusion criteria

1. Patients having Hyperlipidaemia.

2. Patients between the age group 20-60 years irrespective of sex.

3. Both obese and non-obese patients will be taken.

Exclusion criteria

1. Patients suffering from systemic and dreadful diseases to be excluded from

study.

2. Patients suffering from any Endocrinological disorders.

3. Patients with age below 20 year will be excluded.

Plan of study

40 patients fulfilling the criteria for inclusion were randomly selected for
study. In this study 5 gms of Shimshapa Churna along with ushna jala was
administered orally in two divided dose for 30 days.

Assessment

 Assessment will be done based on change in lipidprofile done after and before
the treatment.
 Patients will be assessed during the treatment once in 10 days for 1 month.

53
 MATERIALS & METHODS

 The results are comiled and subjected to ‘Z’ test to ascertain statistical
significance.
Assessment Criteria

The effect of the Shimshapa churna was assessed by serum lipidprofile before
and after the treatment

Lipid profile

Lipid profile or lipid panel, is the collective term given to the estimation of,
typically,

 Total cholesterol
 High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) — often called good cholesterol
 Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) —often called bad cholesterol
 Triglycerides
 Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C)
Sample collected for testing

A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm.

Sometimes a drop of blood is collected by puncturing the skin on a fingertip. This
fingerstick sample is typically used when a lipid profile is being measured on a
portable testing device, for example, at a health fair. One is needed to fast for 9-12
hours before having your blood drawn; only water is permitted.

Table-22 Showing Criteria for lipid profile

Low risk Border line High risk

risk
Cholesterol <200mg/dl 200-239mg/dl >240mg/dl
Triglycerides <165-200mg/dl 200-400mg/dl 400-700mg/dl
LDL <130mg/dl 130-159mg/dl ≥160mg/dl

HDL ≥60mg/dl <35mg/dl

54
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

The results of the pharmcognostical study conducted are as follows

4.1. Pharmacognostic study:
Table-23. Showing macroscopic characters of Shimshapa Churna:
Sl.No Characters Dalbergia sissoo
1. Biological source Twak
2. Organoleptic characters
Colour Grey or Light brown
Odour Indistinct
Taste Astringent

Table- 24. Showing macroscopic characters of powder:

Sl.No Characters Dalbergia sissoo
1. Biological source Twak
2. Organoleptic characters
Colour Light brown
Odour Indistinct
Taste Astringent

4.2 Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis:

Table- 25. Showing Results of qualitative chemical tests for Shimshapa Churna

Sl.No Tests Result

I. Test for alkaloids
Dragendorff’s Test Negative
Wagner’s test Negative
II. Test for Carbohydrates
Molish’s test Positive
III. Test for Proteins
Ninhydrin reagent Negative
IV. Tests for Aminoacids
Ninhydrin reagent Positive
V. Test for Starch
Iodine Positive
VI. Test for Saponin glycosides
Foam test Positive
VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds and Tannins
Ferric chloride solution Negative

55
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Table-26 Showing physico-chemical evaluation of Shimshapa churna

Ash Value. Shimshapa Churna
Total Ash 11%
Ash Value 2%
Water soluble 5.4%

4.3 Physico-Chemical Study:

a. Table Values of water soluble extractives:
Sl.No Observed Dalbergia sissoo
1. Wt. of empty dish 45.92 gm
2. Wt. of dish containing dried extract. 46.21 gm
3. Difference 0.29 gm
4. Percentage of water soluble extractives 10.8%
in the powder (bark) of Dalbergia
sissoo

b. Table Values of alcohol soluble extractives:

Sl.No Observed Dalbergia sissoo
1. Wt. of empty dish 47.22 gm
2. Wt. of dish containing dried extract. 47.42 gm
3. Difference 00.20 gm
4. Percentage of alcohol soluble 07%
extractives in the powder (bark) of
Dalbergia sissoo

56
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Phyto-Chemical Analysis

3. Soxhlet Extraction

4. Shimshapa Churna Extract on Water Bath

5. After Solidification

57
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

6. Alcoholic Soluble Extractive

7. Water Soluble Extractive

58
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Clinical Observation:
The observations made during the study are as follow:
Table-27 Showing the Age incidence
Age(in years) No. of patients Percentage
20-30 2 5.0%
31-40 6 15.0%
41-50 15 37.5%
51-60 17 42.5%
Total 40 100%

Graph No.1

Out of 40 pateints 17 (42.5%) patients were from the age group 51-60; 2
(5.0%) patients were from the age group of 20-30; followed by 15 (37.5%) patients
from the age group of 41-50; 6 (15.0%) patients from the age group of 31-40.

Table-28 Showing the Sex incidence

Sex No. of patients Percentage
Male 24 60.0%
Female 16 40.0%
Total 40 100%

Graph No.2

59
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Out of 40 pateints taken for the study 24(60.0%) patients were males and 16
(40.0%) patients were females.
Table-29 Showing the incidence of Habitat
Habitat No. of patients Percentage
Urban 31 77.5%
Rural 9 22.5%
Total 40 100.0%

Graph No.3

Out of 40 pateints 31 (77.5%) patients were from urban area, followed by 9

(22.5%) patients from rural area

Table-30 showing the Occupation incidence of patient

Occupation No. of patients Percentage
Home wife 15 37.5%
Business 3 7.5%
Clerk 6 15.0%
Teacher 1 2.5%
Lab technician 1 2.5%
Agriculturist 3 7.5%
LIC agent 1 2.5%
Factory worker 5 12.5%
Police 1 2.5%
Medical 1 2.5%
superintendent
Office work 2 5.0%
Engineer 1 2.5%
Total 40 100%

60
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Graph No.4

Occupation incidence shows 15 (37.5%) were Home wife, 6 (15.0%) patients

were Clerks, 5 (12.5%) patients were factory workers, 3 (7.5%) patients each
belonged to Business and Agriculturist, 2(5%) patients were office work, Rest
1(2.5%) of the patients, each belonged to teacher, Lab technian, Lic agent, Police,
Medical superintendent, engineer respectively.
Table-31 Showing the Soci-Economic Status of the patients
Socioconomic No. of patients Percentage
status
Poor 4 10.0%
Lower middle 8 20.0%
Upper middle 16 40.0%
Rich 12 30.0%
Total 40 100.0%

Graph No.5

The socio economic status of the patients revealed that, a majority of 16

(40.0%) patients belonged to upper middle class and 12 (30.0%) patients belonged to
rich class,8 (20.0%) patients belonged lower middle class and remaining 4 (10.0%)
patients belonged to poor class.

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 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Table-32 Showing the incidence of Day sleep

Day sleep No. of patients Percentage
Yes 23 57.5%
No 17 42.5%
Total 40 100.0%

Graph No.6

Out of 40 patients maximum of 23 (57.5%) patients were having the habit of day
sleep followed by 17 (42.5%) patients were not having the habit of day sleep.

Table-33 Showing incidence of Other habits

Other habits No. of patients Percentage
None 29 72.5%
Alcohol 3 7.5%
Smoke 3 7.5%
Alcohol/tobacco 3 7.5%
All 2 5.0%
Total 40 100.0%
Graph No.7

Based on the history revealed by the patients about other habits, 29(72.5%)
patients were not having any habits, 3 (7.5%) patients each were having addiction of
alcohol or smoke and alcohol with tobacco chewing habits respectively and 2 (5.0%)
patients were having all the three habits.

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 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

RESULTS

42 patients were registered in this study, where in 40 patients completed the

course. Results of 40 patients are presented here. In this study, 5 gms of Shimshapa
Churna administerd two times a day before meals for 30 days with ushna jala.

The Results obtained on various parameters are as follow:

Table- 34.Test of significance - Z test with respect to Total cholesterol.

Total chol mean Mean Std. Std. Error Z value

difference Deviation mean
BT AT
178.320 175.64 2.6752 2.5370 0.4011 6.669

Graph No. 8
Total cholesterol mean

200
180
160
140
120
100 Total cholesterol mean
80
60
40
20
0
Before After Mean difference

After the clinical study of 30 days the Z test conducted shows that its value is
more than 3 times the standard error and hence it can be said that Shimshapa Churna
on Total Cholesterol has significant effect.

Table-35 Test of significance - Z test with respect to Triglycerids

Triglycerides Mean Std. Std. Error Z value
mean difference Deviation mean
BT AT
167.562 165.758 1.8035 1.9529 0.3088 5.841

63
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Graph No. 9
Trglycerids Mean

180
160
140
120
100
Trglycerids Mean
80
60
40
20
0
Before After Mean difference

After the completion of 30 days treatment, the result shows that Z value is
more than 3 times the standard error of mean hence Shimshapa Churna is having
significant effect on Triglycerides to reduce them.

Table -36 Test of significance - Z test with respect to HDL.

HDL Mean Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Z value
difference mean
BT AT
42.36 43.59 -1.231 1.342 0.212 -5.810

Graph No. 10
HDL Mean

50
45
40
35
30
25
HDL Mean
20
15
10
5
0
-5 Before After Mean difference

The mean difference (-1.231) shows that increase in HDL value after the
completion of 30 days treatment with Shimshapa Churna. By this we conclude that,
the drug has significant effect on HDL.

64
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Table – 37 Test of significance - Z test with respect to LDL

LDL Mean Mean Std. Std. Error Z value

difference Deviation mean
BT AT
116.144 114.554 1.58950 2.03322 0.32148 4.944

Graph No. 11
LDL Mean

140

120

100

80
LDL Mean
60

40

20

0
Before After Mean difference

After the completion of 30 days treatment, the Z value is three times more
than the standard error of mean so the effect of Shimshapa Churna on LDL to lower
them is statistically significant.

Table -38 Test of significance - Z test with respect to VLDL.

VLDL Mean Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Z value
difference mean
BT AT
39.127 37.791 1.3362 1.7296 0.2735 4.886

Graph No. 12
VLDL Mean

45
40
35
30
25
VLDL Mean
20
15
10
5
0
Before After Mean difference

65
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

On VLDL also after the completion of 30 days treatment with Shimshapa

Churna the Z value is three times more than the standard error of mean hence the
effect on VLDL is significant

Table -39Test of significance - Z test with respect to Total chol / HDL ratio
Totl chol/HDL Mean difference Std. Deviation Std. Error mean Z value
ratio Mean
BT AT
4.475 4.290 0.1850 0.2455 0.0341 4.765

Graph No. 13
Total cholesterol / HDL ratio Mean

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Total cholesterol / HDL ratio
2.5
Mean
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Before After Mean difference

After the completion of 30 days treatment with Shimshapa Churna the Z value
is three times more than the standard error of mean hence the effect on Total
Cholesterol / HDL ratio is significant.

66
 DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION
Medovruddi is caused due to Nidana such as Atimadhura, Atisnigdha Ahara
and Avyayama, Divaswapna etc. Kshudra swasa, Trashna, Moha, Nidra, Glani, Ati
kshudha, Dourgandhya, Alpa shakti, Alpa maithuna, Difficulty in expiration and
Excessive deposition of medodhatu are the the symptoms of Medovruddi. This
correlates with the symptoms of Hyperlipidemia.

Now a days research have proved that Shimshapa has got anti inflammatory,
analgesic, anti pyretic, anti microbial, anti diarrhoel,anti oxidant, anti spermatogenic,
anti diabetic activities. And by observing such important medicinal value, it is being
screened for many other properties. Kaiyyadeva nigantu and priya nighantu
considered Shimshapa as Medhogna so the present study conducted to see the
Hypolipidaemic activity of Shimshapa churna.

About 66% of world population is reported to be suffering from

Hyperlipidaemia. It has been noted that arteriosclerosis, CAD is a major cause of
mortality and morbidity not only in western countries, but in India too. Death rate
from CAD is about 60 – 70 times greater in people with increased lipid levels in
blood.. The main preventive approach being the effective reduction of
Hyperlipidaemia and elimination of accumulated lipids in tissues and sterols.

Acc to recent studies in American Heart Association conducted during 2005 –

2006, for every 1% reduction in lipid level, the risk of heart diseases reduces to 2%.
So, these things have increased the role of physicians to a greater extent in
recognizing the cause and treating Hyperlipidaemia.

Discussion on Phytochemical analysis:

Preliminary phyto chemical analysis of shimshapa drug showed that (Table-

25.)the drug gives positive result for qualitative analysis for carbohydrates,
aminoacids, saponin glycosids and starch. These findings are similar with the
chemical constituents mentioned in API. So drug is genuine.

Physico- Chemical evaluation (Table-26.) carried out shows Total Ash value
11%, Acid insoluble 2 % and water soluble 5.4%..

67
 DISCUSSION

Discussion on plan of study:

Single blind clinical study has been carried out on patients selected from the
OPD and IPD of Shri J G C H S Ayurvedic Medical collage Hospital Ghataprabha.

Discussion on observations during study:

Incidence studies of the entire registered patient arre as follows

Age and sex: In the present study total there were 16 (40%) females and 24(60%)
were males. Out of 40 patients, 38 (90%) patients were above the 3rd decade of life,
which substantiate occurence of Hyperlipidaemia over the age of 30 years and 2
(10%) patients were below the age of 30 years.
Habitat: A majority of patients were from urban area (77.5%) which is again
justifying fact that Hyperlipidaemia is more prevalent in those with sedentary habits.

Occupation: In the present study 37.5% were House wife, next to that are clearks
(15%) & business (7.5%). In this modern world due to developed technologies the
physical stress of human being is decreased. As a result energy intake is more than
energy expenditure.

Socio economic stutus: The socio economic status of the patients revealed that, a
majority of 16 (40.0%) patients belonged to upper middle class and 12 (30.0%)
patients belonged to rich class.this shows that hyperlipidaemia is more cammon for
higher class.

Day sleep: Out of 40 patients, 23 had the habit of day sleep.this again points towards
effect of sedentary life on the disease.

Other habits: The patients about other habits, 29 patients were not having any habits,
3 patients each were having addiction of alcohol or smoke and alcohol with tobacco
chewing habits respectively and 2 (5.0%) patients were having all the three habits.

Effect of treatment: Study shown significant improvement in lipid profile as follow,

1) Effect of shimshapa churna on total cholesterol

After the completion of one month treatment, it was found that total
cholesterol level has been decreased. (Z= 6.669 > 3 times standard error of mean =
0.4011)

68
 DISCUSSION

Statistical analyses showed, change in all subjects from pre to post test and
shows significant effect on serum cholesterol.

2) Effect of shimshapa on Triglycerides.

After the completion of one month treatment, it was found that triglycerids
level has been decreased. (Z= 5.841 > 3 times standard error of mean = 0.3088)

Statistical analyses showed, change in all subjects from pre to post test shows
significant effect on serum triglycerids.\

3) Effect of shimshapa on HDL.

After the completion of one month treatment, it was found that HDL level has
been increased.

Statistical analyses showed, the mean difference (-1.231) indicates that, increase
in HDL value after the completion of treatment with shimshipa churna. by this
follows that, the drug has significant effect on HDL.

4) Effect of shimshapa on LDL.

After the completion of one month treatment, it was found that LDL level has
been decreased (Z= 4.944 > 3 times standard error of mean = 0.32148)

Statistical analyses showed, change in all subjects from pre to post test shows
less significant effect on LDL as compare to total cholesterol, trigycerids and HDL.

5) Effect of shimshapa on VLDL.

After the completion of one month treatment, it was found that VLDL level has
been decreased. (Z= 4.886 > 3 times standard error of mean = 0.2735)

Statistical analyses showed, change in all subjects from pre to post test shows
less significant effect on VLDL as compare to total chol, trigycerids and HDL.

6) Effect of shimshapa on Cholesterol / HDL.

After the completion of one month treatment, it was found that Choll:HDL ratio
has been decreased.(Z=4.765 > 3times standard error of mean=0.0388)

Statistical analyses showed, change in all subejects from pre to post test shows
significant effect onTotal Cholesterol:HDL ratio.

69
 DISCUSSION

Probable mode of action of Shimshapa Churna:

The drug Shimshapa has kasahaya, Katu, tikta Rasa, laghu, ruksha Guna,
Ushna Virya and Katu Vipaka and kapha and vata hara properties. According to
Charak Sutra 26th chapter 46 shloka, kashaya rasa has shoshana and lekhana karma so
it may help in shoshana and alleviation of Kapha as well as medas thus results in
reduction of vrudda medas. Tikta rasa has ability to mitigate Pitta and kapha Dosha as
in Medovruddhi the Jataragni is intense in nature so it helps in the regulation of
Pachaka pitta so it supress the hunger and arresting the deposition of Medas. Katu
Rasa as we know it is agneya pradhana rasa so it is deadly opposite to Medas
(Soumya Gunatmaka) May help in Reduction of Medas. In same contrary it is best
deepana and Pachana Rasa so it does ama pachana, Ama is the main culprit results
from medo dhatwagni Kshaya. And deepana property helps in normalizing the Medo
dhatwagni.

Sroto Rodha or Sanga is the main cause for production and deposition of
excessive Medas and malnourishment of other dhatus. Katu Rasa and Ushna Veerya
property of Shimshapa helps in Sroto Vivarana thus it may Relieves Sroto sangha and
it Helps in reducing the Vruddha Medas by normalizing other dhatu metabolism.

Ruksha guna has the property of Shoshana so it reduces the Medas absorbing
the Soumyatatwa as it is agneya bhuta pradhana guna. and Laghu Guna Has the
Property of lowering the molecular weight of any substance therefore it helps in
reduction of Bulkness of the Medas.

As we know in Medovruddhi Kapha and Vata predominantly increased and

shimshapa has the property of Vata Kapha Hara So It may reduces the Medas.

Lastly a famous quotation from Charaka sutra 1/44-45, sarvada Sarva

Bhavanam samanyam Vruddhi Karanam Hrasa hetu Visheshascha
Pravruttirubhayasya tu. With this we can conclude that Shimshapa Has opposite
qualities with respect to Medas therefore Shimshapa has ability to reduce the Medas
up to certain extent proved by clinically.

70
 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

This Clinical Study was undertaken to evaluate the “Hypolipidaemic Activity of

Shimshapa (Dalbergia sissoo roxb.) Churna”.

Drug

 Shimshapa is known to human kind since Vedic period

 Shimshapa possess Kashaya, Katu, Tikta Rasa as well as Katu Vipaka, Laghu
and Ruksha Guna, Ushna Virya and Kapha-Vatahara Properties that are
opposite to Medas.

 As it full fills the Medohara Property which is mentioned by Achary susruth

and vagbhat, so it may be considered as Medogna dravya.

Phytochemical Study Shows

 Shimshapa churna is rich in Flavanoids;

 It also has Carbohydrates, Tannins Phenols, Starch, Aminoacids,
dalbergiphenol, dalbergenone.
 It yields oil with the following fatty acid composition; Myristic Palmitic,
Stearic, oleic, and Linoleic.
Clinical Study Shows

 Shimshapa Churna decreases the value of lipid profile.

 Shimshapa Churna will also reduce the symptoms like Kshudra swasa,
Trishna, Atikshudha (Medo roga symptoms). .
 In the same time it decreases the wight of body.

Hyperlipidaemia is one of the major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic

diseases like CAD, stroke etc. a precise refernce of hyperlipidaemia is not available in
ayurveda but it can be understood in terms of Medovruddi / medoroga. And maximum
numbers (95%) of patients are asymptomatic. This shows presence of signs and
symptoms in hyperlipidaemia are very rare.

Scope for the further study:

 Further elaborate studies are essential to find out the exact chemical nature and
hence the mode of action of Shimshapa in Hyperlipidaemia.

71
 SUMMARY

SUMMARY
The study on dissertation entitled “Evaluation of Hypolipidaemic Activity
of Shimshapa(Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb.) Churna”- A Clinical Study. has found
clinical efficacy of Shimshapa Churna on the patients of the Hyperlipidaemia. This
study comprises of different topics and is discussed under various headings.

Introduction: it also enlists general information and nomenclature of disease

Hyperlipidaemia, its historical importance, first use of the word and importance of
study on Hyperlipidaemia.

Objectives: The main aim and objectives of the study has been mentioned.

Review of literature: This section comprises of extensive collection of data wise,

about Etymology, Definition, Nidana, Roopa, Samprapti, Sadhya-asadhyata, and
Chikitsa along with pathya-apathya of the disease. The explaination of
Hyperlipidaemia in terms of modern science has been dealt in short.

Methodology:

Clinical study-A single blind clinical study with inclusion and exclusion criteria,
criteria for assessment of signs and symptoms, dose, and duration of the study have
been highlighted.

Observational study- A complete sketch on the division of patients according to age,

sex, socioeconomic status, habitat, occupation, day sleep, other habits, has been
explained.

Result: The data obtained from the study are analyzed for result and Z test conducted
shows significant work. In the present study no patient complained about any adverse
effect of the medicine through out the course.

Discussion: Under this title, concise explaination of the entire study is presented. And
also results obtained from this study have been discussed. The probable mode of
action of the Shimshapa Churna in the management of Hyperlipideamia is described.

Conclusion: In this section the conclusion of the above study is done by highlighting
the outcome of study along with its own limitations. Future scope for the study has
been highlighted.

72
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Ka-1/7, Editor Acharya Vidhyadhara Shukla and Ravidatta Tripathi

Choukhambha Sanskrita Pratisthana Delhi Edition – 2004

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Vaidya Panchanana Ramprasad Vaidyopadhyaya Choukambha Sanskrit Bhavana

1998

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Nighantu Choukambha Surabharati Prakashana Varanasi 2nd Edition – 1995.

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Prof P.V.Sharma, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, 2nd edition; 1998.

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directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Revised-2004.

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Bangalore, 1st Edition; 2000.

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Delhi.

75
 ANNEXURE

DEPT OF P. G STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA

J.G.C.H.S’s AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE.
GHATAPRABHA.
CASE PROFORMA
“ EVALUATION OF HYPOLIPIDAEMIC ACTIVITY OF SHIMSHIPA
(DALBERGIA SISSOO ROXB.) CHURNA- A CLINICAL STUDY ’’

Name:
Age : OPD no: Case no:
Occupation: Date:
Socio-economic status: Religion:
Address:

Chief Complaints and duration:

Associated complaints:

History of past illness:

Family history:

Personal history:

A. Personal habits:
1. Appetite: 2. Bowel: R/IR Constipated/Loose stool
3. Diet: Vegetarian/Mixed 4. Micturition:
5. Sleep:

B. Occupational history

C. Treatment history
 ANNEXURE

Systemic examination:
1) Cardiovascular system:
2) Respiratory system:
3) Central nervous system:
4) Gastro-intestinal tract:
5) Urinary system:

General examination:
a) Pulse: f) Gait:
b) Temp: g) Clubbing:
c) Respiratory rate: h) Pallor:
d) B.P.: i) Cyanosis:
e) Built

Anga pratyanga pareeksha

Urdhwanga - Shiras
- Greeva
Madhyamanga - Puppusa
- Hridaya
- Udara
Shakha - Urdhwa Shaka
- Adha Shaka

Dasha vidha pariksha

 Prakruti
 Vikruti
 Sara
 Samhanan
 Pramana
 Satmya
 Satwa
 Aahar shakti
 Vyayam shakti
 Vaya
 ANNEXURE

Investigations with date:

Serum Lipid Profile

Pre test Post test Changes observed
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
HDL
LDL
VLDL
C/H

Diagnosis:

Treatment:

Follow Up
Treatment Date Lipidprofile Complaints (if any )
Before Cholesterol
Triglycerids
HDL
LDL
VLDL
C/H

Result:
 Good
 Satisfactory
 Unsatisfactory

Sign of guide Sign of co-guide Sign of scholar

 ANNEXURE

CONSENT FORM

I S/o aged .
Address am under the treatment of
Dr. Do hereby give consent to
treatment of disease upon myself. The nature and the purpose of treatment have been
explained to me by Dr.

I declare that I am more than 18 years of age.

I have been informed about untoward effects if any, involved in the treatment. No
assurance has been given to me regarding the success of the treatment. I have given
this consent voluntarily out of my free will without any pressure.

Place:
Date & time: Signature Patient

I here by declare that I have explained in detail regarding the case to the patient and
answered queries to his satisfaction in a language that he could understand.

Place:
Date & time: Signature of Doctor