Page 1 of 3

Internet
The Internet is a vast collection of different networks that use certain common protocols and provide
certain common services. It is the largest information superhighway in the world. Internet began as a
United States Department of Defense network to link scientists and university professors around the
world.
One of the most puzzling aspects of the Internet is that no one owns it and it has no formal
management organization. So it is less vulnerable to wartime and terrorist attacks.
Internet Applications
E-mail (Electronic Mail): E-mail is the person-to-person messaging on Internet and other networks.
Newsgroups: Newsgroups are worldwide discussion groups in which people with a common interest
can exchange message. Thousands of newsgroups exist, devoted to technical and nontechnical topics,
including computers, science, recreation, and politics.
Chatting: Chatting allows people who are on the computer simultaneously to hold live, interactive
conversations.
Telnet: Telnet is an Internet service that allows a visitor to access any other remote computers as if
they were local. To use Telnet, you must have the Internet address of the remote computer. Once you
transmit the computer address, you are asked to login before being allowed to access computer files or
use the computer.
FTP: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network tool to download data files, programs, reports,
articles, magazines, books, pictures, sounds, and other types of files from thousand of sources to you
computer system.
WWW (World Wide Web): World Wide Web is a set of standards for storing, retrieving,
formatting, and displaying, information using a client/server architecture, graphical user interface, and
a hypertext language called (Hypertext markup Language).
Hypertext: Hypertext is simply text with kinks. Links are elements of the hypertext that you can
select. When you click on the link you’ll be transported to the documents it’s linked to.
HTML: Hypertext Markup language is a hypertext language that formats documents and incorporates
dynamic links to other documents and pictures stored in the same or remote computes.
Web page: Web page is any World Wide Web text and graphical screen display.
Home page: Home page is a World Wide Web text and graphical screen display that welcomes the
user and explains the organization that has established the page.
Browser: Browser is a software tool that supports graphics and hyperlinks and is needed to navigate
the web.
Other terms in Internet:
Internet Service Provider (ISP): ISP is an organization that links users to the Internet for a fee. ISP
industry offers a variety of services including:
1. Linking consumers and business to the Internet
2. Monitoring and maintaining customer’s web site
3. Network management and system integration
4. Backbone access services for other ISPs
5. Payment systems for online purchases
Server: Server is a PC-like piece of hardware and an operating system that store applications or
information sought by a client.
Domain: A Domain name is a unique Internet address designed to represent a web site. The Internet
uses an addressing a scheme, that employs the Domain Naming Systems(DNS). The system provides
a method of uniquely identifying different organizations, computer systems, and individuals on the
internet. Consider the following address:
[email protected]
The portion of the address after the @ sign is the domain.
The domain names always proceed from left to right, from most specific to most general. Top-level
domains are those that are rightmost in an address. Top-level domains can be either organizational or
geographic in nature.
Organizational Domains
Typically, the highest level (rightmost) part of the full domain is a code indicating the type of
organization to which domain belongs. There are seven different organizational domains as indicated
in Table 1.

Md. Sayduzzaman Tuhin, S.F.Ahmed & C0. E-mail: [email protected]. Mob:-01552-639307

 Page 2 of 3

Table 1 Organizational Domains

Domain Purpose
com Commercial entities
edu Educational institute
gov Non-military US Govt. institute
int International institute
mil US military institutes
net Network resources
org Non-profit organization

Geographic Domains
In case of outside the United States, a code is included that indicates to which country it belongs. This
code consists of only two characters, which represents the international country codes. A new
common one are shown in Table 2
Table 2
Domain Country
bd Bangladesh
au Australia
ca Canada
jp Japan
uk United Kingdom

Internet Protocol(IP) Address

Every host on the Internet has a unique host number. This number is called the Internet Protocol
address, or IP address. The IP address is a unique 32-bit address that is assigned to a host system
when it is first linked to the Internet. This address is generally written as four parts, separated by the,
as in 203.190.252.11. Since each part corresponds to a byte, each can be between 0 and 255. When
you use a domain name, it is automatically translated to an IP address before the message can be
transmitted.

Internet Protocol: TCP/IP

The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model developed by the U.S. Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network(DRAPANET) and is used in the Internet. It has five
layers.

Host A Application Application Host B

Transport (TCP) Transport (TCP)

Internet(IP) Internet(IP)

Network Network Internet

Interface

Physical net

Fig: The TCP/IP reference model

Md. Sayduzzaman Tuhin, S.F.Ahmed & C0. E-mail: [email protected]. Mob:-01552-639307

 Page 3 of 3

1. Physical net: Defines basic electrical transmission characteristics generated during

communications.

2. Network Interface: Handle addressing issues, usually in the operating system, as

well as the interface between the initiating computer and the network.

3. Internet(IP): Handles system-to-system communication. This layer is self-contained,

connectionless data gram delivery process that does not depend on the network for message
receive acknowledge.

4. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Performs transport, The Transmission

Control Protocol supports reliable transfer of information independent of the category of
computer at the higher layer.

5. Application: Provides end-user functionality by translating the messages into the user/host
software for screen presentation.

Web Addresses(URLs)
URL stands for uniform Resource Locator. It’s a form of address that all Web browsers can
understand. A web address starts with the name of a protocol; most of the time HTTP. For example:
HTTP:/www.yahoo.com
HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

Internet benefits to Organizations

Marketing and selling products and services
Doing business fast
Gathering opinions and trying out new idea
Leveling the playing field
Promoting a paper-free environment
Providing a superior customer service and support resource
Efficiency and unequaled cost-effectiveness
Supporting managerial functions, spreading ideas, ease of technical support
Triggering new business
Reducing communication cost
Enhancing communication and coordination

Limitations

Security and privacy

Fakes and forgeries
Technology problems
--Lack of standards
--Availability of so much data
Legal Issues
The traditional Internet culture

Md. Sayduzzaman Tuhin, S.F.Ahmed & C0. E-mail: [email protected]. Mob:-01552-639307