PREVIOUS LEARNING
OUTCOMES (LO):
At the end of the lecture students will be able
to:
compute using the fundamental of
integration method for beam deflection
Compute the deflection using Macaulay’s
method
WEEK 11
CHAPTER 3
_______________________________________
TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFTS
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
PO 1
Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science,
mathematics and engineering.
PO 3
Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering
problems using thinking skills and engineering reasoning
LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):
At the end of the lecture students will be able to:
Explain the meaning of torsion, stress and
deformations
Use the relationship of angle of twist and the
radius of the element for solving torsion
problem
TORSION
Structural members are subjected to various types of
forces such as tensile forces, compressive forces and
bending forces.
Many machine parts are subjected to torsion because it
have circular cross-section and called as torque loaded
member.
Torque loaded members (solid, hollow, prismatic or non
prismatic) in mechanical engineering structures or
structural elements transmitting power from a steam to
an electric generator or from motor to a machine tool, or
from the engine to rear axle of automobile.
In order to transmit energy, a turning force is applied to a
shaft. This induces a twisting moment called a Torque.
TORSION
STATICALLY DETERMINATE SHAFTS
Equilibrium of twisting moment applied about the
longitudinal axis of the shaft is the only criterion needed
to be solved for the unknown internal and external
torques acting on statically determinate torsionally
loaded shaft.
TORSION OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR SHAFT
To design circular shaft to a given torque, it is necessary
to develop an equation giving the relationship between
Twisting Moment of Torque, the Maximum Stress
produced and the size and shape of the cross-section of
the shaft.
ASSUMPTIONS
This analysis can only be applied to solid or
hollow circular sections
The material must be homogeneous
Torque is constant and transmitted along bar by
each section trying to shear over its neighbor.
Transverse planes remain parallel to each other.
For small angle of rotation, the length of shaft
and its radius remain unchanged.
TORSION
Consider a shaft rigidly clamped at one end and
twisted at the other end by a torque T = F.d applied in
a plane perpendicular to the axis of the bar such a
shaft is said to be in TORSION.
EFFECTS OF TORSION
The effects of a torsional load applied to a
bar are
To impart an angular displacement of
one end cross – section with respect to
the other end.
To setup shear stresses on any cross
section of the bar perpendicular to its
axis.
SHEAR STRAIN/STRESS
DISTRIBUTION
Examine the deformation of a length dx between two
transverse planes of a shaft with an applied torque T. For
this differential element, assume the left end is fixed and
the right end rotates by dθ due to the applied torque T,
The torque, T causes the shaft and cross-section to
twist about the longitudinal axis
where dθ is termed as Angle of Twist of the element
SHEAR STRAIN/STRESS
DISTRIBUTION
The surface of radius “R” rotates through angle γ, which is
shear strain.
The arc is defined as length da, which is equal to:
da = Rdθ = γdx
which gives that:
γ = Rdθ
dx
Where, dθ = rate of twist
dx
SHEAR STRAIN/STRESS
DISTRIBUTION
By using Hooke’s Law, the stress – strain relationship for
linear elastic material can be expressed as:
G = τ/γ or τ = Gγ
and by substituting for shear strain γ,
τ = G R dθ
dx
G = modulus of rigidity @ elastic shear modulus @ shear
modulus of elasticity
which relates the shear stress linearly to the distance R
away from the centre of the section.
SHEAR STRAIN/STRESS
DISTRIBUTION
τ = shear stress of the shaft
τmax = shear stress on the outermost surface of shaft
τ = G R dθ
dx
TORQUE , T AND RATE OF TWIST, dθ/ dx
• The elemental torque of a thin circular strip of
thickness dρ is given by:
dT = ρ ⋅(τdA)
TORQUE , T AND RATE OF TWIST, dθ/ dx
• Integrating over the area of the circular beam gives:
• Substituting for shear stress:
• Since the rate of twist dθ/dx is constant through the
section, it is not a function of radius ρ. If we assume a
homogeneous material, G is also constant, so:
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA, J
• We represent the integral term as the geometric rigidity
of the cross section. We call this term the Polar
(Second) Moment of Inertia @ polar moment of inertia,
J.
J = ʃρ 2πρ3 dρ
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA, J
• This term indicates the cross sectional properties to
withstand the applied torque.
𝜏 = Tr or 𝜏max = TR ρ R
J J
where
T = the internal torque at the analyzed cross-section;
J = the shaft’s polar moment of inertia;
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
r = radial distance from the axis (centre).
R = is the radius of the outer surface of circular shaft.
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA, J
• Since this applies to circular bars, the standard terms
for J are:
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA, J
• Since this applies to circular bars, the standard terms
for J are:
ANGLE OF TWIST,𝜃(𝑟𝑎𝑑)
The maximum shear stress is one of major design
constraints in relation to strength of shaft.
However, sometime the design may depend on
restricting the amount of rotation or twist when the
shaft is subjected to a torque.
The angle θ through which the bar length L will twist
is:
𝜃=𝑇𝐿
𝐽𝐺
SIGN CONVENTION OF INTERNAL TORQUE
Sign convention for both torque and angle of twist
Positive if (right hand) thumb directs outward from
the shaft
EXAMPLE 1:
Determine the maximum shear stress and rate of twist
of the given shaft if a 10 kN.m torque is applied to it.
Given G = 81GPa.
75mm
10kNm
15m
SOLUTION 1:
EXAMPLE 2:
A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown in Figure
below. Using G = 80 GPa, determine the required
shearing stress at each segment. Hence calculate
the maximum angle of twist. Given diameter is
60mm
SOLUTION 2:
• Draw free body diagram.
• Find internal torque by using right hand rule
TA
1200 N.m
750 N.m
A B C
2.5m
2.5m
-TA – 750 + 1200 = 0
TA = 450
SOLUTION 2:
Segment BC:
TBC
1200 N.m
→Σ Tx = 0;
1200 – TBC = 0
TBC = 1200 N.m
𝜏𝐵𝐶 =16𝑇
𝜋𝐷3
= 16 (1200)
𝜋(0.06)3
= 28.29 x 106 N/m2
SOLUTION 2:
Segment AB;
TAB 750 N.m 1200 N.m
→Σ Tx = 0;
1200 – TAB - 750 = 0
TAB = 1200 – 750
= 450 N.m
𝜏AB =16𝑇
𝜋𝐷3
= 16 (450)
𝜋(0.06)3
= 10.61 x 106 N/m2
SOLUTION 2:
• Torque distribution diagram:
750 N.m 1200 N.m
A 2.5m B 2.5m C
1200 N.m
450 N.m
SOLUTION 2:
• Angle of twist:
𝜃 = 𝑇𝐿 + 𝑇𝐿 = L (TAB + TBC)
𝐽𝐺𝐴𝐵 𝐽𝐺𝐵𝐶 𝐽𝐺
= 450(2.5) + 1200(2.5)
(𝜋𝑥0.064)(80𝑥109) (𝜋𝑥0.064)(80𝑥109)
32 32
= 0.041 rad = 2.350
EXAMPLE 3:
Find the maximum shear stress acting on the shaft and its
twist angle at D:
2000 Nm 1600 Nm 60 mm
1000 Nm
Fixed
end
A B C D
2m 2m 2m
SOLUTION 3:
FREE BODY DIAGRAM:
A B C D
1600 Nm 1000 Nm
T 2000 Nm
Using torsion equilibrium;
-T – 2000 + 1600 – 1000 = 0 ;
T = -1400 Nm
T = 1400 Nm(clockwise)
SOLUTION 3:
A B C D
1600 Nm 1000 Nm
T 2000 Nm
1400 Nm
1000 Nm
600 Nm
Torsion diagram
Max shear stress occurs at segment AB with max torsion = 1400 Nm
SOLUTION 3:
Max shear stress, max = Tr
J
J = D4/32 = (60)4/ 32= 1.2723 x 106 mm4
max = T. r/J
= 1400 x103 (60/2)/1.2723 x106 =33.01 N/mm2
To calculate the twist angle at D (between A and D), use
= ∑(TL/JG)
= L (TAB + TBC + TCD)
JG
= 0.059 rad = 3.380
=
END OF WEEK 11
TUTORIAL:
1. Estimate the required diameter of a 5m long shaft to
withstand a torque of 9 kNm if the angle of twist must
not exceed 2.50. Take G as 85 kN/mm2
2. A hollow circular shaft 5m long has an external
diameter of 300 mm and internal diameter of 155 mm. it
is subjected to a torque of 290 kNm. If the modulus of
rigidity is taken as G = 80 GN/m2, identify the
maximum shearing stress, max in the shaft, hence
estimate the angle of twist, θ of the shaft.
3. A circular shaft ABC as shown in figure below. Section
AB is hollow with an outer diameter of 80 mm and
inner diameter of 60 mm, while solid section BC is 70
mm diameter. Sketch the torque diagram and solve the
maximum shear stresses in the shaft for section AB and
BC. And calculate the total angle of twist at C. G = 80
GN/m2
ECS208, MAC 2013
Composite Bar
END OF WEEK 11
TUTORIAL 1:
TUTORIAL 2:
SEPTEMBER 2015
TUTORIAL 2: MAC 2015
