CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses the review of related literature and studies related to time spent in

studying, which the researchers also relates it to time management, and the study management.

This includes the definition of these terms from each literature or studies as well as their

commonalities and differences towards each other and its relevance towards this study.

Time Management

According to Miqdadi, Almomani, Mohammad and Elmousel (2014), time management

is a skill that must be known and applied by every student. While Adebayo (2015), discusses

that time management has a purpose of being more effective and productive. According to him,

it is an art of time arrangement, organization, scheduling and budgeting which is based on

priorities in conducting time allocation, because time cannot be kept nor does it become more or

less than 24 hours each day. Furthermore, he claimed that most students do not utilize their time

wisely with regards to achieving their goals. Burrus, Jackson, Holtzman, Roberts, and Terri

Mandigo (2013) supported both studies and viewed time management as an important or

essential aspect of their study.

Gerald (2002) described time management as an aid in getting more value out of your

time and that it is a group of of activities that fit each other aiming for a better quality of life. In

addition, Argarwal (2008), proposed that if one is able to know what is right in time

management then there is no need to worry for it is typically a problem to oneself. Furthermore,

Omolala (2010) claimed that time management has no regards to gender, both male and female

undergraduate are affected by it (as cited in Adebayo, 2015, p.2). In line with Argarwal (2008),

Allen (2014) also agreed on time management improving one’s quality of life, and that
implementing techniques or strategies to enhance it would lead to being prepared, capable and

will be empowered to work effectively.

Akomolafe (2005), asserted that time management is not possible for time cannot be in a

fast nor slow pace and even creating time is not doable. In contrast to this Quek (2001) insisted

that time management is possible because in solving procrastination, one will adapt time

management skills to solve the problem (as cited in Adebayo, 2015, p.2).

According to Ward (2017), time management refers to the development tools that

increase efficiency and productivity. Good time management also improve the work-life balance

of a person. Therefore, time management can be a great way for students to spend time in

studying their subjects. For them to understand each of their lessons, they need to develop their

strategies in studying for they can benefit more from that. While Mercanlioglu (2010), reasoned

that there are many people putting their activities into the incorrect responsibilities. According to

him, people are just wasting their time to unnecessary things and they are not focusing on their

important activities that is why performing time management and working directly to their

activities can affect their academic achievements.

As to the researchers’ perspective, time management is also essential on the formulation

of this study for it will also determine the effectiveness of the study management among

students. Time management therefore is an instrument to properly allocate one’s time, ensuring

that time is used wisely.

Definition of Study Management

According to this study, “study management” is referred to as how students direct or

control their studies or courses taken. This includes the study skills as well as habits that makes

up the study management. It also involves incorporation of techniques and strategies that would
increasingly utilize the time, resources, and academic potential of a student. This paper uses

level of performance in determining the student's study management

According to The Open University (2007), developing suited study strategies will save

time, and lessen the amount of work as well as aid in developing the quality of that tasks

involved in the work. Furthermore, it states that spending time for studying would lead you to be

aware and establish one’s strengths and be able to make reasonable decisions towards problems.

Indeed as Miqdadi, et al. (2014), suggests that Successful students (with GPA more than 3.5)

allocate one to two hours in studying. Time management among those students, as well as

giving proper allocation to each activities of the day enables them to always have time for

studying everyday. Though according to Himsel (2012), grades even habits and attitude a

student have now does not matter, for her one can change for the better. She further explained

that the brain’s potential for change cannot be overlooked because it is always changing due to

experiences and experiences to be encountered while studying. Through knowing how one’s

brain work and looking out for it as well as exercising it would clearly benefit oneself.

According to Psych Central (2016), effective study habits helps in improving the ability

or the skills in retaining and reading materials. And time management is the ability in spending

and dividing time properly and effectively to achieve and accomplish goals (Psychology Today,

2017). Therefore, in studying, time management and effective study habits is essential for

students in which they can improve their strategies and ability in studying.

The researcher’ indicators of a good study management includes effective study habits,

good academic grades, and proper utilization of time. According to a study of middle school

students, Liu, Rijmen, MacCann, and Roberts (2009), it was found out planning skills in

managing time and organizing were positively connected to course grades.

This research study is anchored on the theory of time management of Wright (2008), in

which he stated the pickle jar theory. The pickle jar theory discusses the time management to

which a big pickle jar is supposed to be one’s time and capacity, and this shall be filled with

rocks, pebbles, sand, and water. The rocks represent one’s major priorities in life, while pebbles

signifies the tasks or hobbies which are less important. The sand represents the things that one

needs to squeeze into his or her time and capacity, while water represents distraction which tries

to get in through major and important things in life. This asserts that these four elements are not

bad and from major priorities down to the least essential in life are needed in order to be fulfilled

just like how a pickle jar can be filled with all those elements. The important idea given by the

theory is that proper allocation of time towards all activities enables an individual to fit

everything into the jar or its time and capacity.

Conceptual Framework

Amount of time spent in studying Effective study management of

Figure 1. Model for the effects of time spent in studying towards an effective
study management of students

The conceptual framework of the research study is shown in Figure 1 above. The

independent variable which is the amount of time spent in studying, will be determined by

acquiring information about the time allotted by students and hours provided by students in
studying. This would lead to its effect on study management of students, which will be

evaluated through the academic grades and exam or test grade of students, as well as if the

students crams or procrastinate.

Hypothesis and Assumptions of the Study

This study aims to discover the sufficient time spent in studying major subjects-ABM2,

Finance and Marketing- of ABM students in UC-B, towards achievement of effective study

management which are determined by the students level of performance of that particular

subject.

Null Hypothesis : There is no significant relationship between time spent in

studying and study management as well as level of performance among Grade 12 ABM students.

Alternative Hypothesis : There is a significant relationship between time spent in

studying and study management as well as level of performance among Grade 12 ABM students.

The following statements are assumed by the researchers:

1. Time spent in studying significantly affects the effectiveness of the student’s study

management.

2. The student’s academic grades greatly reflects the effectiveness of their study management.

3. Time management application would contribute to an effective management of studies by

students.

4. Students who procrastinate or do cramming often leads to lower effectiveness in studying.

Definition of Terms

Time. A continuous, measurable, quantity in which events occur in a sequence

proceeding from the past, the present to the future.

Studying. The effort to acquire knowledge, as by reading, observation, or research.

those of a business or group.

Time Management. Process of organizing and planning how to divide your time

between specific activities.

Study Management. It is the controlling or directing studies or courses taken up by

students. In simple terms the management of studies.

ABM Students. Students that are enrolled in Accountancy, Business and Management

strand in the Senior High School Department under the K-12 curriculum in the Philippines.

UC-B. This is the shortened term which refers to University of Cebu- Banilad that is

located in Governor Cuenco Avenue, Banilad, Cebu City Philippines.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study is quantitative in nature since the researchers used numerical representations

and statistical analysis in the data gathered. Moreover, this paper uses survey approach and

correlational procedures. The main purpose of the researcher is to discover how much time is

spent in studying among Grade 12 ABM students and its corresponding relationship with the

study management of the students. The survey approach is supported with the researchers ready-

made survey questionnaire to gather information from the respondents.

According to Wilson (1990), survey approach aims to describe the characteristics,

opinions, attitudes and behaviors as they exist now in the population. The information that will

be gathered will be used by the researchers for the statistical representations regarding the

sufficient time spent in studying to have effective study management among ABM students.

Correlational procedures are made to find out the association between the time spent for

studying of ABM students and their effectivity in managing their studies or study management.

Calmorin (1998) states that correlation survey is the study that has a purpose of figuring out the

connection between variables. The limits on which variables relate to one another is also pointed

out as well as what variables are associated with each other in the target population.

Research Setting

This study will be conducted in the University of Cebu - Banilad campus (UC-B) which

is located at the Governor Cuenco Avenue, Banilad, Cebu City. UC-B has a storey floor where

in each floor different type of courses of students are assigned, and at exactly 2nd and 3rd floor

of the building, Grade 12 ABM students are found. This place is suitable and appropriate for the
data gathering because this is where participants are found. The giving of survey questionnaire

will be held at the second and third floor of the building where Grade 12 ABM students are

comfortable with. The location is also the best option for Grade 12 ABM students, for it is their

place of learning and thus gives more meaning and help in answering the survey questionnaire.

The participants, which are the Grade 12 ABM, has the option to not go to the said place

since the data gathering process can be done online. This is to help participants ensure more

safety on their information, for their responses are gathered online and only the researchers can

view it so thus ensuring confidentiality of the gathered data. Both online and the actual setting

are important to the study for they can help in creating a good environment and safety towards

the respondents, to which researchers maximized efforts to create such environment for the

respondents.

Respondents of the Study

The subjects or respondents of this study were the selected Grade 12 ABM students both

morning and afternoon session of UC-B who are currently enrolled in the university. The

researchers chose the Grade 12 ABM students as participants for they are new to a curriculum

and thus a research study about them would greatly contribute to upcoming Grade 12 ABM

students. This was also practical for the researchers since they are also Grade 12 ABM students

and would increase the efficiency of the study which includes saving time, energy, money and

efforts.

The total population of Grade 12 ABM students were 353. The population was large and thus

sampling method was utilized by the researchers, specifically the Slovin’s formula (N/1=Ne2)

with a desired margin of error of 5%. The researchers through computation arrived at a sample

size of 188 students. To get the respondents out of all Grade 12 ABM students, simple random
sampling was applied first by the researchers but since the responses was low and ineffective as

well as inefficient, the researchers decided to use quota sampling. The Grade 12 ABM students

were divided based on their sections and the first to provide the needed information from the

online survey questionnaire will be the respondents of the study.

Research Instrument

The instrument manipulated in the study is the survey questionnaire made by the

researchers and utilized the internet to have an online survey questionnaire version of it. It

contains three parts : Personal Profile, Time spent in studies and Level of Performance, where in

personal profile contains the basic statistical characteristics of the respondents needed to validate

their identity.

In determining the first variable, time spent in studying of students, the allocation of their

time towards the ABM2, Finance and Marketing subjects are determined where in the

researchers used checklist type of question. While getting the second variable, study

management of students, the level of performance of the students are used as indicator for

effectiveness as well as the own opinion of the respondents towards his or her effectivity

towards the subject, that includes their scores in the different exams and task.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers made the survey questionnaire which they think would supply the

needed information needed for this research study. The survey questionnaire was pretested and

approved by the researcher’s teacher at the UC-B. Pre-testing as well as approving the

questionnaire was used to validate and measure the accuracy of the instrument utilized in the

data gathering process. After it was approved, the researchers then personally administered the

giving out and sending out the survey questionnaire as well as in the online community towards
its participants in the UC-B. Printed survey questionnaire were given to the respondents who can

not answer it online, while a link was given to respondents for the online survey questionnaire.

The respondents were given adequate time to answer the questionnaire. After such time,

respondents answering through the printed questionnaire were eventually taken from them and

those who answered online were also send to the researcher through internet. Their responses

and answers were taken from them for further retrieval, presentation, analysis and interpretation

of their data. Then a final draft was made for corrections and for finalization of the gathered

information from the respondents.

Statistical Treatment

The researcher will use the following statistical treatment appropriately to process the

data and will be used to answer the statement of the problems:

1. Personal Profile - Percentages to get the proportion of the whole

Percentage (%) = F/N × 100

where: F = sample size

N = population size

2. Relationships - Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient and weighted mean

will be used. According to Cristobal, Jr. and De La Cruz-Cristobal (2017), Spearman’s

rank order correlation coefficient is a non-parametric version of the Pearson product-

moment correlation, and the strength and direction of relationship between two ranked

variable are what it determines.

6  D2
Formula : r = 1 -
n(n 2  1)

where : r = coefficient of the rank correlation

n = sample size
 D = difference in rank between the paired values of the two variables (rank

of x － rank of y)

Weighted Mean - to arrive at the average sufficient time spent for studying for effective

management of ABM students.

Formula : WM = TWF/N

where: WM = weighted mean

TWF = total weighted frequency

N = sample size