Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321]
BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester
Lecture # 1a
3-Sep-2019
by
Dr. Jahanzaib Israr
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: [email protected]
1
EVALUATION
• Mid-Term Exam (40%)
• End Term Exam (50%)
• Class Participation (10%)
• Quizzes
• Assignment
• Viva voce
• Attendance
2
COURSE INTRO
Course ID: CE-321
Pre-Requisites: Geotechnical Engineering-I
Course Objectives:
To educate the students with the application of knowledge of
Geotechnical Engineering
Class Learning Outcomes (CLOs):
1. To compute the shear stress, bearing capacity and settlement of
various soils
2. To compute the earth pressures
3. To analyze and design slopes
4. To recommend improvements for weak soils by using different
techniques
3
COURSE OUTLINE
Shear Strength: Concept, parameters, Coulomb’s law, shear strength of cohesive and non-
cohesive soils, factors affecting shear strength of soil and its application in
engineering, laboratory and field tests for determination of shear strength.
Stress Distribution in Soils: Geo-static stresses, total and pore pressure, effective stresses,
vertical stresses induced due to structural lads: Westergaurd and Boussinesque’s
theories. Pressure bulb, stress distribution diagrams on horizontal and vertical planes.
Stress at a point outside the loaded area, Newmak’s influence charts, Fadum,
Steinnbrenner charts.
Settlement Analysis: Definition, total settlement, differential settlement, angular
distortion, consolidation settlement, elastic or immediate settlement, settlement
calculations, primary and secondary consolidation settlement, immediate settlement
of cohesive and non-cohesive soils, causes of settlements and methods of controlling
settlement, limits of allowable, total and differential settlement.
Bearing Capacity of Soils & Introduction to Foundation Engineering: Definition of
ultimate and safe bearing capacities, allowable bearing capacity, gross and net
bearing capacity, Methods of obtaining bearing capacity: Presumptive values from
codes; merits and demerits, From plate load test, Bearing capacity theories, Bearing
capacity from SPT and CPT data.
4
COURSE OUTLINE
Earth Pressure: Definition, pressure at rest, active and passive earth pressure, Coulomb’s
and Rankine’s theories, trial wedge and Culmann’s method, earth pressure diagrams
for different configurations of loading.
Slope Stability: Types of slopes, factors affecting stability and remedies, types of failure,
Methods of analysis; Swedish circular method, Taylor’s slope stability number and
Bishop’s method.
Earth and Rock Fill Dams: Definition of an earth dam, types of earth and rock fill dams,
components of an earth dam and their functions. General design considerations and
typical cross section.
Introduction to Soil Improvement:
5
LECTURE DELIVERY PLAN (Tentative)
Week 1 Introduction of shear strength & Stresses in soil, overburden stress, total stress,
pore pressure and effective stress and related problems, Mohr circles of stresses
Week 2 Determination of shear strength of soil (Direct shear test, Unconfined
compression test, Triaxial Compression test, etc)
Week 3 Numerical problems related to shear strength
Stress due to external load, Approximate method, Boussinesque theory and
related problems.
Week 4 Numerical examples & Stress at a point outside the laoded area, Newmark’s
influence charts and related problems.
Week 5 Westergaard theory, pressure bulb, stress distribution diagram for different
foundation pads.
Week 6 Settlement, types of settlement, causes of settlement and remedial measures
Week 7 Settlement calculation methods and numerical problems
Week 8 Quiz 1 + Mid Semester Exam
6
LECTURE DELIVERY PLAN (Tentative)
Week 9 Introduction to bearing capacity, Definitions of bearing capacity types,
Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory, General bearing capacity equation,
Related Numerical Problems
Week 10 Lab methods of determining bearing capacity, Field methods of determining
bearing capacity
Week 11 Earth pressure, definition of active and passive earth pressure, earth pressure
at rest, active and passive conditions. Mohr circles for different earth pressure
cases, derivation of formulae for earth pressure (Renkine’s Earth Pressure
Theory) and related problems.
Week 12 Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory (Trial wedge method), Culmann’s method,
depth of unsupported cut in C-Ф soils and related problems.
Week 13 Slope stability; basic definitions of terms types of slope, causes of slope
failure and remedial measures to stabilize the slopes.
Stability of infinite slopes, related problems, stability of finite slopes and
related problems.
Week 14 Method of ordinary slices for C-Ф soils and related problems.
Numerical examples & Taylor’s slope stability method and related problems.
Bishop’s method of slope stability and related problems.
Week 15 Basic introduction to earth and rockfill dams, tunneling and cofferdams.
Ground improvement techniques (Basic Intro)
Week 16 Quiz 2 + End Term Exam
7
SUGGESTED REFERENCE BOOKS
1- Principles of Geotechnical Engineering (7th Edition)
(Braja M. Das)
2- Geotechnical Engineering: Principles & Practices (2nd Edition)
(Coduto, Yeung & Kitch)
3- Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics
(7th Edition)
(David F. McCarthy)
4- An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (2nd Edition)
(Holtz, Kovacs & Shehan)
5- Soil Mechanics
(R. F. Craig)
6- Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics
(M.S. Qureshi & Aziz Akbar)
8
SOIL STRENGTH
Construction Materials
Concrete, Steel, Bricks, Wood, Aggregate,
Soil, etc.
Most important property for Civil
Engineers? Material Strength
Compressive
• Concrete, Brick, Wood
strength
• Steel Tensile Strength
• Soil ?
9
SOIL STRENGTH
SOIL
• Mostly loaded in compression
• But fails mostly in shear
Embankment
Strip footing
Failure surface
Mobilized shear
resistance
10
SHEAR STRENGTH
• Greatest shear stress a material can sustain before failure
• Safety of geotechnical structure dependent on soil shear strength
• Failure of soil → Failure of whole structure
Typhoon triggered landslide
Wakayama, Japan (September 2011)
11
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS
• Resistance to shearing stresses
• Shear failure occurs due to sliding or rolling of particles past each
other.
• Sources of soil shear strength
– Cohesion (stress independent component) Cohesion (c)
• Cementation between sand grains
• Electrostatic attraction between clay particles
– Frictional resistance (stress dependent component) Angle of internal
• Interlocking between sand grains friction (f)
Rolling of particles Sliding of particles
12
SHEAR FAILURE OF SOIL
Soils generally fail in shear
Embankment
Strip footing
Failure surface
Mobilized shear
resistance
At failure, shear stress/resistance along failure surface (mobilized
shear resistance) reaches the shear strength.
14
SHEAR FAILURE OF SOIL
Soils generally fail in shear
Retaining wall
15
SHEAR FAILURE OF SOIL
Soils generally fail in shear
Mobilized shear
Retaining wall resistance
Failure
surface
At failure, shear stress/resistance along failure surface (mobilized
shear resistance) reaches the shear strength.
16
SHEAR FAILURE MECHANISM
Failure Surface
Y
• Soil grains slide/roll
over each other along
Difference in shear strength of X & Y? the failure surface.
• No crushing of
individual grains.
At failure, shear stress/resistance along failure surface ()
reaches shear strength (f).
17
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
The relationship between normal and shear stress on the failure
plane σ1
f ( )
Graphical
f c tan f representation
σ3
f = shear strength
c = cohesion
= normal stress
f
Φ = angle of internal friction
Cohesion Friction angle
f
c
18
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
Non-cohesive/Granular Soils Cohesive Soils
(c = 0; f > 0) (c > 0; f = 0)
f
c
c-f Soils
(c > 0; f > 0)
c
19
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
Basic Concepts For a continuous material
N Normal stress: σ = N / A
Area: A (compression: +ve)
T Shear stress: τ = T / A
(counter-clock-wise: +ve)
Principle Stress: Max. and min. value of normal stresses
Principle Plane: Plane on which principle stresses act
• Normal stresses are either max. or min. on principle planes
• Shear stresses are zero on principle planes
20
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
In terms of Total Stress
f c tan f
Friction angle
Cohesion
f
c
f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure,
under any particular normal stress of . 21
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
In terms of Effective Stress
f c tan f
u
f’
= Total stress
u = Pore water
Effective
Effective pressure
cohesion
f friction angle
c’
’ ’
f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure,
under any particular normal effective stress of ’. 22
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
The relationship between normal and shear stress on the failure
plane σ1
f ( )
Graphical
f c tan f representation
σ3
f = shear strength
c = cohesion
= normal stress
f
Φ = angle of internal friction
Cohesion Friction angle
f
c
23
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
Shear strength consists of ____
two components:
• Cohesive and Frictional
• c and f are measures of
shear strength.
• Higher the values,
higher the shear strength
f
f c f tan f
’f tan f’ frictional
f’ component
c’ c’
’f ’
24
MOHR CIRCLE OF STRESS
’1
’3 ' ’3
Soil element q
’1
Major principal stress: σ1 max (’, )
Minor principal stress: σ3 PP = Pole w.r.t. plane
Mean principal stress: σm
1' 3'
Maximum shear stress: τmax q 2
Equation of Mohr Circle 3' m'
1' 3' 1' ’
2 2
1 3 1 3 2
2
2 2
Compare it’s formulation with equation of circle 25
MOHR CIRCLE AND FAILURE ENVALOPE
Failure surface f c tan f
Y
X Y X
’
Soil elements at different locations
Y ~ stable
X ~ failure
26
MOHR CIRCLE AND FAILURE ENVALOPE
Soil element does not fail if the Mohr circle is
contained within the envelope
GL
v
Y h
h v
v+
Mohr circle before
external loading
27
MOHR CIRCLE AND FAILURE ENVALOPE
As loading progresses, Mohr
circle becomes larger…
GL
v
Y h
h v
.. and finally failure occurs
when Mohr circle touches
the envelope
28
MOHR CIRCLE IN TERMS OF TOTAL AND
EFFECTIVE STRESSES
v v’ u
h h ’
X
= X
+ X u
Effective Stresses Total Stresses
h’ v’ h v or ’
u
29
MOHR CIRCLE IN TERMS OF TOTAL AND
EFFECTIVE STRESSES
v v’ u
h h ’
X
= X
+ X u
Failure envelope in terms Failure envelope in
If X is on of effective stresses terms of total stresses
failure f’
f
Effective Stresses Total Stresses
c’ c
h’ v’ h v or ’
u
30
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
WITH MOHR CIRCLE OF STRESS
’v = ’1 Failure envelope in terms of
effective stresses
’h = ’3
X
(’1 - ’3)/2
f’ c’
X is on failure ’3 ’1 ’
c’ Cot f’ (’1+ ’3)/2
Therefore,
1' 3' 1' 3'
c' Cotf ' Sinf '
2 2
31
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
WITH MOHR CIRCLE OF STRESS
1' 3' 1' 3'
c' Cotf ' Sinf '
2 2
( '
1 ) ( )
3' 1' 3' Sinf '2c' Cosf '
1' (1 Sinf ') 3' (1 Sinf ') 2c' Cosf '
' ' (1 Sinf ') 2c' Cosf '
1 3
(1 Sinf ') (1 Sinf ')
f' f'
Tan 45 2c' Tan 45
'
1
'
3
2
2 2
32
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Principles of Geotechnical Engineering – (7th Edition)
Braja M. Das
Chapter #12
Geotechnical Engineering – Principles and Practices – (2nd Edition)
Coduto, Yueng, and Kitch
Chapter #12
CONCLUDED
33
CONCLUDED
34
