LOFI HIP-HOP RADIO:

BEATS TO RELAX/STUDY TO
Justin Wang

Introduction
As of late, the subgenre known as “lofi chill beats,” referred to simply as “lofi”
among its online community, has been trending online, especially on YouTube and
SoundCloud. This current-day phenomenon has extended across the globe, most
prominently among teenage audiences. Given lofi’s trending popularity on prevalent
online music platforms, it’s clear that lofi will play a large role in influencing the
musical tastes of our current generation of teens and young adults.

Research Question
On Facebook, adolescents and young adults look to lofi as more than just “beats
to relax/study to,” even as this term has become shorthand for how lofi circulates.’
Rather, young people seem to see lofi as a firm part of their own culture, going so far
as to recreate the famous “YouTube lofi study girl” for Halloween. The rise of the lofi
chill beats movement also seems to be correlated with the presidency of Donald J.
Trump. As shown on Figure 1 below from Google Trends, there is a severe spike in
search results for “lofi” which occurs in the same month that Trump was inaugurated.
From there on, searches for “lofi” continue to grow steadily. Yet investigations have
not been conducted into why lofi has become so popular over the last several years.

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Figure 1. Interest over time in lofi, Google Trends (06/01/2011 to 08/16/2018).

Through this research paper, I hope to investigate the origins behind this close
relationship between lofi and the current young generation. Specifically, what do song
titles, album/longplay photos, and YouTube comments associated with the chill beats
movement tell us about how the current young generation is experiencing the current
sociopolitical climate, and their mental health overall?
To answer these questions, I will give a cursory tour of the history behind lofi,
including its predecessors, founding artists, and the technology used to produce lofi
music. Then I will investigate the rising popularity of lofi’s current form—the
YouTube and SoundCloud chill beats phenomenon. Through my research methods, I
hope to extract common themes that may help elucidate lofi’s role in adolescent and
young adult life. Finally, I will arrive at conclusions based on my research regarding
“lofi chill beats” as a response to current social and political settings, and what my
research indicates about our current generation of young adults and adolescents’
mental health.
Apart from understanding the mental health of the millennial/Gen Z
generation, I seek to learn more about “lofi chill beats” in general, which occupies a
unique niche within hip-hop. Hip-hop music, especially hip-hop dance music,
generally involves singing or rapping over sharp beats, with some exceptions. “Chill
beats” music is set apart from most hip-hop music by its mellow sounds, calm beats,
and lack of lyrics. In addition, “chill beats” often samples lyrics from more traditional

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forms of hip-hop instead of including original lyrics. I believe that to truly understand
all aspects of hip-hop, “lofi chill beats” hip-hop must also be included in the
academic conversation.

Lofi and Chill Beats

In this section, I will look at two PhD theses by Jones and Harper to develop a
background behind the development of lofi. Established in the 1990s, lofi originates
from the DIY music movement. According to Jones, a track that is referred to as lofi is
defined as “a recording that sounds as if it were produced in a non-professional
setting” (42). Fidelity refers to how accurately an audio copy reproduces its source.
From a sound engineering perspective, “low-fidelity” music often includes clipping,
tape hiss, and vinyl warbling. Luke Winkie of VICE believes lofi is characterized by
“introspection... and seeks to engage with elements of human emotion.” Possibly due
to the advent of the Internet, coupled with growing consumerism, some hip-hop
artists and listeners craved a poignant, personal touch to hip-hop, a return to the
simple days of mixing and sampling tracks at home. To create what Jones calls an
“organic, honest, and non-commercial” mood (52), artists turned to low-end,
consumer-grade technologies to produce and disseminate their music.
Chill beats producers today often work from their own garages and directly
serve listeners their tracks through either SoundCloud or Patreon. 1990s lofi and
current day lofi also both harken back to previous musical “ages.” In the 1990s, the
“new age” technology was the CD, and the “old age” technology was the cassette and
vinyl record. Now, the “new age” technology is the Internet, while the “old age”
includes the CD, cassette, and vinyl record. Despite the difference in technology,
music from both periods include vinyl warbling, clipping, and other rough,
unpolished processes of mediation that Harper calls an “aesthetic.”
By the summer of 2009, as Harper points out, a “culture of watery VCR
transfers and Fisher-Price cassette rips” translated into a sort of “1980s-inspired
psychedelic music” (334). Often confused as one genre, this form of music is usually
divided into two subgenres, “hypnagogic pop” and “chillwave.” Hypnagogic pop is
described as music that is at the “threshold of conscious perception” (335). Artists

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such as Ferraro and Ariel Pink were experts at this art, emphasizing the tape hiss and
background atmospherics of their tracks to create what Keenan of Wire terms an
“echo, an after-image” of the 1980s. As hinted by its name, hypnagogic pop is most
well-known for how it emulates psychedelic effects, and how most listeners believe it
is best enjoyed while high. Chillwave, on the other hand, is more known for how it
recalls the slackers of the 1990s. Dominated by “thick/chill synths,” chillwave sounds
like it is “something that was playing in the background of an old VHS cassette”
(Harper 337). Both hypnagogic pop and chillwave were attempts by artists to recreate
the aesthetic of the 1990s, just as the lofi artists of the 1990s attempted to recreate the
aesthetic of their musical ancestors.
Hypnagogic pop and chillwave then evolved into the lofi that netizens are used
to seeing in their YouTube recommendations. Current day lofi is an amalgamation of
other “chill” and soothing forms of music, such as jazz and R&B. For example, a lofi
artist who goes by the moniker ninjoi. reimagined the classic jazz piano solo “Misty”
as a higher-pitched, more uppity yet calming track that flexes the ability of modern
day DJing software. Furthermore, taking the mellow, toned down beats of vintage
instrumental hip-hop artists J Dilla and Nujabes as inspiration, lofi artists like Jinsang
and jrd. have remixed popular hip-hop tracks like Nas’s “Life’s a Bitch” and songs
associated with popular anime series or movies such as “One Summer’s Day” from
Studio Ghibli’s Spirited Away in addition to creating their own original tracks.
Lofi’s means of distribution is unique among all forms of hip-hop. Most online
sources started reporting on the YouTube phenomenon of “Lofi Hip Hop Radio to
Relax/Study to” (e.g. VICE’s Winkie, DJBooth’s Maroulis, and Polygon’s Alexander)
during the summer of 2018. According to Winkie, this phenomenon consists of
streams playing 24/7 chillhop delivering “the chillest, most amicable vibes” to its
listeners. The most prominent of these, a YouTube stream run by an anonymous user
named ChilledCow, gathered 1.7 million subscribers by July 2018. As of October 28,
2018, ChilledCow’s channel now has 2.1 million subscribers.

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Literary Analysis
In this section, I will explore articles written by pop magazines such as VICE and
Polygon to understand what experts in the field understand about the “lofi hip-hop”
YouTube phenomenon. Then I will review peer-reviewed articles related to music and
stress to find more details behind why the current generation is listening to chillhop.
Finally, I will find articles describing how online communities and commenting
influence people’s emotions or encourage them to be more open.
Winkie presents a theory by a D.C. based DJ named Celcius, who claims that the
“chillhop renaissance” is a result of young adults in their late-20s wanting to
experience childhood vibes again. During the early 2000s, Adult Swim featured
hallucinatory, mellow grooves in their bumpers (which still carry on today), while the
now-extinct Toonami brought anime shows Samurai Champloo and Cowboy Bebop to
Western audiences for the first time. Notably, Samurai Champloo’s soundtrack was
produced by one of chillhop’s forefathers, Nujabes, explaining the relation between
lofi hip-hop and Japanese culture. Maroulis agrees that chillhop is “inextricably
linked to the anime shows of the late ‘90s/early 2000s.”
While this is certainly a valid theory, I believe that it only paints part of the
picture of the YouTube phenomenon. ChilledCow and their competitor Chillhop
Records both opened their YouTube accounts during early 2015. Yet, according to the
Google Trends graph (Figure 1), significant interest in lofi only started in January
2016. Had there been a gradual increase in searches for “lofi” by the time January
2016 rolled around, then I would be less sure of another reason as to why and how the
“lofi hip-hop” phenomenon occurred.
Given how millennials have been deemed the most stressed generation in
recent history by the American Psychological Association, it is possible that listening
to lofi is a way for today’s youth to cope with their troubles and anxieties. A study by
Thoma et al. determined that listening to music impacts how stressed we are,
specifically affecting the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and to a lesser extent, the
endocrine and psychological stress response, meaning that our subconscious stress is
indeed impacted by music (1). However, the sample of people in Thoma’s study was
limited to females, which may introduce a biological bias. Nevertheless, the most

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notable finding in the study was that the ANS recovered faster after subjects listened
to relaxing music. In other words, the subject returns to a normal state mentally,
stressed or not, after listening to relaxing music. Given that the two musical excerpts
were from a Renaissance composer (for a slow and comforting stimulus) and a heavy
metal band (for a fast and arousing stimulus), I believe it is safe to say that the
stimulus induced by chillhop lies much closer to that of the Renaissance excerpt than
to that of the heavy metal excerpt. All in all, researchers understand that there is a
notable change in physiology induced when people listen to relaxing music that
suggests relaxation.
This study indicates that it’s plausible that today’s youth could be listening to
lofi chill beats because of how stressed they are. To further corroborate this theory, I
will look to a social community within YouTube: the YouTube comments section.
Before I investigate, I hope to form a foundation of what within an online community
may suggest a stressed community.
Schultes dives into an in-depth analysis of the YouTube comment section,
where he and his team found that “users express their emotional attitude towards a
video via short shout outs” and that “users frequently communicate their emotions in
comments” (671). The study also claims that there exists a class of comments which
they deem “inferior,” as those comments contributed nothing to the overall
conversation in the comments section. As psychologists Yzer and Southwell conclude
about such new mediums of conversation, our interactions are not changed by what
we use to communicate, but different mediums will enable users, with a shade of
anonymity, to interrupt a normal conversation with a stray, accidental bark (1). Given
this, I know that most comments will be useful in determining how stressed YouTube
listeners are, but I will also have to eliminate some “inferior” comments as outliers if
they seem to deviate from the norm of conversation in the comments sections.

Qualitative Coding of Titles

Often, the most telling part of what a song is about or what it is intended to
connote lies in the song’s title. In order to find common keywords in the most popular
lofi songs, albums, and compilations, I turned to qualitative coding. I gathered the

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titles of the first 20 or so hits for “lofi” and “chill beats” on Google and SoundCloud
respectively. I used two different search terms as they essentially refer to the same
genre online but produce different search results because different
streamers/producers use the two terms interchangeably in their titles.
However, after my first round of qualitative coding, I found that most of the
results that were popping up in my search feed were titled along the same lines as
ChilledCow’s “lofi hip-hop - beats to study/relax to,” as pictured in Figure 2 below.
This is presumably due to other streamers and channels hoping to draw netizens
looking for ChilledCow’s streams to their less popular streams and compilations. I
grouped all of these hits into one of two categories named “beats to study/relax to” or
“jazz/chill,” which as a whole comprised around a third of the titles I found on Google
and SoundCloud.

Figure 2. A snip of the Excel sheet used to qualitatively code song/compilation titles.
Note the large number of “beats to relax/study to” results.

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In order to find more descriptive keywords that could connote moods or other
uses of lofi, I decided to look at the suggested results that YouTube and SoundCloud
prompted after clicking on each hit I found on Google and SoundCloud. Given that
these were still lofi tracks, I believe that these results accurately reflect the overall
tone of the genre. Titles ranged from “staying in.” to “we've never met but can we
have a coffee or something,” and from “RAINING IN P A R I S” to “bad day.”
After three rounds of qualitative coding, reducing the number of categories
with each iteration, I found that there were three main categories of titles apart from
the “study” and “chill” categories: “lazy/tired,” “beginning/end of time period,” and
“relationships to others.” The first category consists of titles which concerned
lounging around, or overall weariness, like “staying in.” and “praying for sleep.” It
seems that channels and artists create their tracks with their target audience’s stress
in mind, which makes sense given the APA’s conclusion that the millennial generation
is the most stressed of any generation that they studied.
The second category goes hand in hand with the first, since early mornings and
late nights are often associated with stressors like sleep apnea and overwork. Other
tracks included in this category reference the start or end of a day, week, or season,
like “last days of summer” or “Monday chillin’”. Many of these titles connote a form
of resignation, as if a break was about to end, or a long period of work is about to start.
A possible explanation is that audiences for these tracks are eager to take breaks when
they come, or are not looking forward to their “last days of summer” coming to a
close. Some just want a way to start their “Weekend Relaxation.” In general, it seems
that this category of titles can be seen as a reflection of its listeners’ need for rest or
mental preparation for an approaching period of stress, much like the previous
category.
The final category is related to any form of relationship between people, though
most of the titles I found hinted at romantic relationships. Such titles included “it’s
because of you” and “Stay With Me.” While lofi listeners are stressed about many
aspects of life, from applying to jobs to finding a place to live, a large portion of the
lofi audience may be listening to lofi to cope with romantic needs. Indeed, in today’s
Internet and social media-fueled society, today’s youth feel pressure to “get cuffed,”

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as their friends share more about their romantic lives and dating apps like Tinder
become more and more prevalent.
A unique aspect of the titles that my qualitative coding skipped over is the
“aesthetic” of the titles. Because I had solely focused on the meaning and
connotations of words, I had overlooked some titles’ glaring similarities in font and
letter case. Taking “Raining in P A R I S” as an example, we see that the French capital
is written in all caps with each letter spaced out. I will further explore this unique text
style later in my analysis, as the aesthetic appears throughout the online lofi
community.

Visual Analysis of Song/Album Photos

Figure 3. “lofi” and “chill beats” compilation on the left.

“lofi,” “jazzhop,” and other less-related genres included on the right.

Even though lofi hip-hop is a sonic medium, the album/compilation photos

and visuals associated with the genre provide additional insight into the atmosphere
that lofi invokes. Upon first glance, many lofi streams use distinctive colors with
common themes. In order to better visualize the common colors shared between lofi
songs, compilations, and streams, I created a photo mosaic. This method allowed me

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to recreate a photo associated with lofi albums using other lofi albums to find which
colors are used the most.
I acquired my photos by searching for “lofi” and “chill beats” on Google
Images, and saved 250 of these photos manually so that I could see whether each
photo was really a part of lofi culture or just related to some other topic like low-
fidelity audio engineering. I first tried using the photo featured on ChilledCow’s
stream as my overall mosaic photo, since ChilledCow’s stream uses the “studying
anime girl” that is known throughout the hip-hop world as “that lofi hip-hop girl.”
However, the photos I found online did not have a matching color palette. After
cycling through the “studying raccoon,” the old “studying anime girl,” and similar
photos, I realized that many of the pictures had a distinctive purple and blue hue,
accompanied by a neon, fluorescent pink. I chose the Bart Simpson picture as shown
in Figure 3 above not only because it distinctly shows each major color in the lofi
aesthetic, but also because the subject, Bart, is a part of the genre’s aesthetic as well.
Meme-ing is a part of lofi culture, and Bart Simpson is a popular image used in memes
about lofi hip-hop.
With my initial 250 photos, I formed a relatively well-homogenized photo
mosaic with pink, purple, and blue as distinct regions of color. To test whether this
color palette was unique to lofi as a genre and not related to other similar genres like
chill/vaporwave, I decided to include images associated with those genres into the
photo mosaic. The result was a heterogeneous photo mosaic with clearly misplaced
colors. The drastic change in mosaic homogeneity indicates the distinctiveness of
lofi’s color scheme.
In a form of literary analysis, I read through Valdez and Mehrabian’s classic
study on the effects of color on emotions to see what conclusions I could draw from
lofi’s main color scheme. The paper stipulates that blue, purple, and related hues are
“associated with [being] ‘secure, comfortable’ and ‘tender/soothing’” (396).
Regarding pink, they concluded that it “elicited less anxiety than red” and caused
subjects to find events like rape and murder “less upsetting” when described on pink
paper as opposed to white and blue.

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Even though the pink in the Bart Simpson photo mosaic was neon, I saw a
substantial amount of “millennial pink” in my initial search results. According to an
article on Girls Are Awesome by Ulrika Luksevica, millennial pink is “a symbolism
meant specifically for mental health.” It has a calming effect and an ability to reduce
“anger, aggression, resentment, abandonment and neglect” (Luksevica), further
indicating lofi’s role in managing stress among the millennial generation.

Digital Research Method and Qualitative Analysis of YouTube Comments

While the titles and photos revealed common themes related to lofi’s use,
aesthetic, and mood, I needed to find specific examples of these themes popping up in
lofi’s discourse, which in this case happened to take place in the YouTube comments
section. To do this, I delved into the comments sections of six lofi compilations, which
as a whole represented the entire gamut of categories I divided the compilations into
with my qualitative coding of titles. For each compilation, I selected the 6-7 most
descriptive, upvoted comments. Some of the most upvoted comments were not quite
as meaningful to my analysis since they appear frequently on YouTube videos that
aren’t related to lofi, like “who’s listening to this in [some given month of some given
year]?”. I elected to ignore those comments in my analysis of lofi’s unique
characteristics.
To make visualizing patterns in a multitude of comments easier, I implemented
qualitative coding again. I went through each of my documented comments and
marked down words relating to their individual messages, grouping more and more
messages together with each iteration, for a total of three rounds. Grouping these
comments together was much more difficult than grouping song/album titles, since
the comments could fit into multiple categories. The most popular groupings included
“anxiety/depression,” being “part of a positive community,” and “romantic
relationships.” Other notable categories included “writing a poem,” “school studies,”
and “rain.”
My method of acquiring YouTube comments led to stratified categorization,
since song/compilation titles naturally lead to related comments. For example, the
majority of “L O V E S I C K”’s comments related to “romantic relationships.” To

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make sure my categories were as unbiased as possible, I checked to see if each of the
major categories I created was well represented across the six different YouTube
videos. Also, in the process of disregarding comments that weren’t meaningful, I
wasn’t able to capture another common motif among YouTube comments. The unique
lofi typeset (e.g. “L O V E S I C K”) seen in song/compilation titles was relatively
common among those not-so-meaningful comments.
According to Reddit user C-Ron, this typeset is a result of using Japanese
typefaces/keyboards to write out English words. Reddit users suggest that this all
caps, spaced out typeset is a reference to vaporwave and chill/vaporwave/lofi music’s
roots in Japanese culture. So while the typeset itself may not have any sentimental
value, it indicates that the songs/compilations I’ve discussed in my research have all
been related to lofi.

Conclusion
My qualitative coding of song/album titles, visual analysis of song/album
photos, and digital research method of delving into the lofi online community all
served to further an argument that interest in lofi is due in large part to the high-
stakes, high-stress environment many 20-year-old or so netizens are a part of today.
Despite the slight changes in methodology I had to make along the way, each was
done with the understanding that my analysis as a whole would stay unbiased.
Qualitative coding revealed why young audiences listen to lofi, while my digital
research method further explored these reasons. To survey the overall atmosphere lofi
creates, I turned to visual analysis. Most people listen to radio streams and
compilations as background music while they prepare for that next midterm or final,
or just to relax on their beds with a cup of java or a good book of poetry. A significant
proportion of the audience may also suffer from lack of sleep, whether it be waking up
early in the morning or sleeping late at night. Others also turn to lofi to cope with loss,
whether it be breaking up with a romantic partner, or something more severe like the
death of a loved one. The colors I found associated with lofi corroborated these
findings, with dark blue/purple hues serving as a comforting color wrapping around
the pink that acts as a symbol for the stressed-out millennial generation.

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Looking back at the Google Trends graph (Figure 1) that incentivized me to

research this topic, I realize that I cannot make any direct conclusions relating the
Trump administration to the rise of lofi. However, there is no doubt that, given recent
news, the current political situation contributes to the high stress and anxiety that the
millennial generation is experiencing. Much like millennial pink, the lofi hip-hop
genre is a symbol for an anxious, emotionally tensed generation of youth.

Works Cited

Alexander, Julia. “YouTube's Most Popular 'Lofi Hip Hop' Livestream May Return
Soon.” Polygon, Vox Media, 8 Feb. 2018,
www.polygon.com/2018/2/8/16990594/youtube-lofi-hip-hop-gaming-
livestream-anime-wolf-children.

C-Ron. “Why are people writing words with wide spaces S U C H A S T H I S ? Is it a

new meme? Where did it come from?” Reddit, 29 Dec. 2016,
www.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/5kxanh/why_are_people_writi
ng_words_with_wide_spaces_s_u/

Harper, A. C. “Lo-Fi Aesthetics in Popular Music Discourse.” Oxford University, UK,

2014.

Jones, Brian. Signifying DIY: Process-oriented Aesthetics In 1990s Alternative Rock and
Hip-Hop. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate
School, 2014, doi.org/10.17615/atrc-jz34.

Luksevica, Ulrika. “How Millennial Pink Became the Colour of the Genderless
Revolution.” Girls Are Awesome, 12 Oct. 2017,
www.girlsareawesome.com/millennial-pink-became-colour-genderless-
revolution/.

Maroulis, Peter. “The Revolution (Evolution?) of Lo-Fi Hip-Hop.” DJBooth, 13 June

2018, www.djbooth.net/features/2018-06-13-lo-fi-hip-hop-evolution.

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Schultes, Peter; Dorner, Verena; and Lehner, Franz, "Leave a Comment! An In-Depth
Analysis of User Comments on YouTube" (2013). Wirtschaftsinformatik
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Southwell, B.G., and Marco C. Yzer. “The Roles of Interpersonal Communication in

Mass Media Campaigns.” Annals of the International Communication Association,
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“Stress in America: The State of Our Nation. Stress in America Survey.” PsycEXTRA
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Thoma, Myriam V., et al. “The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response.” PLoS
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Valdez, Patricia, and Albert Mehrabian. “Effects of Color on Emotions.” Journal of

Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 123, no. 4, 1994, pp. 394–409.,
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Winkie, Luke. “How 'Lofi Hip Hop Radio to Relax/Study to' Became a YouTube
Phenomenon.” VICE, VICE Media Group, 13 July 2018,
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