A Solar Power System for Electric Vehicles with

Maximum Power Point Tracking for Novel Energy

Sharing
Sushuruth Sadagopan, Sudeep Banerji, Priyanka Vedula, Mohammad Shabin
C. Bharatiraja
SRM University
Hospital Road, Potheri, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu 603203
[email protected]

used locally as per the requirement.

Abstract— This paper presents a new system architecture
This idea will be useful in making better use of solar energy
which makes efficient use of the power produced from the
photovoltaic panels for charging batteries of solar powered available to charge car batteries to take a step towards pollution
Electric Vehicles. The system has the power system for a solar free and sustainable transport system. It will be effective
powered Electric Vehicle and the power system for the solar particularly useful shuttle car services for short ranges for
powered grid connected Electric Hub (a large battery bank). tourist places or large campuses. When not in use, the system
Several electric vehicles may be charged from its own photovoltaic will generate electricity either locally or for the grid. Therefore
panel and from the hub, which in turn is charged by a large it is an ideal place for using the proposed system.
capacity photovoltaic panel or by the electric grid in case the
power required is more than the power available from the panels.
Once all the batteries connected to the system reach a certain A Solar Power System For Electric
maximum charge limit excess energy from the vehicles and the Vehicles With Maximum Power Point
hub is pumped into the grid, thus utilizing the energy that would Tracking For Novel Energy Sharing
have been otherwise wasted.

Keywords—Solar Vehicles; Enery management;Charging station

I. INTRODUCTION

The need to explore new ways to power our homes, vehicles,

and businesses has increased dramatically over recent years in
Abstract Sections References Appendices
fear of fossil fuels running out and their environmental effects.
Demand for fossil fuels for running automobiles has been the
driving force in utilization and depletion of crude petroleum.
Hence there has been an increased focus on Electric Vehicles in Key
recent times. A major limitation of Electric Vehicles is that it is
an extra load on the electric grid and since many countries face word
an energy deficit, it is not currently feasible to use electric
vehicles. Another drawback of Electric Vehicles is that it is not
n
s
Introductio Proposed
system
Implem
entation
Results
Conclusi
on
entirely emission free. [1] If the batteries are charged using
energy generated from fossil fuels, polluting gasses are still
formed at the power plant.[2] Hence they only reduce and
decentralizes the pollution and do not eradicate it completely. Figure 1: Structure of the paper
An alternative source of power that is being developed is the
use of solar power to run automobiles. A. Technical Background

The purpose of this paper is to propose a system which Currently the electric vehicles are either charged by the grid or
makes efficient use of the power produced from the separate renewable resources . Otherwise they have their own
photovoltaic panels for charging batteries of solar powered solar panel and are used for short distances. Charging from the
Electric Vehicles. It introduces a new charging technique that grid produces an extra load on the generation of electricity
harnesses the maximum power from the photovoltaic panels whereas, renewable sources are unreliable.[7] Only a solar panel
and simultaneously shares the charge with the other cars and on the vehicle is not sufficient to power it entirely.[8], [9].
the Hub thereby not utilizing any power from the Grid until
necessary. The excess energy can be sent back to the grid or B. Proposed Solution
 Figure 2.1 shows the block diagram of the solar powered
Our proposed system utilizes both the grid as well as the electric vehicle. It shows that the system on the vehicle is
energy from photovoltaic panels. The vehicles have their own designed to optimally charge the batteries both in running and
PV panels. The batteries are charged using both solar power stationary conditions. It consists of a photovoltaic panel on the
and the energy from the grid which is utilized as the last resort. vehicle body. The power from the panel is controlled through a
The system also facilitates power transfer in between vehicles
without other energy sources. Hence, it is greener as well as
reliable. It also employs MPPT for maximum efficiency. [11]

C. Organization of the Paper

The paper has been organized in the following sections
Section II illustrates the working concept with the
block diagram of the proposed system. It has a Hub circuit, a
Grid Synchronizer and two solar powered electric vehicles
Section III contains details of the hardware and
software implementation of the prototype to test the working
principle of the system
Section IV shows the results of the prototype testing
Section V draws a conclusion. buck boost converter which is switched using the MPPT
controller for achieving maximum power output. The
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM microcontroller is used for the measurement of battery voltages
and for switching relays. The vehicle’s system is connected to
the hub through the relays which are controlled by the
microcontroller. Current sensors are used to sense the current
from the output of the converter to send the feedback to the
MPPT module. A voltage diver circuit is being used to
approximately measure and feed the battery voltage to the
microcontroller which decides the mode of operation. The
relays are operated accordingly. This battery charge level
approach has been adopted for simplicity. Using the state of
charge method is a more accurate scheme for measurement.
The operation of the car can be split into four modes:
1. M1 (Standalone) –

Figure 2 illustrates the diagrammatic representation of the

proposed system. It attempts provide a new architecture for
charging electric vehicles using power from photovoltaic
panels. This not only allows charging of electric vehicles but
also provides energy to the grid at times without harming the
environment or increasing load demand of energy from the
grid. For this system, we have only considered electric vehicles
having their own photovoltaic panel on the roof or the body.
The charging station or the Hub consists of a large battery bank
and a large photovoltaic panel. The Hub is connected to the Figure 2.2: Block diagram for vehicle in M1
grid to either pump the extra energy into the grid or draw
energy from it in case the energy required is more than the Figure 2,2 shows the block diagram of the vehicle in mode
energy required by the batteries. To extract the maximum 1.This mode occurs when the vehicle is being driven or is
power produced from the photovoltaic panels, a Maximum parked separately. The power generated from the panel is used
Power Point Tracking algorithm was used on all vehicles as to charge the battery or directly to the drive.
well as on the hub.
The system may be envisaged as having two parts: 2. M2 (Charging from Hub) –

A. The power system for the solar powered electric vehicle

 Figure 2,6 represents the general block diagram of the hub. It
consists of a similar setup of the buck boost converter, MPPT
controller, current sensors and the microcontroller and is
Figure 2.3: Block diagram for vehicle in M2 powered by a large PV panel. The panel need not be a single
panel in the same area but may also be a group of panels spread
Figure 2.3 illustrates the block diagram for the vehicle in mode
out in different areas. It has rectifier circuit for charging the
2 operation. This mode occurs when the battery is not fully
battery bank through the grid when required. It also consists of
charged. The battery is charged using the photovoltaic panel of a PWM inverter circuit to pump any excess energy back to the
the car as well as the hub. The hub is connected in parallel with grid. The switching is done using the microcontroller. The
the photovoltaic panel of the car and the total power is fed to synchronizing takes place with the use of a zero crossing
the buck boost converter of the vehicle. The MPPT module detector circuit for generating reference voltage. The PWM
controls the combined power from the hub and panel. pulses are filtered into sinusoidal wave using a filter and the
output AC voltage is synchronized with the grid reference
voltage using the microcontroller.
3. M3 (Discharging to the Hub) –
Modes of hub: the hub also has mianly three distinct modes of
operation. They are classified as:
1. M1(Standalone)-

Figure 2.5: Block diagram for vehicle M3

Figure 2.5 shows the working of the vehicle when it is Figure 2.7: Block diagram for Hub M1
operating in mode 3.When the battery is charged above a preset
percentage, the power from the panel is pumped back to the Figure 2.7 shows the block diagram of the working of the hub
hub. The energy can then be used for charging batteries of other during mode 1 operation. When the battery charge percentage
vehicles or can be pumped back to the grid through the hub. is between 25% to 75%, the battery bank charges or discharges
according to the condition of vehicles connected to it. It charges
4. M4 (Discharging/Charging to another vehicle) – any vehicles connected to it .When the battery charge
percentage is between 25% to 75%, the battery bank charges or
If a vehicle is stranded and needs to be charged faster, another discharges according to the condition of vehicles connected to
vehicle can transfer the power from its panel to the other it. It charges any vehicles connected to it. This mode is called
vehicle which needs to be charged. This is done by connecting as standalone mode.
two vehicles through a power cord. This mode is applicable
during emergency scenarios. 2. M2(Inversion)-

B. The power system for the solar powered grid connected hub

Figure 2.6: General block diagram for Hub

 Figure 2.5: Block diagram for Hub M2

Figure 2.5 shows the block diagram of the hub during its
second mode of operation, which is inversion. This mode
occurs when the charge of the battery bank crosses the preset
value of 75%. Then the inverter circuit comes into play and
pumps the power back to the grid.

3. M3(Rectification)-

4. Figure 2.5: Block diagram for Hub M3

Figure 2.5 shows the diagrammatic representation of the hub in

the third mode- Rectification. When the charge of then battery
bank falls below the preset value of 25%, the rectifier circuit
converts AC/ DC to charge the battery bank.
Figure 3.1: The MPPT Module
III IMPLEMENTATION
The Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller (identical for
A. Hardware Implementation both the hub and the cars) is operated by the SM72442 - TI
Programmable Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller. The
The experimental verification of the proposed system was controller was programmed to provide a constant charging
carried out using a Texas Instruments Piccolo C2000 voltage of 13.4V (optimal charging voltage for the 12V battery).
microcontroller based hardware prototype. It consists of two It provides pulses to control the switches (4 N-Channel
identical car prototypes interfaced with a hub. MOSFETS TI CSD16342Q5A) in a buck/boost converter
The sub systems, cars and the hub are powered by a 5W and through a driver (SM72295 TI Photovoltaic Full Bridge Driver).
10W PV panels respectively. The energy is stored in 12V 4.5 The SM72442 controller was chosen for its versatile nature and
Ah battery banks through a MPPT controller. The MPPT its ability to maintain optimum performance under fast-changing
controller is implemented on a PCB (refer to Appendix A), to irradiance conditions, a prerequisite for MPPT of moving
maximize the power output from their respective PV panels. photovoltaic panels.
Apart from these, each of the systems has its power circuit and
indication circuit made on dot-boards. Individual parts of the The input current from the PV Panel and the output current
system are explained hereafter in this section. from the converter are measured by the INA193A - Current
Shunt Monitor and fed to the controller. The controller and the
1. The MPPT Controller driver are powered by 5V and 3.3V linear regulators
respectively.

2. Power and Indication circuits of the Car

 Figure 3.2: hardware implementation of the vehicle Figure 3.3: Hardware implementation of the HUB

Each of the identical cars consists of a 5W PV panel connected The hub consists of a 10W PV panel connected to the power
to the power circuit through the MPPT PCB. The power circuit circuit through the MPPT PCB. The power circuit comprises of
comprises of two relays operated by the microcontroller. The a relay operated by the microcontroller, an AC/DC converter, a
first relay R1 controls the point at which the hub is connected to ZCD (Zero Crossing Detector) and two transformers.
the car. When unexcited, R1 connects the hub in parallel with Based on the mode of power flow, the AC/DC converter either
the PV panel of the car, the battery is charged from both the hub works in rectification or inversion mode.
and the car’s PV panel. Under fully charged condition, R1 is
excited and feeds the power from the car’s PV panel to the hub. In inversion mode, R1 is unexcited. During inversion mode, the
Relay R2 is used to isolate the battery when fully charged, thus AC/DC converter is switched to a full bridge inverter circuit
protecting it from being overcharged. There is also a switch S1 consisting of four mosfets driven through high-frequency mosfet
which is manually operated by the user to connect and detach driver TPS28226DR. It produces a sine pulse width modulated
the car from the hub. output with peak voltage of 12V. A 220/12V transformer is used
to step down the grid ac voltage, with which the filtered output
The indication circuit informs the user about the charge level of of the inverter is synchronized. This synchronization is carried
the battery and the mode of the power flow between the car and out by comparing the output of the inverter with the output from
the hub. The charge level is calculated and displayed by the the ZCD.
microcontroller by measuring the voltage across the battery’s
terminals. The present mode of power flow is also indicated During rectification mode, the AC/DC converter is switched to a
through LEDs. bridge rectifier that produces a dc voltage of 12 V. The dc
voltage is then connected parallel to PV panel and charges the
battery.

B. Software Implementation

3. Power and Indication circuits of the Hub The microcontroller TI Piccolo C2000 is used to control the
prototype. The software Code Composer Studio V5 was used to
compile the program to the microcontroller. The main function
of the software is to measure the conditions such as battery
voltage and system current and switch the relays to change the
operating mode for optimal operation. Figures 3.4 and 3.5 show
the logical operation of the programs in the mircrocontrollers.
 IV. RESULTS

The testing of the hardware prototype gave the following

results which have been measured using a DSO:

Figure 4.1: synchronization of inverter output with the grid

voltage

Figure 3.4: flow chart of car

Figure 4.2: switching pulses from the ZCD

Figure 3.5: flowchart of hub

Figure 4.3: switching pulses for the buck boost converter( Mosfets
1 and 3) Figure 4.3.1: Switching pulses for the buck boost converter
(Mosfets 2 and 4)

V. CONCLUSIONS
Although there is a long way to implement solar powered
vehicles and charging stations in India, the process can be
expedited with the formulation of innovative methods to
maximize the utilization of energy. With peaking fuel prices,
shrinking supplies and global warming issues, solar energy has
become a focus area for policy makers and governments
globally. Our project is a step towards developing a cleaner and
greener transportation system for the future. In this paper we
have proposed a new system architecture for the charging of
solar power electric vehicles. The proposed strategy will
efficiently charge the batteries and also allow the excess energy
to be pumped back to the grid hence utilizing energy that would
have otherwise been wasted. It is also reliable for the users
since it has a provision to charge from the grid if there is a
Figure 4.4: Sin PWM modulated inverter output deficit in power from the panels. The prototype validates the
working principle of the system. Such a system will be highly
useful for shuttle services in a confined area. The benefits of
this approach are that it utilizes the full potential of the PV
panels at all times and the vehicles almost purely run on green
energy. The major limitation of the system is the high initial
cost. Charging time of the batteries is also high and it is not
The system is independent at most times. Further improvements
in the battery charge measurement technique, fast charging
technique and charge controlling will make it more efficient
and feasible. Solar power and electric vehicles are the way
forward to a greener tomorrow.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We the authors of the report entitled ‘A Solar Power System for

Electric Vehicles with Maximum Power Point Tracking for
Novel Energy Sharing’, would like to thank Texas Instruments
for giving us the platform to exhibit our talent and providing us
Figure 4.5 : Filtered output sin wave of the inverter with the necessary help and components for the completion of
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Station for Plug-in Electric Vehicles. IECON 2010 - 36th Annual
to our institution SRM University and our mentor Mr. C. Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.2010
Bharatiraja whose faith and guidance helped us leaps and [9] Edward Caddy. PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR HYBRID AUTOMOBILES.
bounds in our journey in this competition. Finally we would 3rd World Conference on Pholovoltaic Energy Conversion. 2003
like to thank Parthipan,Promit Choudhary and Tiagarajan for [10] Kawamura, N. Development of Solar Charging System for Plug-in
their help. Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Electric Vehicle. Renewable Energy
Research and Applications (ICRERA). 2012
[11] A. DOLARA, R. FARANDA, S. LEVA. Energy Comparison of Seven
MPPT Techniques for PV Systems. JEMAA .Vol.1 No.3, September
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APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B – Bill of Materials