CHAPTER 2

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2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY I This paper presents an efficient rectifier for Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting applications in
FM band (88MHz to 108MHz). The rectifier is this paper was based on Modified Greinacher Rectification topology. The circuit is
designed on Keysight Advance Design System (ADS) and realised on a 1.6mm thick FR4 sheet with 35um of copper cladding.
Schottky diode, HSMS2850 is used as rectification element and lumped components are used for impedance matching. Usable
power levels of are from -30 dBm to 0 dBm. The rectifier operates optimally for a load range of 10k to 75k with maximum RF to
DC conversion efficiency of 74.8% for 5dBm input power at 96 MHz.The conversion efficiency for FM band for -10 dBm input is
around 50% which is quite low power level of wireless signals. Measurements show excellent agreement with the simulated
results. The proposed rectifier has harvested 12.77 μW of DC power from an input of -14.2dBm channel power with an overall
efficiency of 33.59% in FM band. Various effective Rf to DC converter circuit designs are proposed in the literature. The 470
MHz to 810 MHz DTV frequency band was targeted to harvest RF energy in this paper. A max. output voltage of 0.725 Volts
with overall 33.3% efficiency is obtained. It is achieved at a frequency of 545 MHz and -15 dBm input power with 50 kΩ load. The
authors propose its integration with a Yagi-Uda antenna along with a 12 stages voltage doubler circuit. A single Schottky diode
based rectifier integrated with quasi-Yagi antenna arrays of 13.3 dBi gain is discussed earlier. The system has an RF to DC
power conversion efficiency of 40% at 2.14 GHz and approx. -16 dBm input power level. In this, a new rectenna design that
includes two 2.4 GHz-operable patch antennas fabricated on two sides of a 3D cube is presented. Each patch antenna is
connected to a rectifying circuit, which is based on a voltage doubler configuration. The DC combining of both rectifiers
results in a voltage level of 150 mV at -15 dBm input power and a load of 2 kΩ which corresponds to a 35.6% efficiency. In the
proposed rectenna system consists of a broadband dual-polarized crossed-dipole antenna with an embedded flower-shaped
slot filter for harmonic rejection. It also involves a modified voltage doubler rectifier using SMS7530 Schottky diodes. The
presented rectifier is found to be sensitive to input power levels that are around - 35dBm, where the efficiency is measured to
be 5%. Limitations accompanied with Schottky diodes are detailed, where the best anticipated efficiency given by SMS7630 is
4.7% at a −35 dBm input power levels. 2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY II This paper proposes a new RF energy harvesting system that
operates in the Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g band at low input power levels. The system presented a circuit which achieves good power
conversion efficiencies over a power range that extends from (-20 dBm) to (3 dBm). A directive slot antenna is also used to
drive the rectification process of the designed rectenna. The rectifier & antenna system is measured and tested, along with a
power management circuitry, for design validation purposes. A good agreement between simulated and measured results is
attained. The design of voltage multiplier module used for energy harvesting system from ambient at downlink radio
frequency range (935.2 MHz-959.8 MHz) of GSM 900 is present The function of this voltage multiplier circuit is to convert the RF
energy signal into DC voltage that can be used to energise the low power electronic devices. The design was quite similar to
the Villard voltage multiplier circuit. A 4 -stage Schottky diode voltage multiplier circuit was designed, modelled, simulated,
fabricated and tested for its performance. Multisim was used for the modelling and simulation work. Simulation and
experiments were carried out for various input power levels at the chosen frequency band. The RF input power levels versus
the output voltages at the nodes of the Villard network were recorded. The input for the voltage multiplier circuit was fed
through an efficient matching network from an RF energy harvesting antenna which is designed at a fixed impedance. For a
received signal of -27dBm (1.99) uw at the antenna modules produce a DC output voltage of 2.1 V across 100 kQ load. The
harvesting system involves a rectifier and a printed slot antenna that works as the proposed rectenna. A series line matching
topology is integrated within the compact rectifier circuit used. This matching network is an alternative to shunt stubs’
topology. The rectenna system is connected to the power management circuit at low power levels.
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2.3 LITERATURE SURVEY III This paper proposed a new RF energy harvesting system that operates over the GSM band at
moderate input power levels. The system implemented here achieves good power conversion efficiencies over a power range
that extends from -20 dBm to 3 dBm. Slot antenna is to drive the rectification process of the designed system. The designed
system is measured and tested along with a power management circuitry for design validation purposes. A good agreement
between simulated and measured results is attained. Fig. 2.1 : Block Diagram of Circuit RF energy harvesting is good technique
that relies on collecting ambient RF energy in the goal of re- purposing it. The successful implementation of RF harvesters
rectifies RF signals into a DC voltage output that is later utilised for charging purposes. The development of wireless
communication technologies enables the omnipresence of RF energy. It actually originates from the propagating
electromagnetic waves of TV stations, mobile phones, radio stations, Wi-Fi routers and other sources that are abundantly
available. Compared to high power RF signal rectification efficiency, its low power output is quite low. However, it requires
extensive research and investigation that motivates the work presented in this paper. Generally an RF energy harvesting
system depends on an efficient and well designed rectenna, which is a combination of an antenna and an Radio Frequency
rectifying circuit. A crucial parameter is the RF to DC power conversion efficiency. It defines the status of the rectifier and
determines how efficiently system converts RF energy into DC power. Various effective rectenna designs were mentioned in
the literature. The 470 MHz to 810 MHz DTV frequency band is preferred to harvest RF energy. A maximum output voltage of
0.725 Volts is obtained. It is achieved at a frequency of 545 MHz and -15 dBm input power with 50 kΩ load. Therefore, the
authors proposes integration with a Yagi-Uda antenna along with a 12-stage voltage doubler. A single schottky diode based
rectifier integrated with quasi-Yagi antenna arrays of 13.3 dBi gain is discussed earlier. The system has an RF to DC power
conversion efficiency of 40% at 2.14 GHz & -16 dBm input power level. In this, a new rectenna design that includes two 2.4 GHz-
operable patch antennas fabricated on two sides of a 3D cube is presented. Each patch antenna is connected to a rectifying
circuit, which is based on a voltage doubler configuration. The DC combining of both rectifiers results in a voltage level of 150
mV at -15 dBm input power and a load of 2 kΩ which corresponds to a 35.6% efficiency. In the proposed rectenna system
consists of a broadband dual-polarized crossed-dipole antenna with an embedded flower-shaped slot filter for harmonic
rejection. It also comprises of a modified voltage doubler rectifier using SMS7530 schottky diodes. The presented rectifier is
found to be sensitive to input power levels that are around - 35dBm, where the efficiency is measured to be 5%. Limitations
accompanied with schottky diodes are detailed, where the best anticipated efficiency given by 6 SMS7630 is 4.7% at a −35 dBm
input power levels. In this paper, a new RF energy harvesting system is proposed. The harvesting system is implemented with
a rectifier and a printed slot antenna that constitute the proposed rectenna. A series line matching topology is combined
within the rectifier circuit. This matching network is an alternative to shunt stubs’ topology. The system is connected to a
power management circuit and is tested for rectification efficiency at low power levels. 2.4 LITERATURE SURVEY IV A radio
frequency energy harvester using a series resonant circuit for voltage determination is presented in this work. Operation
frequency is in the GSM900 uplink band (842 MHz) to supply power to on-body devices from cell phones. It is verified that
augmented voltage activates a Schottky diode for obtaining a dc output of 335 mVolts delivering 0.51 mWatts to the load
when the harvester is 3 cm from a cell phone. The antenna is designed to have a positive reactance, which is used as part of a
series RLC circuit. It was found that quality factor of the components is critical for the adequate operation of the circuit. Most
electronic circuits are powered with direct current (dc) voltage sources obtained from rectified alternating current of the
power distribution network and from batteries. In addition to these sources, other powering technologies are in use today,
such as solar cells and wind generators. These technologies, among others, are known as energy harvesting because energy
is obtained from external already existing sources and transformed into electric energy by a transducer. The amount of
is obtained from external already existing sources and transformed into electric energy by a transducer. The amount of
power that can be applied to a load depends on the availability of energy of the source and the transducer conversion
efficiency. For low power equipment, such as small wireless autonomous devices, like those needed in wearable electronics
and wireless sensor networks, radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting can be useful, especially in urban areas where RF energy
in the ambient is available in a variety of frequencies. An RF harvesting circuit includes an antenna and an RF- DC conversion
circuit (rectifier or voltage multiplier) usually, it is also necessary to use additional RF circuitry (matching network) to optimise
the operation of the circuit. Critical for the operation of the RF harvester is the diode in the rectifier, this is because zero bias
operation is a requirement. Very small RF signals will produce low conversion efficiency.

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2.5 OUTLINE In this project we are trying to design harvester at 93 MHz with gain higher than 10 dB which will significantly
couple out high power from the receiver antenna. We can achieve high gain from array with less or no complexity. Along with
high gain we need to focus on broad bandwidth around 100 MHz so that harvester antenna can work in real time
environment. Designing process will further move on with antenna dimensions miniaturisation as bulky antenna is not at
desired and cannot be considered as portable. In the end we will try to demonstrate its practical application as RF harvester
by implementing conditioning circuit. 2.6 CONCLUSION From the background concepts and paper reviews it is quite clear that
we can design antenna with Gain > 10 dBi with B.W. > 90 MHz. More emphasis must be laid on its miniaturisation without
changing dielectric substrate. Highly directive antenna with appreciable gain will deliver maximum power to the output of
antenna a SMA connector whose analysis will allow us to design and implement suitable conditioning circuit. Successful
implementation of conditioning circuit with proper impedance matching will harness RF energy at the output with desired
output dc voltage around 3 to 5 Volts.

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