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DR M Riaz Lecture Statistics Ch2

The document provides lecture notes on statistics that include: 1) The definition of arithmetic mean as the sum of all values divided by the sample size. 2) Examples of calculating the arithmetic mean of data sets using different methods. 3) Properties of the arithmetic mean including that the sum of deviations from the mean is zero and the mean provides the minimum sum of squared deviations from any value.

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120 views8 pages

DR M Riaz Lecture Statistics Ch2

The document provides lecture notes on statistics that include: 1) The definition of arithmetic mean as the sum of all values divided by the sample size. 2) Examples of calculating the arithmetic mean of data sets using different methods. 3) Properties of the arithmetic mean including that the sum of deviations from the mean is zero and the mean provides the minimum sum of squared deviations from any value.

Uploaded by

Sam Sam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS

LECTURE NOTES CH. 2


Dr. Muhammad Riaz
Department of Mathematics
University of the Punjab Lahore
[email protected]
[email protected]
Arithmetic mean
The Arithmetic mean or simply the mean is defined as “The value obtained by
dividing the sum of the values by their number” It is denoted by

𝑋
Sample mean 𝑋= 𝑛
where 𝑋 = sum of all values,
n = sample size = number of sample values
𝑋
Population values μ= 𝑁
where 𝑋 = sum of all values,
N = sample size = number of sample values

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics


Example:
Find the Arithmetic Mean (or Mean) of the marks obtained by 9 students are given
below:
X D = X-39
45, 32, 37, 46 ,39, 36, 41, 48, 36 -7
32
36 -3
𝑋 360
A.M = 𝑋 = 𝑛
= 9
= 40 36 -3
Second method: 37 -2
𝐷 39 0
𝑋=𝐴+ , 𝐷 =𝑋−𝐴 2
𝑛 41
where A is any value/number 45 6
46 7
9
Let A = 39, 𝑋 = 39 + = 39 + 1 = 40 48 9
9
𝑋 = 360 𝐷=9

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics


Example:
X D = X-30 𝑿−𝑨
Find the Arithmetic Mean of the data 𝑼=
𝟔
6,12,18,24,30,36,42,48,54,60 -24 -4
6
First method: -18
𝑋 330 12 -3
A.M = 𝑋 = 𝑛 = 10 = 33 18 -12 -2
24 -6 -1
Second method: 30 0 0
30
Let A = 30, 𝑋 = 30 + 10 = 30 + 3 =33 36 6 1
42 12 2
Third method (only for equal interval data): 48 18 3
Here equal interval is h = 6 54 24 4
𝑿 − 𝑨 𝑿 − 𝟑𝟎 60 30 5
𝑼= =
𝟔 𝟔 𝑋 = 330 𝐷 = 30 𝑈=5
𝑈 𝑈 5
𝑋=𝐴+ = 30 + = 30 + × 6 = 33
𝑛 10 10

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics


Properties of Arithmetic Mean:
(i) The sum of the deviation of values from their mean is zero i.e.
𝑋−𝑋 =0
(ii) The sum of squares of the deviations of the values from any value
𝑎 is minimum if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑋 i.e. 𝑋 − 𝑋 2 is always minimum.
(iii) Combined Mean.
If k subgroups of data consisting of 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 , … , 𝑛𝑘 observations have their arithmetic
means 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑘 then their combined mean is
𝑛1 𝑋1 +𝑛2 𝑋2 +⋯+𝑛𝑘 𝑋𝑘
𝑋=
𝑛1 +𝑛2 + …+ 𝑛𝑘
If 𝒀 = 𝒂𝑿 + 𝒃 then 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏
(a) (change of origin) 𝒀 = 𝑿 + 𝒃 then 𝑌 = 𝑋 + 𝑏
(b) (change of scale) 𝒀 = 𝒂𝑿 then 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑋

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics


Example: X 𝑿−𝑿 𝒀 = 𝟐𝑿 + 𝟑
𝑋 112
A.M = 𝑋= = = 16 7 -9 17
𝑛 7
13 -3 29
(i) 𝑋−𝑋 =0 15 -1 33
16 0 35

(ii) 𝒀 = 𝟐𝑿 + 𝟑 then 𝑌 = 2𝑋 + 3 18 2 39
𝑌 245 21 5 45
𝑌= = = 35 6 47
𝑛 7 22
Verify:
𝑋 = 112 (𝑿 − 𝑿) = 0 𝑌 = 245
𝑌 = 2𝑋 + 3 = 2 16 + 3 = 35

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics


Section Number Number
Combined Mean Of boys Of girls
A 40 62
𝑛1 𝑋1 + 𝑛2 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑘 𝑋𝑘 B 37 58
𝑋=
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + … + 𝑛𝑘 C 43 61

40 62 + 37 58 + (43)(61) 7249
𝑋= = = 60.4
40 + 37 + 43 120

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics


Arithmetic Mean (Group data)
Example: Weights 65-84 85-104 105-124 125-144 145-164 165-185 185-204

𝒇 9 10 17 10 5 4 5

Weights 𝒇 𝑿 𝒇𝑿

65-84 9 74.5 670.5


85-104 10 94.5 945
105-124 17 114.5 1946.5
𝑓𝑋 7350 125-144 10 134.5 1345
A.M = 𝑋 = = = 1225 145-164 5 154.5 722.5
𝑓 60
165-184 4 174.5 698
184-204 5 194.5 972.5

𝑓 = 60 𝑓𝑋 = 7350

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics

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