BY- SHARON ANTHONY BANSODE
4TH YEAR BASIC B.SC NURSING
CON BJ-GMC, PUNE
OBJECTIVES
1. WHAT ARE HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA?
2. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF HEALTH PROBLEM IN INDIA?
3. ENLIST VARIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA.
4. WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF HEALTH PROBLEM?
5. HOW TO OVERCOME IT?
WHO remains firmly committed to the principles set out in the
preamble to the Constitution
✓ HEALTH IS A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL
WELL-BEING AND NOT MERELY THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE OR
INFIRMITY.
✓ THE enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the
fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race,
religion, political belief, economic or social condition.
✓ The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and
security and is dependent on the fullest co-operation of individuals and
States.
✓ The achievement of any State in the promotion and protection of health is
of value to all.
✓ Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and
control of diseases, especially communicable disease, is a common
danger.
✓ The extension to all peoples of the benefits of medical, psychological and
related knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health.
✓ Informed opinion and active co-operation on the part of the public are of
the utmost importance in the improvement of the health of the people.
✓ Governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which
can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social
measures.
INTRODUCTION
▪ Public health is squarely a state responsibility and
particularly so in a developing country. It has to go hand-
in-hand with sanitation, drinking water, health education
and disease prevention.
▪ The challenges facing India’s health sector are mammoth.
They will only multiply in the years ahead. Surprisingly
many of the challenges are neither a result of the paucity
of resources nor of technical capacity.
▪ These hurdles exist because of a perception that the
possible solutions may find disfavor with voters or
influential power groups.
▪ The first malady has been the utter neglect of population
stabilization in states where it matters the most.
▪ The second is the monopoly that an elitist medical hierarchy
has exercised for over 60 years on health manpower planning.
The result has given a system where high-tech speciality
services are valued and remunerated far higher than the
delivery of public health services. The latter ironically
touches the lives of millions.
▪ Related to this is the third big challenge — how to make sure
that doctors serve the growing needs of the public sector
when the working conditions are rotten, plagued by
overcrowding, meagre infrastructure and a virtual absence of
rewards and punishments.
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEM
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROBLEM
MEDICAL CARE PROBLEM
POPULATION PROBLEM
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PROBLEM
▪ Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria
that people spread to one another through contact with
contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or
through the air. There are many examples of communicable
diseases
▪ Example- Some examples of reportable communicable disease
include HIV, hepatitis A, B and C, measles, salmonella, measles,
blood-borne illnesses and in recent corona virus.
▪ Routes- Most common forms of spread include fecal-oral, food,
sexual intercourse, insect bites, contact with contaminated fomites,
droplets, or skin contact.
▪ These diseases caused around 4.3M deaths around the world in
2016.
THE THIRTEEN COMMON COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES FOUND IN INDIA ARE AS FOLLOWS:
5.
1. Malaria 2. Typhoid 3. Hepatitis 4. Jaundice
Leptospirosis
10.
6. Diarrhoeal 7.
8. Cholera 9. Brucellosis Hookworm
Diseases Amoebiasis
Infection
13.
11. Influenza 12. Filariasis
Tuberculosis
VIRUS FAMILY:CORONAVIRIDAE
TOTAL DEATH IN INDIA: 71,642
CONFIRMED CASES: 4,204,613
ACTIVE CASES: 882,542
RECOVERED: 3,250,429
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PROBLEM
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) encompass a vast group
of diseases such as cardiovascular
diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory
diseases. NCDs contribute to around 38 million (68%) of all the
deaths globally and to about 5.87 million (60%) of all deaths in
India.
India is a populous country of about 1.3 billion. Non communicable
diseases (NCDs) contribute to around 5.87 million (60%) of all deaths
in India.
NCD’s are more
responsible for COVID-19
deaths around the globe.
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEM
The major nutritional problems are protein energy malnutrition (PEM), vitamin A
deficiency (VAD), iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).
In adults obesity is major problem due to sedentary lifestyle.
▪ 68 Per Cent Of Child Deaths Under Five Years In
India Caused By Malnutrition In 2017: Study. New
Delhi: Of the 1.04 million under five deaths in India in
2017, over 7 lakh (706,000) can be attributed to
malnutrition, reveals the findings of the India State-
Level Disease Burden Initiative's report.
ENVIROMENTAL SANITATION PROBLEM
▪ Environmental sanitation envisages promotion of health of the community
by providing clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease.
▪ It depends on various factors that include hygiene status of the people,
types of resources available, innovative and appropriate technologies
according to the requirement of the community, socioeconomic
development of the country, cultural factors related to environmental
sanitation, political commitment, capacity building of the concerned
sectors, social factors including behavioral pattern of the community,
legislative measures adopted, and others.
▪ India is still lagging far behind many countries in the field of
environmental sanitation
WATER
SANITATION
FOOD&MILK
SANITATION
EXCRETA
SANITATION
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
REFUSE DISPOSAL
VECTOR AND
VERMIN CONTROL
HOUSING
AIR SANITATION
MEDICAL CARE PROBLEM
FIVE COMMON SHORTCOMINGS OF HEALTH-CARE DELIVERY (Source: WHO
Report 2008)
1. Inverse care. People with the most means – whose needs for health care are often
less – consume the most care, whereas those with the least means and greatest health
problems consume the least. Public spending on health services most often benefits
the rich more than the poor in high- and low income countries alike.
2. Impoverishing care. Wherever people lack social protection and payment for care
is largely out-of-pocket at the point of service, they can be confronted with catastrophic
expenses. Over 100 million people annually fall into poverty because they have to pay
for health care.
3. Fragmented and fragmenting care. The excessive specialization of health-care
providers and the narrow focus of many disease control programmes discourage a
holistic approach to the individuals and the families they deal with and do not
appreciate the need for continuity in care. Health services for poor and marginalized
groups are often highly fragmented and severely under-resourced, while development
aid often adds to the fragmentation.
4. Unsafe care. Poor system design that is unable to
ensure safety and hygiene standards leads to high rates of
hospital-acquired infections, along with medication errors
and other avoidable adverse effects that are an
underestimated cause of death and ill-health.
5. Misdirected care. Resource allocation clusters around
curative services at great cost, neglecting the potential of
primary prevention and health promotion to prevent up to
70% of the disease burden. At the same time, the health
sector lacks the expertise to mitigate the adverse effects
on health from other sectors and make the most of what
these other sectors can contribute to health.
POPULATION PROBLEM
1. Rapid Growth of Population:
▪ We know that in spite of many attempts to check population growth, the birth
rate is still high (annual exponential growth rate is 1.64 per cent as per 2011
census), but the death rate has been checked because of the development and
extension of medical facilities.
▪ Family planning is not practised sincerely on a large scale, especially in rural
areas. This situation has resulted into large proportion of youth (15-24 years,
2%) along with the aged (32% in 2011) who are dependent on relatively small
workforce of the population.
▪ This large proportion of young population puts great pressure on the
available medical, educational and other social amenities. It is estimated that
due to the rapid population growth, 25 million people are homeless and 171
million people have no access to safe drinking water.
2. Disproportionate Gender Composition:
▪ According to Census 2011, national sex ratio (females per
1,000 males) is 940. Most countries in the world have more
women than men. But India and some South Asian and East
Asian countries differ. Female mortality is higher in these
nations.
▪ This has resulted in there being more men than women in
India and the sex ratio is lower than 1,000, except in two
states—Kerala (1,084) and Pondicherry (1,083). India is one
of the few countries where the child sex ratio between age of
0-6 has been declining
3. Poor Standard of Living and Malnutrition:
• Standard of living in a country is also affected by its population.
• In India, there is a great shortage of nourishment, especially that
of balanced diet.
• The standard of living is low and housing conditions are often
very poor which lead to health problems such as deficiency
diseases.
• The ignorance of people, inadequate medical facilities, and lack
of financial resources come in the way of improving the housing
and health conditions.
4. Unemployment:
▪ The pressure of unwanted population growth increases the army of
unemployed youths of employable age. Such desperate youths become a
burden on the society. They may indulge in unlawful activities and cause
harm to the law-abiding people.
▪ In India, a large proportion of population is dependent on agriculture
which is mostly done by traditional methods, obsolete equipment’s and
inadequate financial resources. Consequently, the production per unit
area is low.
HEALTH PROBLEM CHALLENGES: 5A’S
▪ Awareness or the lack of it: How aware is the ▪ Access or the lack of it: Access (to healthcare) is
Indian population about important issues defined by the Oxford dictionary as “The right or
regarding their own health? Studies on opportunity to use or benefit from
awareness are many and diverse, but lacunae in (healthcare)”Again, when we look beyond the
awareness appear to cut across the lifespan in our somewhat well-connected urban populations to
country. the urban underprivileged, and to their rural
counterparts, the question “What is the level of
o Adequate knowledge regarding breastfeeding
access of our population to healthcare of good
practice was found in only one-third of the quality?” is an extremely relevant one
antenatal mothers in two studies. Moving ahead
in the lifecycle, a study in urban Haryana found o . A 2002 paper speaks of access being a complex
that only 11.3% of the adolescent girls studied concept and speaks of aspects of availability,
knew correctly about key reproductive health supply, and utilization of healthcare services as
issues. A review article on geriatric morbidity being factors in determining access. Barriers to
found that 20.3% of participants were aware of access in the financial, organizational, social, and
common causes of prevalent illness and their cultural domains can limit the utilization of
prevention. services, even in places where they are
“available.”
▪ Absence or the human power crisis in healthcare: Any discussion on healthcare
delivery should include arguably the most central of the characters involved – the
human workforce. Do we have adequate numbers of personnel, are they appropriately
trained, are they equitably deployed and is their morale in delivering the service
reasonably high?
▪ Affordability or the cost of healthcare: Quite simply, how costly is healthcare in India,
and more importantly, how many can afford the cost of healthcare? It is common
knowledge that the private sector is the dominant player in the healthcare arena in
India.
o Almost 75% of healthcare expenditure comes from the pockets of households, and
catastrophic healthcare cost is an important cause of impoverisment. Added to the
problem is the lack of regulation in the private sector and the consequent variation in
quality and costs of services.
▪ Accountability or the lack of it: Being accountable has been defined as the procedures
and processes by which one party justifies and takes responsibility for its activities
HOW TO OVERCOME IT?
1. The problems can only be
reduced/eradicated when all the citizens of
India and Government of India work hand
in hand.
2. People will completely become aware of
the health and health care facilities.
3. When there will be proper management
and decision making will take place.
