Sanicro 28: (Tube and Pipe, Seamless)
Sanicro 28: (Tube and Pipe, Seamless)
Sanicro 28
(Tube and pipe, seamless)
Sanicro 28 is a highalloy multipurpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly
corrosive conditions. The grade is characterized by:
STANDARDS
• UNS N08028
• ISO 4563-080-28-I
• EN number 1.4563
• EN name X 1 NiCrMoCu 31-27-4
• W.Nr. 1.4563
• DIN X 1 NiCrMoCuN 31 27 4
• SS 2584
• AFNOR Z1NCDU31-27-03
Product standards
Seamless tube and pipe: ASTM B 668; EN 102165; SEW 400 (Feb 1991); SS 14 25 84;
NFA 49217
Plate, sheet and strip: ASTM B 709, EN 100882; SS 14 25 84
Bar steel: EN 100883; SS 14 25 84
Fittings: ASTM A 403 (chemical composition and mechanical properties according to ASTM B668)
Approvals
• Approved by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) for use in accordance
with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, section VIII, division 1.
• VdTÜV-Werkstoffblatt 483 (Austenitischer Walz- und Schmiedestahl)
• NACE MR 0103 (Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum
Refining Environments)
• NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 (sulphide stress cracking resistant material for oil field
equipment)
• NGS 1608 (Nordic rules for application) valid for Sandvik Sanicro 28 made by Sandvik
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo Cu
FORMS OF SUPPLY
Using modern bending equipment, Sandvik can bend tubes to customers' particular
requirements and, if required, anneal after bending.
Further details concerning sizes and finishes are available on request.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
The following values apply to solution annealed material, unless otherwise stated.
At 20°C (68°F)
METRIC UNITS
a a b
Rp 0 . 2 Rp 1 . 0 Rm A A2" HRB
IMPERIAL UNITS
a a b
Rp 0 . 2 Rp 1 . 0 Rm A A2" HRB
Tube, pipe, plate and sheet with material thicknesses >20 mm (0.787") and bar with
diameters >100 mm (3.937")
METRIC UNITS
a a b
Rp 0 . 2 Rp 1 . 0 Rm A A2" HRB
IMPERIAL UNITS
a a b
Rp 0 . 2 Rp 1 . 0 Rm A A2" HRB
a)
Rp 0 . 2 Rm A2" HRC
Impact strength
Due to its austenitic microstructure, Sanicro 28 has very good impact strength, both at
room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures.
Tests have demonstrated that the steel fulfils the requirements according to the
o o
European standards EN 134452 (UFPV2) ( min. 60 J (44 ftlb) at 270 C (455 F))
o o
and EN 102165 (min. 60 J (44 ftlb) at 196 C (320 F)).
At high temperatures
Due to embrittlement caused by precipitation of intermetallic phases, Sanicro 28 should
not be exposed to temperatures above 600 °C (1110 °F) for prolonged periods.
Tube, pipe, plate and sheet with material thicknesses <20 mm (0.787") and bar with
diameters <100 mm (3.937")
METRIC UNITS
Rp 0 . 2 Rp 1 . 0 Rm
Rp 0 . 2 Rp 1 . 0 Rm
120 29 33 80
210 28 32 74
300 25 30 68
390 23 28 64
480 22 27 59
570 22 26 57
660 21 25 55
750 20 24 54
840 18 22 52
930 17 22 51
1020 17 21 49
Tube, pipe, plate and sheet with material thicknesses >20 mm (0.787") and bar with
diameters >100 mm (3.937")
METRIC UNITS
Rp 0 . 2 Rp 1 . 0 Rm
Rp 0 . 2 Rp 1 . 0 Rm
120 26 30 80
210 23 28 74
300 22 26 68
390 20 25 64
480 19 23 59
570 17 22 57
660 17 20 55
750 16 20 54
840 15 19 52
930 15 18 51
1020 14 17 49
Creep strength
METRIC UNITS
Temperature Creep rupture strength
10 000 h 100 000 h
°C MPa MPa
approx. approx.
650 122 93
700 82 62
IMPERIAL UNITS
Temperature Creep rupture strength
10 000 h 100 000 h
°F ksi ksi
approx. approx.
1020 38 28
1110 27 21
1200 18 13
1300 12 9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
3 3
Density: 8.0 g/cm , 0.29 lb/in
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
20 10 68 5.5
100 13 200 7
400 19 800 11
20 460 68 0.11
RESISTIVITY
Temperature, °C μ Ωm Temperature, °F μ Ωi n .
20 0.99 68 39.0
30100 15 86200 8
30300 16 86600 9
30400 16 86800 9
3
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (X10 )
20 195 68 28.3
General corrosion
Sanicro 28 was originally developed for use in the manufacture of phosphoric acid,
especially for heat exchangers in the concentration unit, where corrosive conditions are
at their worst.
Phosphoric acid, manufactured by the "wet" method, contains varying
concentrations of impurities derived from the raw material, the phosphate rock. The
– –
most dangerous of these impurities are chlorides, Cl , and fluorides in free form, F .
Laboratory tests carried out in wet process phosphoric acid have shown that Sanicro 28
is far more resistant to impurities of this kind than other high alloy materials. Figure 1
shows the corrosion rate in contaminated phosphoric acid at different chloride
concentrations.
Temperature is another factor that has a great influence on corrosion. See figure 2.
Laboratory tests at 200°C (390°F) in contaminated 95% super phosphoric acid gave
the following corrosion rates after 20 days: Sanicro 28, 0.03 mm/year (1.2 mpy); Alloy
904L, 0.10 mm/year (4.0 mpy); UNS N08020, 0.23 mm/year (9.2 mpy); Alloy G, 0.03
mm/year (1.2 mpy).
Table 1 Chemical compositions of materials tested
C Cr Ni Mo Cu W Co Others
max
Figure 3 is an isocorrosion diagram for Sanicro 28, Alloy 904L and AISI 316L in
deaerated sulphuric acid. As can be seen from the figure, Sanicro 28 is more resistant
than the other alloys. Naturally aerated sulphuric acid is more corrosive than deaerated
acid in the intermediate concentration range. Sanicro 28 exhibits very good corrosion
resistance in concentrated acid.
Figure 3. Isocorrosion diagram for Sanicro
28, Alloy 904L and AISI 316L, in deaerated
sulphuric acid. The curves represent a
corrosion rate of 0.1 mm/year (4 mpy).
Sulphuric acid is sometimes contaminated with chlorides which increases the corrosivity
of the solution. However, Sanicro 28 has good resistance, better than 904L, also in
chloride contaminated sulphuric acid, especially at high concentrations. Above about
20% sulphuric acid Sanicro 28 is even more resistant than the superduplex stainless
steel SAF 2507, see isocorrosion diagram in figure 4.
Sanicro 28 is more resistant to hydrochloric acid than stainless steels with lower
chromium and molybdenum contents and can, therefore, be used to advantage in cases
where chemical process solutions are contaminated with hydrochloric acid, see iso
corrosion diagram in figure 5.
Figure 4. Isocorrosion diagram for Sanicro 28 in sulphuric acid containing
2000 ppm chloride ions at a corosion rate of 0.1 mm/year (4 mpy).
Sanicro 28 resists hydrofluoric and hydrofluosilicic acid very well and can be
used where these acids occur as impurities (see corrosion diagram for hydrofluoric acid,
figure 6). Both Sanicro 28 and AISI 316L are completely resistant to pure acetic acid at
all temperatures and concentrations at atmospheric pressure. However, at elevated
temperatures and pressures, AISI 316L will corrode while Sanicro 28 will remain
resistant. Acetic acid is often contaminated with formic acid, which renders it more
corrosive. Laboratory tests show that Sanicro 28 is more resistant than AISI 316 and
AISI 317L in such solutions.
Sanicro 28 is far more resistant to formic acid than conventional stainless steels of the
AISI 316L type and more resistant than 904L, see isocorrosion diagram in figure 7. In
nitric acid Sanicro 28 performs also very well. In test according to ASTM A262
Practice C (Huey test, 5x48 h in boiling 65% HNO3 ) corrosion rates lower than 0.15
mm/year (6 mpy) are obtained.
The high alloying contents of chromium and nickel give Sanicro 28 considerably better
resistance to s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e than standard stainless steels of the type AISI 304
and AISI 316. At moderate temperatures and concentrations, Sanicro 28 is a suitable
alternative to pure nickel, which may be attacked by erosion corrosion.
At high temperatures the general corrosion rate increases. The risk of stresss corrosion
cracking (SCC) also increases when chlorides are present. Table 2 and 3 demonstrate the
good resistance of Sanicro 28 against general corrosion and SCC in sodium hydroxide
contaminated with chlorides.
Table 2. SCC in boiling 43% NaOH + 6.7% NaCl, 142°C (288°F), 500h.
Grade SCC
Sanicro 28 No
Alloy 800 Yes, cracks <120μm
Alloy 904L Yes, cracks <150μm
Table 3. General corrosion in NaOH and in NaOH+NaCl, mm/year.
Grade 28% 28% 43% 43%
8% NaCl 6.7% NaCl
As can be seen, Sanicro 28 is superior to both Alloy 800 and Alloy 904L.
Figure 5. Isocorrosion in hydrochloric acid. The curves repesent a
corrosion rate of 0.1 mm/year (4 mpy).
Figure 6. Corrosion rates in hydrofluoric acid at 20°C (68°F) for
Sanicro 28, Alloy 904L and AISI 316.<
Figure 7. Isocorrosion diagram for Sanicro 28 and other alloys in formic
acid at a corrosion rate of 0.1 mm/year (4 mpy).
Pitting corrosion
Sanicro 28 can withstand very high temperatures in aggressive environments without
being attacked by pitting. Figure 8 shows the critical pitting temperature (CPT) for some
alloys in chloridebearing water with a salinity comparable to that of sea water. The
figure shows that Sanicro 28 has a higher critical pitting temperature (CPT) than Alloy
904L and Alloy 825 even in acidic chloride solutions. The curves are displaced at higher
temperatures in solutions with lower salinities.
Crevice corrosion
Laboratory tests show that Sanicro 28 has good resistance to crevice corrosion. In tests
according to ASTM G48 method B (6% iron(III)chloride), the material exhibited better
resistance than Alloy 825.
Tensile specimens which were springloaded to stresses close to the proof strength and
tested for SCC in aerated water at temperatures of up to 200–250°C (390–480°F), were
not attacked, see figure 10. These tests were performed in autoclaves with an oxygen
content in the water of 4.6 to 10 ppm and a pHvalue at room temperature of 4.57.1.
The testing time was 1000 hours. The curve for AISI 316/316L and AISI 304/304L is
based on experimental data and practical experience.
Sanicro 28 also displays very good resistance to SCC in environments where hydrogen
sulphide is present together with chlorides. This is true for both solution annealed and
cold worked material, as well as for welded joints. For further information, see Sandvik
R&D lecture S587ENG.
Figure 8. Critical pitting temperature (CPT) at +400 mV SCE for
different alloys in synthetic seawater (3% NaCl), at different pH values
(chemical compositions give in table 1).
Figure 9. Results of stress corrosion cracking tests on different steel
grades in 40% CaCl<sub>2</sub>, at 100°C (210°F), pH = 6.5.
Intergranular corrosion
The TTC diagram, figure 11, shows results of intergranular corrosion testing according
to ASTM G28 (120 hours in boiling iron(III)sulphate and sulphuric acid solution). As
the figure illustrates, Sanicro 28 can be kept in the critical interval of 600700°C (1100
1300°F) for at least 30 minutes without intergranular corrosion occurring in this highly
corrosive medium. As can be seen in figure 11, Alloy 904L is more susceptible to
intergranular corrosion than Sanicro 28. In normal welding operations, heat input to
the parent metal takes place for a much shorter time than 30 minutes. This means that
the risk of intergranular attack after welding of Sanicro 28 is minimal, which is also
verified by tests on welded specimens.
Figure 11. TTC diagram for Sanicro 28 with two different carbon contents and
for Alloy 904L (Sandvik 2RK65). The curves repesent normal limit values for the
carbon content.
HEAT TREATMENT
Tubes are delivered in the heat treated condition. If another heat treatment is needed
after further processing, the following is recommended.
Solution annealing
11001160°C (20102120°F), 1030 minutes, quenching in water. Thin walled tubes
can also be cooled rapidly in air.
WELDING
Sanicro 28 possesses good weldability. Suitable welding methods are manual metalarc
with covered electrodes and gas shielded arc welding, such as TIG and MIG. The heat
input should be 1 kJ/mm maximum and the interpass temperature 150°C (300°F)
maximum. A stringer bead welding technique should be used. Welding should be
undertaken without preheating and, if correctly performed, there will be no need for
any subsequent heat treatment. To maintain full corrosion resistance of the weld joint,
welding must be followed by thorough cleaning to ensure removal of all oxides and slag
particles.
In common with all austenitic stainless steels, Sanicro 28 has low thermal conductivity
and high thermal expansion. Welding should, therefore, be carefully planned in advance
so that distortion of the welded joint can be minimized.
The welding of fully austenitic steels usually involves the risk of hot cracking in the weld
metal, particularly if the weldment is under constraint. However, since Sanicro 28 is an
alloy with a very low impurity content, it is not particularly prone to this type of
cracking.
As a filler metal for gas shielded arc welding, Sandvik 27.31.4.LCu wire is
recommended. For manual metalarc welding, covered electrodes of the Sandvik
27.31.4.LCuR type are recommended.
When Sanicro 28 is welded to carbon steel, it is also possible to use nickel base filler
metals, such as Sanicro 60.
FABRICATION
Bending
The excellent formability of Sanicro 28 permits cold bending to very small bending
radii. Annealing is not normally necessary after cold bending.
For operating temperatures over 400°C (800°F), heat treatment should be carried out
after bending to ensure good ductility after prolonged service times.
Expanding
Sanicro 28 is expanded into tube sheets in the same way as standard austenitic stainless
steels.
Machining
The machining of Sanicro 28, as with other stainless steels, requires an adjustment of
tooling data and machining method, in order to achieve satisfactory results. Compared
to Sanmac 316/316L, the cutting speed must be reduced by approximately 5055%
when turning Sanicro 28 with coated, cemented carbide tools. Much the same applies to
other operations. Feeds should only be reduced slightly and with care.
Detailed recommendations for the choice of tools and cutting data are provided in the
brochure S02909ENG. Data should be selected as for steel grade Sanmac 316/316L,
while taking into account the provisions above.
APPLICATIONS
Due to its outstanding corrosion properties, Sanicro 28 can be used in the most diverse
environments. Listed below are a few examples of applications for which this alloy is
particularly suitable.
Phosphoric acid
Today, Sanicro 28 is the most widely used metallic material for evaporator tubes in the
manufacture of phosphoric acid by the "wet " method. Several units have now been in
service for more than 10 years. The graphite heat exchangers, replaced by Sanicro 28,
often had repeated problems with broken tubes and loss of production.
Sulphuric acid
Sanicro 28 is a suitable material for piping and heat exchangers, particularly at
concentrations of between 40 and 70% of deaerated acid and over 85%. Sanicro 28 has
approximately the same resistance as Alloy C in concentrated acid (98% H2SO4 ).
Fluoride-bearing media
Fluoridebearing offgases can form during the manufacture of phosphoric acid and
mixed fertilizers. These offgases must be disposed of for environmental reasons.
Sanicro 28 is ideal for this purpose. Tests have shown it to be preferable to higher
alloyed CrNiMo grades for the recovery of fluoridebearing gypsum.
Sanicro 28 has replaced nickel alloys, CuNi, bimetallic tubes and coated carbon steel
tubes, which failed due to corrosion. The performance of Sanicro 28 has been excellent.
In seawatercooled heat exchangers and heat exchangers that work with chloride
bearing cooling water, Sanicro 28 offers high corrosion resistance to both the water and
the cooled medium.
When a seawatercooled plant is shut down, there is no need to drain the piping system
or flush with fresh water, provided that the shutdown period is shorter than one month
and the water temperature is lower than 30°C (85°F).
The duplex stainless steel Sandvik SAF 2507 is more resistant than Sanicro 28 in sea
water.
DISCLAIMER:
Recommendations are for guidance only, and the suitability of a material for a specific application can be confirmed only when
we know the actual service conditions. Continuous development may necessitate changes in technical data without notice. This
datasheet is only valid for Sandvik materials.
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