Instructor: Dr.

MOHAMMED ABDUL AMEER ALHUMAIRI

MISAN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF Engineering – PETROLEUM DEPARTMENT

PRODUCTION ENGINEERING I

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 COMPLETION
WELL COMPLETION
TYPES OF WELLS
1- EXPLORATION WELL
2- PRODUCTION WELL
3- INJECTION WELL
4- MONITORING OR OBSERVATION OR EVALUATION WELS.

Selecting a well completion mode is an important part of well completion

engineering. A well completion mode should reduce formation damage; decrease
the resistance to oil and gas flow into the well; isolate the oil and gas reservoirs and
aquifers in order to avoid gas and water channeling and interlayer interference;
control sand production; prepare the well for later stages; resist corrosion and
creeping; and provide good economic benefits
THE OPERATION WELL COMPLETION CONSIST OF:
1- Operation for sitting the production pipe.
2- Casing perforation process at selected interval.
3- Christmas tree installation.
4- Connecting the well head with the production pipe.
Completion: defined as the operation used to prepared the well (production,
injection, exploration or monitoring).

Factors affecting on well completion design:

1- Reduced the cost by using simplest completion and use as much as
possible few equipment.
2- Follow up high operational for capacity completion equipment.
3- Follow up safety and health for personal and equipment.
The most important factor affecting on the well completion:
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 1- Coal to drilling the well.
2- Reservoir rock type.
3- Reservoir fluid type.
The formation may contain oil or gas or water, therefore must be evaluated the
quantity of each of them, size, types, to decide what type of equipment that used
for best production and transportation of them
4- Estimation of reservoir behavior while production.
Example: well # 1 produce 1000 BBL/day, with pressure drop 10 psi, while well # 2
produce 200 BBL/day when pressure drop 1 psi, evaluate which well best,
Solution:
The best well behavior or best productivity index for the well can be calculated
from:
Productivity index= PI= Q/ΔP
PI (well #1) =1000/10=1000 BBL/day/psi
PI (well #2) =200/1=200 BBL/day/psi
The higher PI, will be the best production condition

5- Nature of surface gathering system.

6- Present and future requirements for artificial lift.
Types of completion:
1- Open hole, without casing
2- Liner hole completion.
3- Perforated casing completion.
4- Sand exclusion completion.

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 Open hole, without casing

Advantage:
1- No extra cost for casing or perforation.
2- Large well hole for well production.
3- Good for logging tools.
4- Can drill deeper when need to drill for deeper formation or layer.
5- Can change this type of completion to another type, like cased hole.
Disadvantage:
1- cannot control the production of gas or water.
2- difficulty to control the stimulation jobs.
3- Need to clean the hole frequently.
4- Cannot produce from two layers at the same time (when the properties
and pressure for the layers are not the same)

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Liner completion: linear is casing but not reach to the surface.
The linear connect to the casing for the above later, and connected with screen
A) linear with sand screen.

Advantage:
1- No extra cost for casing, cementing, because it will not reach to the
surface.
2- Almost no damage because the not exposed for drilling mud and cement
for long time
3- No need to clean the well hole because the exciting of the screen.
Disadvantage:
1- cannot control the production of gas or water.
2- difficulty to do the stimulation jobs because the acid will cause damage
to the screen.
3- difficulty to drill the well deeper because of the screen.

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 B) Linear completion: install the linear in the layer above the target layer and
then perforated.

Advantage:
1- Easy control the production of gas and water
2- Easy stimulate the layer
Disadvantage:
1- Extra cost for cementing and perforation.
2- Difficulty to cement because the cement will not reach to the surface.
3- Not easy to do the logging job.

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Perforated casing:
Cement the casing through the layer and the select the interval to perforate the
casing.

Advantage:
1- Easy to control the production of gas or and water.
2- Easy to stimulate the layer.
3- Easy to drill the well deeper.
4- Using the casing to produce the oil.
5- Can control the production of sand.
Disadvantage:
1- Extra cost and time for completion (cementing and perforation).
2- Low oil production rate (because the production through the perforation).
3- Skin factor effect.

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Type of perforated casing completion:
1- Single zone completion.
2- Dual zone completion.
3- Triple zone completion.

Production through the casing

Production through the tubing and casing

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 Production through the tubing

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 Types of perforation:
1- Single zone completion.
2- Dual zone completion.
3- Triple zone completion.

Single zone completion

Single zone completion allows producing only one zone. Production tubing is a flow

path for fluid from a reservoir to flow to the surface so it protects the casing from

corrosion and maximizes the efficiency of the flow.

In a single tubing string completion, typically a packer is set on top of a reservoir so

the reservoir fluid can flow up into the production tubing.

Features of a Single String Completion are listed below;

 Through tubing perforation can be performed.

 Packer can be set with x-mas tree in place.
 Reservoir can be isolated and workover operation can be done.
 Downhole measurements can be effectively conducted.

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 Figure show a simple diagram of a single zone completion

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 Dual zone completion:
A multiple-string configuration consists of two or more completion strings in one well. This is more
expensive and complicated to install than a single-string configuration. However, it has some
advantages such as the ability to simultaneous produce and injec into different zones and has a
more accurate production allocation than a single string type.

Basically this type of completion allows the development of several levels with

fewer wells, and is therefore faster. In contrast, maintenance and workover costs

are higher.

There are large number of systems, but let us simply consider;

1. Parallel dual string completion with two tubing’s, one for each of the two levels
and two packers to isolate the levels from one another and protect the annulus.
2. Tubing-annulus completion with one single tubing and one packer, which is
located between the two levels that are to be produced, with one level produced
through the tubing and the other through the tubing-casing annulus.

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Advantage:
1- allows the development of several levels with fewer wells, and is
therefore faster.
2- maintenance and workover costs are higher.
3- Useful when the offshore drilling (where drilling itself and the space
required for a well site are very costly).
Disadvantage:
1- Problems in operation and production due to frequent wireline jobs.
2- Problems of safety and operation during workover.

Triple zone completion:

The more complex the completion, the more trouble one can expect in completion

operations and in subsequent workover operations. Multiple completions should be

considered only in special situations. These situations include areas where drilling

costs are very high or where the area allocated for drilling wells is at a best. Such

areas include offshore areas, highly populated areas, and remote land locations.

The main advantage of multiple completions is that two or more reservoirs can be

all together produced from a single wellbore. If all goes well, the economics of using

multiple completions can be good-looking; however, operating and workover costs

can be quite high. These operational factors must be considered when considering

multiple completions.

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PERFORATION OF OIL AND GAS WELLS:
A perforation in the environment of oil wells refers to a hole perforated in the casing

or liner of an oil well to connect it to the reservoir. Creating a channel between the pay

zone and the wellbore to cause oil and gas to flow to the wellbore easily.

It is the final stage of the completion will involve running in perforating guns, a

string of shaped charges, down to the desired depth and firing them to perforate

the casing or liner. A typical perforating gun can carry many dozens of explosive

charges.

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Types of perforation:
1- Bullet perforation.
2- Jet perforation.
3- Hydraulic perforation.
Perforation fluid:
using the perforation fluid to great the hydrostatic pressure to control the well
pressure, the perforation fluids are:
1- Salt water. Used when the layer affected when using acid.
2- Acdic acid. used when the layer not effected with the acid and effected
when using water, (the type of Acdic acid is weak, low corrosion and low
reaction)
3- N2 gas. Used when the pressure of the layer is low and when effected
when using water.
Selection of perforated intervals:
1- Avoid the oil – water contact.
2- Avoid the oil – gas contact.
3- Choose the high permeability zone and avoid the shale zones (because
of low permeability).
4- Avoid the casing connection.
5- Consider the safety and lower cost when decreasing the number of
perforation jobs.

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Production Packers:
A production packer is a standard component of the completion hardware

of oil or gas wells, used to provide a seal between the outside of the

production tubing and the inside of the casing, liner, or wellbore wall.

Applications:

 Casing protection

 Separation of multiple zones

 Isolation packers

 Elimination of surging and heading

 Sub-surface safety control

 Artificial/gas lift

Type of Production Packers:

1. Production packers. (Permanent) (remain in the well during well
production).
2. Service packers. (Removable) (used temporarily during well service
activities such as cement squeezing, acidizing, fracturing and well
testing).

Most packers are "permanent" and require milling in order to remove them
from the casing. The main advantages of permanent packers are lower cost
and greater sealing

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 In situations where a packer must be easily removed from the well, such as
secondary recoveries, re-completions, or to change out the production
tubing, a retrievable packer must be used.

Types of packer installation:

A- Mechanical setting:
1- By weight.
2- By tension.
3- By rotation.
B-hydraulic setting.
C- electrical setting

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