CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
 Its comprehensive approach to develop the world bodies by

extending virtuous promotion to bring peace and security. It emerged as a

pioneer organization on October 24, 1945 to secure consensus between

the intended nations to bring in one slot. It is self-centered and goal

oriented, to stop unwanted wars, clashes which arise in a large scale to

make the human destruction.

Human world aspires only peace, means both mentally and

physically to lead secured life. The 20th century mirrors the rotten society

as social evils stretched its fangs to destruct the mankind obviously.

Human existence in the world is placed only on optimism.

The Second World War focused on universal peace because

the Human Global Society gravely witnessed the bare facts. UN very

much alarmed to set right the lapses and encouraged to bring cooperation.

Even UN is also ambitious to get rid of the threat and to render

its moral service for the existence of comprehensive mind, on the planet of

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earth. Obviously nation gets prosperity, full existence enormously based

on peace as it plays a key role to procure safety and liberty.

EVOLUTION OF UN:

In the midst of social impediments it has been emerged as a

radiant light house to bring relief among the nations. The following are

the landmarks in the evolution of the UN:

Atlantic Charter (August 14, 1941), Washington Conference

(1942), Moscow Conference (October 1943), Dumbarton Oaks

Conference (1944), Yalta Conference (Feb 11, 1945), San Francisco

Conference (April 25,1945) and Emergence of U.N. (Oct 24,1945).

In 1945 five permanent members and majority of governments

approved the Charter in all respects. The remarkable day it is as it born

officially. So October 24th is a day to celebrate the U.N. day.

Actions of the UN:

Main aims and objectives of the body:

1. Peace and security prominently protected.

2. Equal rights and self respect could develop mutual understandings.

3. Worldwide economic, cultural, social & humanitarian issues solved

by international cooperation.

4. Human rights, dignity & liberty should be promoted.

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 U.N. is not empowered to intervene with in the domestic

jurisdiction of any nation. At present 189 nations obtained the UN

membership.

The Charter of UN;

The charter was signed by 50 member nations at San

Francisco on June 26, 1945. There are 111 articles divided into 19

chapters with Preamble "We the people of the United Nations”. It is

observed that solidarity and aspirant of fraternity as well as determined

that to utilize the armed forces for common urge. Even international

machinery also for social purpose.

Membership of the UN;

The membership of UN is open to all the countries but they

should abide by the charter of the U.N. The general assembly admits a

state with 2/3rd majority of the Security Council, but the acquisition and

deprivation of its membership is left at the discretion of U.N.

Principles of the UN:

U.N. stands for the prescribed principles

1. Good faith can fulfill the obligations of U.N.

2. Sovereignty and Equality observed with in the member countries.

3. All the members are empowered to settle the disputes.

4. One should not work against other country.

5. U.N. needs assistance of all nations to take confirmed action.

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 6. The U.N. shall not intervene in the internal affairs of the member

states.

Principal Organs of the UN:

There are six main organs in the U.N.

1. The General Assembly

2. The Security Council.

3. The Economic and Social Council.

4. The Trusteeship Council.

5. The International Court of Justice and '

6. The Secretariat

Indeed there are number of agencies and subsidiary organs in the U.N.

The General Assembly:

it’s a legislative organ which consists of all the member-

nations. Each nation is empowered to send 5 delegates but has a single

vote. Decisions are taken by a 273rd majority of members present in the

voting. Its powers to observe the U.N. finances, non-permanent members

elections and other bodies. South Africa also readmitted on the strength of

multiracial and democratic elections.

New York is the Head Quarters and Assembly buildings,

conference and library buildings are interconnected. The U.S.A. advanced

65 lakh dollars as an interest free loan but repayable in installments. The

city New York contributed 2,65,00,000 dollars for site. Its post office is at

liberty to originate stamps.1

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The Security Council:

Its primary role is to maintain peace and security. It has five

permanent and ten non-permanent members. At least nine members must

support to take a decision. It has executive power to solve problems

through negotiations, inquiries, mediation, arbitration, judicial settlement of

their own choice.

Powers and Functions:

1. it’s a guardian of international peace and security on the strength of

the principles and objectives of the U.N.

2. It can investigate the disputes which lead to friction.

3. It can suggest the settlements.

4. It can afford remedy to dilute the threat.

5. To stop aggression it can call upon the members to apply economic

sanctions.

6. It is empowered to take military action against the culprit.

7. It recommends becoming a member of the International Court of

Justice.

8. Exercise the trusteeship functions of the U.N. in “Strategic areas".

9. It can recommend to appoint the Secretary General along with

General Assembly and to elect judges of the International Court of

Justice.2

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The Economic & Social Council (ECO SOC)

In the concept of the leaders of the U.N. were fully aware of the

importance of social and economic conditions for the protection of

humanity and world peace. The Charter also established The Economic

and Social Council as the principal organic to. co-ordinate the economic

and social work of the U.N. Different agencies and institutions are known

as the “United Nations Family”. Its intention is to co-ordinate the economic

and social work of the U.N.

The council has 54 members, and their term is three years,

eighteen members will be elected to replace 18 members who have

completed three years of stipulated time.

It is a chief coordinating agency involved in promoting the

following important events.

1. Higher standards of living, fully employment resources and

betterment in economic and social conditions.

2. It recommends on international and economic, social, cultural,

educational, health and related things.

3. Human rights and basically freedoms with repute.

4. Drafts conventions for submission to the General Assembly.

5. Negotiations with the authentic agencies to enable to maintain

rapport with U.N.

6. To coordinate the activities, to perform services which are approved

7. To get connection with non-governmental organization.

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Sessions:

It holds two month long sessions each year, one in New York

and another in Geneva. The intended work of council will be maintained by

its bodies, committees and commissions for which they meet at regular

intervals.

Subsidiary Bodies;

There are five regional commissions 1) Economic Commission

for Africa (Head Quarters Ethiopia ) 2) Economic and Social Commission

for Asia and Pacific (Bangkok, Thailand) 3) Economic Commission for

Europe (Geneva, Switzerland) 4) Economic Commission for Latin America

and Caribbean (Santiago, Chile) 5) Economic and Social Commission for

Western Asia (Baghdad, Iraq)

UN has also established nine various commissions to take

care of Statistical, Population, Social Development, Human Rights, Status

of Women, Narcotic Drugs, Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice,

Sustainable development and Science and Technology.

Apart from above commissions, six standing committees to

maintain Programme and coordination, Natural Resources, Non-

Governmental Organizations negotiations with intergovernmental

Agencies, Transnational Corporations, Human settlement issues.

Even standing expert committees also abundant to render

necessary services in all sectors to encourage the administrative power of

General Assembly.

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 All the five subsidiary bodies were well known meant to

function is analogous manner in their respective regions. The main

objective in order to raise economic and social development to advance

the level of living and to strengthen the economic worth through out the

world. Every specialized agency with the permission of the council, fulfill

the responsibilities to the welfare of mankind.

The Economic and Social Council took a decision on 10th

January 1973 to facilitate the agencies as they focus aims in respected

fields to develop.

(1)The Statistical Commission: It promotes the development of

statistics of nations and advises the other organs of U.N to

produce general questions of statistical data.

(2) The Population Commission: It advises on the size and structure

of populations and changes there in.

(3) The Commission for Social Development: It advises on vital

social problems and connected required measures.

(4) The Commission of Human Rights: Its goal is to prevent Human

discrimination, to protect minorities and to submit proposals of

recommendations to advice equality in Human rights

(5) The Commission on the Status of Women: It aims women

empowerment politically, economically and civil, social and

educational fields.

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 (6) The Commission of Narcotic Drugs: It advises the council on all

matters pertaining to the control of narcotic drugs.3

Standing Committees:

There are Standing Committee’s and their goal for programme

and co-ordination and it would advise and assist the council in discharging

its necessary functions under articles 58, 63 & 64 of the Charter. It would

study the existing procedures for co-operation and co-ordination and

submits conclusions to the raising problems.

EXPERT BODIES

The Committee on Crime Prevention and Control advises on

intended programmes for international study and formulating policies to

take action in the area of crime prevention.

The Committee for Development Planning considers

programmes and development and analyses the trends through individual

questions in the area of economic planning at developmental phase.

The Advisory Committee proposes progress on the basis of

Science and Technology and advises to achieve practical measures in the

concerned field.

The adhoc group of Experts on Tax Treaties between

developed and developing countries elaborates close collaboration

towards specific objectives to facilitate thoroughly to implement the

programmes.

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 The Experts on the U.N. programmes in Public Administration

bring collaboration with new agencies, Non-Governmental organizations

concerned to meet the urge of specific objectives and programmes of

Public Administration area as well as Experts the Secretary-General’s

proposals in the concerned field for the Development Decades.

The Committee would have keen observation on

Transportation of dangerous goods because noticed by list and considers

the transportation practices and problems related matters.4

RELATIONS WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGTANISATIONS

The Economic and Social Council is at liberty to consult any

Non-Governmental organizations which are very much concerned to the

matters of Council’s barriers. The organizations also could express their

experience, affordability and technical knowledge of value to the Council.

Above 600 organizations have conclusive status, classified

into three categories. Category I organizations concerned with the

Council’s activities, Category II have special competence in specific fields

of the activity of the Council, Category III can make an occasional

contribution to the Council its subsidiary organs or other U.N. bodies.

Organizations also could consult the U.N. Secretariat on matters of mutual

concern.

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COORDINATION OF THE UN SYSTEM:

' The Charter entrusts promotional and coordinating role to the

Economic and Social Council in respect of whole U.N. system. The U.N.

under its purview United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTD), United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO),

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations International Children’s

Emergency Fund (UNICEF) are the organizational bodies. The Council

and the assembly provide policy co-ordination for whole U.N. system

within frame work each organ plays its own role, Council also assists the

Assembly at its best in developing the political will and political decisions

to launch necessary actions international wide.

The Council’s responsibilities are linked to those of Assembly

in articles 58 and 60, given specific authority to the negotiation of

relationship agreement with the activities concerned.

The Council for coordination and constant and central pre

occupations of works on negotiations of agreement to establish an inter­

agency committee under the Secretary-General Chairmanship, named the

Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC). Since 1948, it had

given opportunity to consider the annual agency reports, on this strength

ACC call for action of the specialized agencies.

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 But the Council could not have autonomous status and

unhappy even shown exacted performance as coordinator. It cannot claim

great success for its efforts so far to deal with either the structural

developments that have led to serious coordination problems or the

practical coordination problems. It can only carry out its coordinating job if

the secretariats of the U.N. and the specialized agencies do the spade­

work. The council preserve the resources to reduce handicap of more

coherent, purposeful and better coordinated arrangements are to be

achieved and maintained in the U.N. system.

The Council works through the three session Committees of

the whole, namely, the Economic Committee, the Social Committee and

the Policy and Programme Coordination Committee.6

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL:

The end of the Second World War witnessed several changes

in the international scenario. The international trusteeship system was

evolved to supervise the administration of Trust Territories. These

Territories were held under the mandate established by the League of

Nations. These are also the Territories separated from the Axis states i.e.,

Germany, Italy and Japan. Some more territories were also voluntarily

placed under the system by the States, responsible for their

administration. Trusteeship Council is a body which functions under the

aegis of the U.N. The size of the Council decreased in view of the fact that

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a majority of those territories became independent. In all 11 territories are

placed under the system. To day the council consists of five members -

they are United States of America, China, France, Russia and The United

Kingdom. The Trusteeship Council supervises the administration of the

Trust Territories.

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS:

form the administering authority on political, social, cultural, health and

educational growth of the territories.

2. The Council examines and discusses reports from Administrating

Authorities.

3. It also examines petitions in consultation with the Administrating

Authorities.

4. It makes a periodic inspection visits at times agreed upon with the

Administrating Authority.6

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE:

International Court of Justice is the Chief Judicial Organ of the

world body. It is based in The Hague, the Netherlands. The U.N. Charter

stipulates the founding of this important organ. The Court is open to the

parties to its statute. It includes all the members of the U.N. A state which

is not a Member of the world body can become a member of the court on

the conditions decided by the General Assembly. The General Assembly

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acts on the recommendations of the Security Council. Those who are not

the members of the world body can refer their cases to this court

conforming to the conditions laid down by the Security Council.

Sometimes the Security Council recommends that a legal dispute be

referred to the Court. Any organ or the agency of the U.N. can seek

advisory opinion of the court on legal questions within the scope of their

activities.

The jurisdiction of the court covers all questions which a state

(states) refers to it. It also covers all matters provided for in the U.N.

Charter or in treaties or current conventions. States in advance may

agree to be bound by the convention which provides for reference to the

Court. They may also make a special declaration to this effect.

1. According to the Article 38 of the statute the Court in deciding disputes

submitted to it applies to the International conventions establishing

rules recognized by the contesting states,

2. The court is also empowered to interpret international custom as an

evidence of a general practice accepted as law.

3. It also interprets the general principles of law recognized by nations.

4. It also reviews (on request) the Judicial decisions and the

pronouncements (or legal judgements) of various nations, as a

secondary source for determining the rules of law.

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 The Court consists of 15 Judges. The Judges are known as

the “Members" of the Court. They are elected by the General Assembly

and the Security Council-voting independently. The Judges are chosen

strictly on their merit. The composition of the Judges (legal luminaries)

mirrors the salient features of the principal legal systems of the world. The

judges serve for a term of 9 years. They may be re-elected. No two

Judges are elected from the same country.7

SECRETARIAT:

The administration of the world organization is being carried

out by the Secretariat. It is the Secretariat which administers the

programmes and policies as laid down by the U.N. The Secretary-General

heads the Secretariat. He is appointed by the General Assembly on the

recommendations of the Security Council. He is the Chief Executive of the

world body. He is appointed for five-year term. He may be reappointed.

The effectiveness of multifarious functions of several agencies

and organs of the U.N. depends largely on the dynamic leadership and

vision of the Secretary General who heads the Secretariat. It is the

Secretary General who draws the attention of the Security Council to the

pressing international problems which threaten the international peace.

He embodies the principles and programmes of the U.N. the Sentinel of

world peace based on growing areas of understanding and prosperity. He

leads all the meetings of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social

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Council and the Trusteeship Council. He coordinates various functions of

the international agencies related to the world body, fostering the spirit of

the U.N. Charter.

The staff of the Secretariat is appointed by the Secretary

General, conforming to the conditions and regulations laid down by the

General Assembly. The staff working in the Secretariat hails from more

than 140 countries. They are known as International civil Servants. The

members of the Secretariat staff take oath in the name of the lofty

objectives of the U.N. They do not seek guidance or instructions from any

Government or agency. Every member of the U.N. is bound by the

international charter of the responsibilities of the Secretary General.8

The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

(UNICEF) Assembly was created on December 11, 1946. In 1953, its

name was shortened from United Nations International Children's

Emergency Fund, but is still known by the popular acronym based on this

old name. Headquartered in New York City, UNICEF provides long-term

humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in

developing countries.

UNICEF is a voluntarily funded agency. Its programmes

emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health

and well-being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

in 1965 and Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006.

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 Following the reaching of term limits by Executive Director of

UNICEF Carol Bellamy, former United States Secretary of Agriculture Ann

Veneman took control of the organization in May 2005 with an agenda to

increase the organization's focus on the Millennium Development Goals.

UNICEF's mission statement:

UNICEF is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly

to advocate for the protection of children's rights, to help meet their basic

needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential.

UNICEF is guided by the Convention on the Rights of the

Child and strives to establish children's rights as enduring ethical

principles and international standards of behavior towards children.

UNICEF insists that the survival, protection and development

of children are universal development imperatives that are integral to

human progress.

UNICEF mobilizes political will and material resources to help

countries, particularly developing countries, ensure a "first call for children"

and to build their capacity to form appropriate policies and deliver services

for children and their families.

UNICEF is committed to ensuring special protection for the

most disadvantaged children - victims of war, disasters, extreme poverty,

all forms of violence and exploitation and those with disabilities.

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 UNICEF responds in emergencies to protect the rights of

children. In coordination with United Nations partners and humanitarian

agencies, UNICEF makes its unique facilities for rapid response available

to its partners to relieve the suffering of children and those who provide

their care.

UNICEF is non-partisan and its cooperation is free of

discrimination. In everything it does, the most disadvantaged children and

the countries in greatest need have priority.

UNICEF aims, through its country programmes, to promote

the equal rights of women and girls and to support their full participation in

the political, social, and economic development of their communities.

UNICEF works with all its partners towards the attainment of

the sustainable human development goals adopted by the world

community and the realization of the vision of peace and social progress

enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations.

Structure of the organization:

The heart of UNICEF's work is in the field, with staff in over

150 countries and territories. More than 190 country offices carry out

UNICEF's mission through a unique program of cooperation developed

with host governments. Seven regional offices guide their work and

provide technical assistance to country offices as needed.

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 Overall management and administration of the organization

takes place at its headquarters in New York. UNICEF's Supply Division is

based in Copenhagen and serves as the primary point of distribution for

such essential items as lifesaving vaccines, antiretroviral medicines for

children and mothers with HIV, nutritional supplements, emergency

shelters, educational supplies, and more.

UNICEF is supported entirely by voluntary funds.

Governments contribute two thirds of the organization's resources; private

groups and some 6 million individuals contribute the rest through the

National Committees.

UNICEF works in coordination with these 37 National

Committees. These non-governmental organizations are primarily

responsible for fund raising, selling UNICEF greeting cards and products,

creating private and public partnerships, advocating for children’s rights,

and providing other invaluable support.

Guiding and monitoring all of UNICEF's work is a 36-member

Executive Board which establishes policies, approves programs and

oversees administrative and financial plans. The Executive Board is made

up of government representatives who are elected by the United Nations

Economic and Social Council, usually for three-year terms.9

Importance of the study:

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 India today has the largest UNICEF programmes. UNICEF

came to India in 1949. It started in a small way with relief supplies to

children in need milk powder, drugs, vaccine etc-. In 1961 the UNICEF

Regional Office for South Central Asia was established in New Delhi. The

Indian Government welcomed UNICEF assistance to a nation wide village

level nutrition programme. UNICEF assistance was extended through the

1970 to low-cost production for community use of appropriate weaving,

protein, rich and ready to eat foods. By 1963 UNICEF along with UNESCO

interested itself in the new science curriculum for primary schools and

began to support science education at the primary level. The drought of

1967 brought the country and UNICEF briefly back to the emergency

approach. Thirst became as great a threat to people, especially children.

Modern high speed drilling rigs were flown in during the summer of that

year, in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar boring hundreds of drinking water wells

before the rain broke. Since the UNICEF programmes are being

implemented with some specific objectives, it is appropriate to undertake a

detailed study.

Statement of the problem;

“Administration of UNICEF Programmes in Kurnool District” is

the problem studied.

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Objectives of the study:

1. To trace the history and the evolution of the UNICEF.

2. To study the structural functions of the UNICEF.

3. To analyze the policies and programmes of the UNICEF.

Methodology:

The source-material has been collected from both primary

and secondary sources. The method followed is historical and descriptive.

The material has been collected from the UNICEF office, Himayath Nagar,

Hyderabad, Libraries of Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Sri

Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Osmania University, Hyderabad,

University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad. Information was also collected from

the officials and non-officials of the UNICEF at Hyderabad and Kurnool.

The material collected has been thoroughly analysed and utilized

purposefully.

The first chapter ‘Introduction’ deals with United Nations

Organisation, evolution, importance, objectives, methodology and

chapterisation of UNO.

The second chapter ‘History of the United Nations Children’s

Emergency Fund’ traces the origin and history, programmes at beginning.

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 The third chapter ’UNICEF Programmes’ refers to Education,

Child Labour, HIV/AIDS and Immunisation.

The fourth chapter ‘UNICEF Programmes in India’ accounts

the achievements in India, UNICEF programmes like clean drinking water

and sanitary and Tsunami.

The fifth chapter ‘UNICEF Programmes in Andhra Pradesh’ is

a study on Health, Nutrition and Child Protection Programmes.

The sixth chapter ‘Administration of UNICEF Programmes in

Kumool District’ is a study on the implementation of the programmes in the

District.

The seventh chapter deals with the ‘Conclusion and

Suggestions’ of the research study.

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References:

1. Prem Arora, The United Nations Cosmos Book House, New Delhi,
1999, pp.22-39

2. Rumki Basu, Structure and Functions of an International

3. Ibid, PP.73-83.

4. Niranjan Bhuniya, United Nation Problems and Prospects,

5. Prem Arora: Op Cit, pp.51-55

6. Niranjan Bhuniya Op Cit, pp.44-50

7. Rumki Basu: Op cit, pp. 101-110

8. Prem Arora: Op Cite, pp.71-78

9. Eleanor Roosvelt, Hellen Ferr, The Partnerjhe United Nations

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