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OSI Model LAYER 6 – The PRESENTATION Layer

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, • Manages data-format information for networked communications
non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved (the network’s translator)
in networking functions.
• For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic format for
network transmission; for incoming messages, it converts data from
7 Layers the generic network format to a format that the receiving
7. Application Layer application can understand
6. Presentation Layer • This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions, data
encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression
5. Session Layer
• A special software facility called a “redirector” operates at this
4. Transport Layer layer to determine if a request is network related on not and
3. Network Layer forward network-related requests to an appropriate network
resource
2. Data Link Layer
1. Physical Layer

LAYER 7 – The APPLICATION Layer LAYER 5 – The SESSION Layer

• The top layer of the OSI model • Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing
communications (called a session) across a network
• Provides a set of interfaces for sending and • Applications on either end of the session are able to ex
hange data for the duration of the session
receiving applications and to use network
This layer is:
services, such as: message handling and
• Responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating
database query processing sessions
• Responsible for security and access control to session
• Responsibility: The application layer is information (via session participant identification)
responsible for providing services to the user. • Responsible for synchronization services, and for
checkpoint services

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LAYER 4 – The TRANSPORT Layer LAYER 2 – The DATA LINK Layer

• Manages the transmission of data across a network • Handles special data frames (packets) between
• Manages the flow of data between parties by segmenting the Network layer and the Physical layer
long data streams into smaller data chunks (based on
allowed “packet” size for a given transmission medium) • At the receiving end, this layer packages raw
• Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the data from the physical layer into data frames for
receiving end delivery to the Network layer
• Provides acknowledgements of successful transmissions
and requests resends for packets which arrive with errors • At the sending end this layer handles conversion
of data into raw formats that can be handled by
• The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another. the Physical Layer

LAYER 3 – The NETWORK Layer LAYER 1 – The PHYSICAL Layer

• Handles addressing messages for delivery, as • Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing messages
well as translating logical network addresses and • Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages
names into their physical counterparts • This layer manages the interface between the the computer and the
network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.)
• Responsible for deciding how to route • This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media attachment
transmissions between computers unit, ex. network interface cards (NICs, modems, etc.)) what needs
to be sent across the medium
• This layer also handles the decisions needed to • The bottom layer of the OSI model
get data from one point to the next point along a
network path • The physical layer is responsible for movements of
• individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
• This layer also handles packet switching and
network congestion control

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Summary What is a protocol?

• A protocol is a collection of rules and procedures for two

computers to exchange information
• Protocol also defines the format of data that is being
exchanged

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What is TCP/IP? Why TCP/IP is so popular?

• TCP/IP was developed very early

• TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating • Technologies were widely discussed and circulated in
computers to share resources across a network documents called “Request for Comments” (RFC) –
• TCP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol”
• IP stands for “Internet Protocol”
free of charge
• They are Transport layer and Network layer protocols respectively • Supported by UNIX operating system
of the protocol suite
• The most well known network that adopted TCP/IP is Internet –
the biggest WAN in the world

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TCP/IP Model Layer-1 Application Layer

• Application layer protocols define the rules when
implementing specific network applications
• Because TCP/IP was developed earlier than the OSI 7- • Rely on the underlying layers to provide accurate and
layer mode, it does not have 7 layers but only 4 layers efficient data delivery
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Typical protocols:
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
FTP, SMTP, Telnet, HTTP,… • For file transfer
• Telnet – Remote terminal protocol
• For remote login on any other computer on the network
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
TCP, UDP • For mail transfer
IP, ARP, ICMP • HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Network Interface • For Web browsing
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Layer of Models
Layer-2 Transport Layer
TCP/IP 4-layers OSI 7-layers

Application

Message
Application
Segments
Transport
Transport h M h M h M
Network
Network
Network Interface Network Interface

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TCP and UDP Network Addresses and Subnets

TCP – Transmission Control Protocol • A header is added to each segment in the Network
layer
• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
• Does not mean it has a physical connection between sender Total
and receiver Length
• TCP provides the function to allow a connection virtually
exists – also called virtual circuit Time to Protocol Header
Live CheckSum
• TCP provides the functions: 3 IP Source Address
• Dividing a chunk of data into segments Destination Address
Segment
• Reassembly segments into the original chunk
• Provide further the functions such as reordering and data
Segment
resend
• Offering a reliable byte-stream delivery service 18 20

Layer-3 Network Layer Layer-4 Data Link and Physical Layers

Message Message
Application Application
Segments Segments

h M h M h M h M h M h M
Transport Transport
Network Network h h M h h M h h M
h h M h h M h h M
Packets
Network Interface Datagrams / Packets Network Interface
h h h M h h h M
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Frames

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Concept
Difference (continue)

• OSI: Open Systems • TCP/IP: Transport • The OSI model • The TCP/IP model
Interconnection. It Control supports both has only one mode in
was developed by Protocol/Internet connectionless and the network layer
ISO as a first step Protocol. TCP is used connection-oriented (connectionless) but
toward international in connection with IP communication in the supports both modes
standardization of the and operates at the network layer, but in the transport layer,
protocol used in transport layer. IP is only connection- giving the user
various layers. It the set of convention oriented choice.
deals with connecting used to pass packets communication in the
open system.. from one host to transport layer.
another.

Difference Difference
(continue)
• OSI makes the • TCP/IP does not
distinction between originally clearly • OSI emphasis on • TCP/IP treats reliability as
services, interfaces, distinguish between providing a reliable data an end to end Problem.
and protocol. services, interface, transfer service, Each The transport layer
layer of the OSI model handles all error detection
• The OSI model was and protocol.
detects and handles and recovery, it was
devised before the • TCP/IP model was errors, all data checksums,
protocols were just a description of transmitted includes acknowledgments, and
invented. It can be the existing protocols. checksums. The transport timeouts to control
made to work in The model and the layer checks source- transmissions and
destination reliability. provides end-to-end
diverse protocol fit perfectly. verification.
heterogeneous
networks.

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Difference (continue)

• Host on OSI • TCP/IP hosts

implementations do participate in most
not handle network network protocols.
operations.