Command: pwd

Usage : display the full path for the Current working directory.
Syntax : pwd
Example : $pwd
Output :To view the directory path.

Command: mkdir
Usage : It is used to create a new directory.
Syntax : mkdir <directory name>
Example : $mkdir newdir
Output : Creates directory newDir

Command: rmdir
Usage: used to remove a directory specified in the command line. It
requires the specified directory to be empty before removing it.
Syntax: rmdir <directory name>
Example: $rmdir newdir
Output : deletes the directory newDir. newDir should be empty
Result: Thus the above Commands have been executed and checked the
output successfully.

Command: ls
Usage: display the files in the current working directory.
Syntax: ls [Options]
[Options]:
-l - list the files in the long format
-a - list all entries, including the hidden files
-d - list the directory files instead of its contents
-t - lists in order of last modification time
Examples: $ls
Output: list all files in specified directory.

Command: cd
Usage: Change from the current Working directory to any other directory
Specified.
Syntax: cd [DIRECTORY]
Command : cat
Usage : is used to display the contents of a small file on terminal.
Syntax : cat <option> <file name>
Option :
-s –Warning about non existing file.
Example: $cat sample3.txt
Output : To display the content of sample3 text file.

Command : Chmod
Usage : used to changing the permissions of the file.
File type: (i) owner (ii) group (iii) others
• Owner has all three permissions.
• Group has read and writes.
• Others have only read permission.
• read permission – 4, write – 2, execute 1
• eg. rwxrwr=764 , 673 = rwrwxwx
Syntax: chmod [OPTION] [MODE] [FILE]
Example: ˜$ chmod o+x Testing.java
˜$ ls -l Testing.java
Output: -rw-r--r-x 1 srihari srihari 3570 2009-03-23 10:
˜$ chmod 655 Testing.java
˜$ ls -l Testing.java
Output: -rw-r-xr-x 1 srihari srihari 3570 2009-03-23 10:

Command: cp
Usage : is used to create duplicate copies of ordinary files.
Syntax : cp [source file] [destination file]
Example: $cp testing.java testing1.java
Output : creates the copy of Testing1.java

Command: mv
Usage : is used to move or rename ordinary files and directories.
Syntax : mv [source file] [destination file]
Example: $mv testing.java test.java
Output : renames the file Testing.java to Test.java

Command: rm
Usage : It is used to remove the specified file in directory.
Syntax : rm [source file]
Example: rm file1
Output : To delete the text file name file1.
Command: more
Usage : is used to display the output of a command on the screen
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION LAB MANUAL Page 9
page by Page.
Syntax : more [options] filename
Options :
n – skip n lines and display another screen [ n as an integer]
-h displays all the options in more
Example: $more test.java
Output: To display the output of test.java in page by page.

FILE COMMANDS:
Command: diff
Usage : is used to find difference between two files.
Syntax : diff [options..] from-file to-file
Options :
-w Ignore white space when comparing lines.
-a Treat all files as text and compare them line-by-line.
-b Ignore changes in amount of white space.
Example: $ diff -w file1.txt file2.txt

Command: cmp
Usage : is used to compare two files whether they are identical or
not.

Command: wc (statistic of file)

Command: od
Usage : is used to display the actual file content on octal value
format.
Syntax: od [option] filename
Example: od -c file1.txt

Command: lp
Usage : is used to send file to a printer.
Syntax : ip [option] filename
Example : ip sample file
Output : To view the file on printer format.
Command : cal
Usage : is used to see calendar for any specific month or a complete year
Syntax : cal [ [month] year]
Example: $ cal April 2009
Output : April 2009
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1234
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30

Command : date
Usage : is used to display the current date.
Syntax : $ date
Options:
d - The day of the month (1-31)
y - The last two digits of the year
H,M,S - Hour Minute and second respectively
D - the date in mm/dd/yy
Example: $ date
Output: Tue Apr 21 21:33:49 IST 2009
Example: $ date +"%D %H:%M:%S"
Output: 04/21/09 21:35:02

Command: who
Usage : is used to list the users currently logged on to the system.
Syntax : $ who
Output:
srihari pts/0 2009-04-15 11:58 (:10.129.41.3)
nithin pts/1 2009-04-15 16:09 (:10.129.20.5)
avadhut pts/2 2009-04-13 14:39 (:10.129.45.20)
anil pts/3 2009-04-13 16:32 (:10.129.23.45)

Command : tty
Usage : The Linux "tty" command display the name of the connected
terminal.
Syntax : tty [OPTION]...
Example: [root@RHEL01 ~]# tty

Command : ln
Usage : is used to create link to a file (or) directory. It helps to
provide soft link for desired files.
Syntax : ln [options] existing file (or directory)name new file(or
directory)name
Options:
-n - Does not overwrite existing files.
-s - Used to create soft links
Example: ln -s file1.txt file2.txt
Output : Creates a symbolic link to 'file1.txt' with the name of 'file2.txt'.
Result:
Thus the above General purpose Commands have been executed and
checked
• The two files are compared byte by byte and the location of the first
mismatch is printed on the screen.
• If two files are identical, then it does not print anything on the screen
Syntax : cmp <file1> <file2>
Example: $ cmp sample1.txt sample2.txt

Command : cat
Usage : is used to when supplied with more than one file will concatenate
the files without any header information.
Syntax : cat <file name>
Example: $ cat sample3.txt sample4.txt
Output:
/*contents of sameple3.txt*/
/*followed by contents of sample4.txt
Result:
Thus the above Commands have been executed and checked the output
successfully.