EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. ABISHEK SHARMA Arish Kumar Sharma
100640418019
ECE-A
 What Are Embedded Systems?
“Special purpose system which are either used as standalone or part of a
big system” 

An Embedded System is one that has computer hardware with software

embedded in it as one of its important components.

An embedded product uses a microprocessor (or microcontroller) to do

one task and one task only.

A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside

it
performs only one task; namely, getting the data and printing it
WHERE ARE THEY PRESENT
?
Household appliances

Integrated systems in aircrafts

and missiles

Cellular telephones

Electric and Electronic Motor

controllers

Engine controllers in
automobiles

Calculators

Medical equipment’s

Videogames

Digital musical instruments

 The necessary tools for a
microprocessor/microcontroller

 CPU: Central Processing Unit

 I/O: Input /Output

 Bus: Address bus & Data bus

 Memory: RAM & ROM

 Timer

 Interrupt
 Introduction to Microprocessors
“A Microprocessor is a general purpose chip used to create multifunction
device ”

No RAM, ROM, I/O ports on CPU chip itself

CPU is stand-alone, Must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers
externally to make them functional

Designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports

Example ： Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

 Introduction to Microcontrollers
“A Microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip optimized to control Electronic
devices”

CPU + I/O + Timer(s) [+ ROM] [+ RAM] All on single chip

Limited RAM space, ROM space and I/O pins

Low chip-count to implement a small system

Low-cost at large quantities

Development tools readily available at reasonable cost

Microprocessor System Contrasted With Microcontroller System
 Microprocessor vs.
Microcontroller
Microcontroller Microprocessor
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and • CPU is stand-alone, RAM,
timer are all on a single chip ROM, I/O, timer are separate
• Fix amount of on-chip ROM,
• Designer can decide the amount
RAM, I/O ports
of ROM, RAM and I/O ports
• For applications in which cost,
power and space are critical • Expansive

• Not Expansive • Versatility

• Single-purpose • General-purpose
 Criteria for Choosing a
Microcontroller
Following must be kept in mind while choosing a
microcontroller

 Speed
 Packaging
 Power consumption
 The amount of RAM and ROM on chip
 The number of I/O pins and the timer on chip
 How easy to upgrade to higher performance or lower power-
consumption versions
 Cost per unit
Microcontroller Architectures
Memory
0
Address Bus
Program
CPU Data Bus + Data Von Neumann
2n
Architecture
Memory
Address Bus 0
Program
CPU Fetch Bus Harvard
Address Bus 0
Architecture
Data Bus Data
Features Of 8051
The Intel 8051 is used in embedded systems has

 8-bit CPU

 4k bytes ROM for the program

 128 BYTES of RAM for variables

 32 I/O lines ( 4 PORTS WITH 8 EACH )

 2 timers

 6 interrupt sources

 Low cost per chip

 8051 PIN description
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
P1.1 2
39 P0.0 (AD0)
P1.2 3 P0.1 (AD1)
38
P1.3 4 37 P0.2 (AD2)
P1.4 5 36 P0.3 (AD3)
P1.5 6
35 P0.4 (AD4)
P1.6 7 34 P0.5 (AD5)
P1.7 8 8051 33 P0.6 (AD6)
RST 9
32 P0.7 (AD7)
(RXD) P3.0 10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD) P3.1 11
30 ALE/PROG
(INT0) P3.2 12 29 PSEN
(INT1) P3.3 13 28 P2.7 (A15)
(T0) P3.4 14 27 P2.6 (A14)
(T1) P3.5 15 26 P2.5 (A13)
(WR) P3.6 16 25 P2.4 (A12)
(RD) P3.7 17 24 P2.3 (A11)
XTAL2 18 23 P2.2 (A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1 (A9)

GND 20 21 P2.0 (A8)

 I/0 Ports:-
8051 microcontroller has four I/O ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each use 8 pins making
them 8 bit ports. All the ports can be used as either input or output

•Port 0: Port 0 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 32-39) .It can be used for input or
output. To use the pins of port 0 as both input and output ports, each pin must be
connected externally to a 10K ohm pull-up resistor.

•Port 1: Port 1 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 1-8). It can be used as input or
output. In contrast to port 0, this port does not need any pull-up resistors since it
already has pull-up resistors internally.

•Port 2 : Port 2 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 21- 28). It can be used as input or
output. Just like P1, P2 does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has
pull-up resistors internally.

•Port 3 : Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 10 -17). It can be used as input or
output. P3 does not need any pull-up resistors, the same as P1 and P2 did not.
Port 3 has the additional function of providing some extremely important signals
such as interrupts, etc.
 IMPORTANT PINS
 VCC (Pin-40): Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip. The
voltage source is +5V.

 GND (Pin-20): It is ground pin.

 RST (Pin-9): It is reset pin. Upon applying high pulse to this

pin the micro controller will reset and terminate all activities.

 XTAL1 & XTAL2 (Pin-18,19): These 2 pins provide external

clock using a quartz crystal oscillator Crystal inputs for
internal oscillator.

 PSEN (Pin-29): Program Store Enable, the read signal for

external program memory.
 IMPORTANT PINS
ALE (Pin-30): Address Latch Enable, to latch address outputs
at Port0 and Port2, used for both data and address transmission.

EA (Pin-31): External Access pin should be connected to Vcc in

order to fetch code from internal program memory and to fetch
code from external program memory EA is connected to Ground.

Interrupts (Pin-12,13): An interrupt is an event that disturbs the

microcontroller to inform it that a device needs its service.

Timers/Counters (Pin-14,15): They are used for counting

internal or external events.
TIMER/COUNTERS IN 8051
TI MER 8051 is of two types
 Timer T0 16-bit
 Timer T1 16-bit

Features
• Both Timer T0 and T1 are 16 bits wide.
• When used as a “timer” the register is programmed to count
internal clock pulses
• When used as a “counter” the register is programmed to
count external clock pulses
 INTERRUPT
Interrupt is an event that causes program to change its
normal execution and branch up to specific subroutine
putting normal program on hold.

 Whenever any device needs its service, the device

notifies the microcontroller by sending it an interrupt
signal.

 Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller

interrupts whatever it is doing and serves the device.
 ADDRESSING MODES
Different addressing modes in 8051 microcontroller are

•IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
•REGISTER ADDRESSING
•DIRECT ADDRESSING
•REGISTER INDIRECT ADDRESSING
Immediate Addressing :
This addressing mode is named as “immediate” because it transfers an data
immediately to the destination operand.

For example -
•MOV A, #77H ; Loads 77 (hexadecimal) to A and stores in A
•ADD A, #4DH ; Adds 4D (hexadecimal) to A and stores in A
•MOV DPTR, #1234H ; Moves 1234 (hexadecimal) to data pointer

The ‘#’ symbol before 77H indicates that operand is a data (8 bit). If ‘#’ is not
present then the hexadecimal number would be taken as address

Register Addressing :
Used while moving data between two registers.
Moving data between two Rn registers is not allowed.

For example-
•ADD A, R0 ;Adds content of R0 to A and stores in A
•MOV A, R1 ;Copy contents of R1 into A
Direct Addressing :
There are 128 bytes of RAM in 8051 and have been assigned
addresses 00 to 7FH. Entire 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed by
using direct addressing mode.

For example -
•MOV R0, 088H; Save the contents of RAM location 88h to R0

Register Indirect Addressing :

An address is considered to be the address of an address, rather than
the address of a value.

For example -
•MOV A, @R0; Moves content of address pointed by R0 to A

Value inside R0 is considered as an address, which holds the data to

be transferred to Accumulator.
 SYSTEMS
AND APPLICATIONS
Embedded systems are more than part of human life. For instance, one cannot imagine life
without mobile phones for personal communication. Its presence is virtually unavoidable in
almost all facets of human endeavor.
We can clearly identify the trend as to where the future of embedded systems is heading.

Conventionally, chip manufacturers developed faster single core processors to meet the ever
increasing performance requirements but soon they realized that increasing frequency, though
offered certain benefits had drawbacks too such as:

•    It drove to higher power consumption

•    Overall cost increased as the peripherals surrounding also needed to operate at matching
speed, which was truly not practical in all cases, there by driving the costs.

So semiconductor manufacturers recognized that the way forward is to build processors that run
at lower frequency and voltages but include parallel cores onto single chip. The overall
performance increases because multicores can perform more than one task at given point of
time, so today most of our devices such as smartphones, are indeed getting 'smarter‘ and
‘smaller’
Embedded operating systems

Traditionally embedded systems did away with an operating system (OS), it had lightweight
control program/monitor to offer limited I/O and memory services, however, as the systems
became complex, it was inevitable to have OS which offered low latency real-time response.

Most of the new designs today are moving away from proprietary OS and tool chains and are
more and more opting for open source platforms both of development and deployment as the
key market differentiator for them is cost.
Royalty free licensing deployment is the key for reducing the end user costs so OS like Linux
embedded and new OS such as Android are making inroads into places where traditionally
Windows CE/Vx works etc., used to play. Today many new handhelds and smart phones are
embracing Android.

Convergence embedded systems and applications

The retail segment is one of the fastest growing segments in emerging markets and the trend in
retail markets is moving towards improving the user experience, which is most certainly setting
trend towards increased performance, connectivity and rich graphics, while reducing power
consumption and size of the device.

Ultrabook is a latest example which aims in reducing size of conventional laptops, while
efficiently managing power consumption and also improving performance
Healthcare
Electronic medical devices and other technological innovations with the convergence of biotech,
nanotech, manufacturing tech making breathtaking transformations in healthcare delivery and
creating new health care paradigms.
The fastest growing markets within medical for semiconductors are home monitoring and
diagnostic device ECG, pulse rate, temperature, oxygen, blood pressure etc.

Embedded digital security and surveillance

In the ever increasing interconnected world, Digital embedded security is no more an option but
a necessity as it is very critical for more transactions happening over embedded devices as front
ends.
Digital security and surveillance is currently in the host of new applications in the embedded
arena which is benefiting from multicore phenomenon.
The applications based on computer vision and tracking offers multiple benefits in capturing, post
processing and identification and alerting of security video in real time.

Telecommunications
If ever there is an industry that has reaped the benefits to Embedded Technology, for sure, it is
only Telecommunications.  The Telecom industry utilizes numerous embedded systems from
telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user.
Automotive
With drive across the world to improve on emission controls and bring in efficiency in
usage of fossil fuels, the automotive segment is challenged by various factors and
embedded systems are clearly the ways and means of achieving multiple objectives in
this segment taking it from infotainment systems, engine control unit, Car-area-network,
fuel management, safety systems all need embedded to be in it.

Entertainment
While we have seen mobiles, handhelds, iPods etc., have changed the landscape of the
personal entertainment in the world in the recent past, the emerging trend is adding more
intelligence in the personal entertainment, communication devices by converging the
social networks, city information, location based services into a single device.

Smart cards industry

Smart cards, though began prominently as either a debit or a credit card, are now being
introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and
international levels. Smart cards are appearing now as Citizen Cards, drivers’ licenses,
and patient cards.
THANKS