1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Model space is the space where you draw and
design in AutoCAD.

Model space is the place where most of your

work will be performed.

17
Paper space is a space you use to lay out a
drawing or model to be plotted.

19
Model Space and Paper Space 20
Look at the tabs along the bottom of the
screen to determine if you are in Model Space
or Paper Space.

21
 Paper Space is like a sheet of paper with
“holes” cut in it.

 Through the holes you can “see” model

space.

22
23
24
 AutoCAD allows to scale views relative to paper space.
The scale factor represents a ratio between the actual size of the model displayed in
the viewport and the size of the layout.
 The ratio is determined by dividing the paper space units by the model space units.
The scale factor can be set with the ZOOM XP command.
You can also change the plot scale of the viewport using the Viewport Scale
Control on the Viewports toolbar.

Usually the layout is plotted at a 1:1 ratio.

 COMMAND: ZOOM  1/(SCALE FACTOR)XP

 For example in the viewport type in the cmd prompt: zoom  1/32
XP

25
26
https://www.archtoolbox.com/representation/cad/scalefactor.html
27
28
One of the useful features of AutoCAD is the
option to work in two different environments:

Model space is used to create design work.

Paper space (also referred as Layout) is used to
compose and annotate model drawing for
plotting.
AutoCAD plots drawing from model space as
well as paper space.
29
Most of the drafting and design work is created
in model space.
The drawing can be plotted from model space
to any scale by specifying the plot scale in the
plot dialog box.

30
Plot dialog box, not expanded
31
Expanded Plot dialog box with additional options
32
Plot preview

33
A layout is used to compose or layout model drawing for
plotting.
Multiple layouts can be setup in the paper space
environment. Each one can be set up for a different type of
output.
A layout may consist of a title block, one or more
viewports, and annotations.
Different scales can be applied to each view within the
viewport, and specify different visibility for layers in the
viewport.
Layouts are accessible by choosing the Layout tab at the
bottom of the drawing area.
34
By default, AutoCAD creates two layouts, called Layout1 and
Layout2 whenever a new drawing is created.

Setting up a Layout
Creating and Modifying a Layout
Working with Floating Viewports
Clipping Viewports
Scaling Views Relative to Paper Space
Controlling the Visibility of Layers within Viewports
Plotting from Layout
Reconfiguring the Layout with Page Setup
Annotative Scaling
Creating and Modifying Plot Style Tables

35
Setting Up a Layout

To set up a layout, first select the Layout tab located at the

bottom of the drawing area.
Basic parts of the default layout with only one viewport and
nothing drawn in paper space.

36
Invoke the PLOT command to plot the drawing from the selected
Layout. Before you plot the drawing from the layout, make sure
you complete the following:
• Create the model drawing.
• Create or activate a layout.
• Open the page setup dialog box and set settings such as
plotting device (if necessary configure plotting device),
paper size, plot area, plot scale, and drawing orientation.
• Create floating viewports and position them in the layout.
• Set the view scale of the floating viewports
• Annotate or create geometry in the layout as needed.
• If necessary, insert a title block or attach title block as a
reference file.
• In necessary, create or attach an existing plot style table.
• Plot the layout by invoking the PLOT command.
37
Exercise to Plot from Layout
Hint: See last page of this slide deck

38
In manual drafting, details of a design are
separated by placing them on different sheets.

This is called overlay or pin drafting

Each overlay is perfectly aligned with the others.
All of the layers can be reproduced to reflect the
entire design.
Individual layers may be reproduced to show specific
details.
39
In AutoCAD, overlays are called layers
The use of layers increases productivity.
Specific information can be grouped by layer.

Drawings can be reproduced by layer or combined

in any sequence desired.

Each layer can be assigned a different color to

improve clarity.
40
Each layer can be plotted in a different color or pen
width.

Selected layers can be turned on or off, or frozen to

decrease information clutter.

Changes can be made to a layer promptly.

41
Drawings usually contain over 100 layers
Floor plan layer
Foundation plan layer
Partition layout layer
Plumbing layer
Electrical layer
Structural layer
Roof drainage layer
HVAC systems layer

42
The following may be placed on separate
layers:
views
hidden features
dimensions
sections
notes
symbols

43
44
45
46
 Help File

 AutoDesk Online Help

 Google

 YouTube

47
 Exercise 1 – Create a simply Block flow
diagram

 Exercise 2 – Create a simply PFD

 Exercise 3 – Create a Title block and present

your BFD and PFD

 Exercise 4 – Create a Legend sheet for a

process
48
 Look online for .dwg files for
 CAD BLOCKS
 TITLE BLOCKS
 LEGEND SHEETS
 FOR EXAMPLE
https://www.cadblocksfree.com/en/2d-cad-
models/mechanical.html
49
 What does Academia value?

 What does Industry value?

 What do students need to consider to make

the jump from academia to industry – The
GAP Analysis

4
 What does Academia Value?
 To answer that – what does academia give grades for, and what is the grade
break down?

 Following Directions
 A wide range or subject areas to learn
 Technical Problem Solving
 Creativity may be rewarded
 Usually doing problems that have an answer
 Doing semi presentable homework – to an extent
 Doing well on timed exams – mostly
 Getting the “right” answer
 Extrovert behavior
 Time is constrained.
 Excuses may be permitted.
 As a student – you are working FOR YOU.

5
 What does Industry Value?
 To answer that – what does industry reward?
 A more tricky question

 Extrovert behavior
 Being professional -- polished behavior and work
 presentation of the person and the work
 Identification of the appropriate issue
 Being focused and getting to the point
 Application of knowledge to the particular situation
 Focused areas of knowledge
 Being able to read a situation and contribute where needed/necessary
 Working well on a team
 Justified answers and assumptions are important
 Money, safety, and regulations are major constraints to problems
 Good work is EXPECTED. Illegible work will greatly hurt your career
 Time is critical
 Prioritizing
 No excuses just get it done
 Creativity – in a different way. Creativity within known situations
 LISTENING SKILLS ARE CRITICAL
 Your work can affect more than just yourself
 Ethics / Behavior / Reputation
 Communication
 Its NOT about you
6
 Crossovers
 Following Directions
 Time management
 Ability to learn technical issues and solve problems
 Ability to think fast and logically

 The Gap
 Application of knowledge to the situation you are in. You cannot simply
copy.
 There is no right answer – you need to justify your answer.
 Your work and behavior MUST be presentable at all times.
 Your reputation matters – people need to trust your work because there is
no “right” answer and there is no one there to check your work.
 Your job is not about you – it is to make your company’s life easier. You need
to be at least 2x as valuable as what your company pays you.
 Its not about you – its about the client, the company, the team.
 Your work can affect society.
 The company’s money and time matter!
7
 PRACTICE INDUSTRY SKILLS IN THE
ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT WILL HELP
YOU SUCCEED IN INDUSTRY.

 WHATEVER YOU DO, DO IT WELL.

 MAKE SUCCESS A HABIT!

8
 1. Block Flow 2. Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

4. Piping and 3. Process equipment

Instrumentation symbol and
Diagram (P&ID) numbering
 Block Flow Diagram (BFD)
 Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Complexity Conceptual
increases understanding
Increases

56
BFD shows overall processing picture of a chemical complex.

• BFD is a superficial view of facility – ChE information is missing

• Is the simplest flowsheet.

• Process engineer begins the process design with a block diagram in

which only the feed and product streams are identified.

• Input-output diagrams are not very detailed and are most useful in
early stages of process development.

• Flow of raw materials and products may be included on a BFD.

• The processes described in the BFD, are then broken down into
basic functional elements such as reaction and separation sections.

• Also identify the recycle streams and additional unit operations to

achieve the desired operating conditions.
57
58
Example 1:
Production of Benzene from Toluene

Toluene is feed to continuous reactor at 10,000 kg/hr along with hydrogen at 820 kg/hr to
produce a mixed gas existing the reactor containing benzene, methane, and unreacted toluene
according to the reaction below. This gas goes into a gas separator where a mixed gas stream
leaves at 2,610 kg/hr. A mixed liquid from the gas separator is sent to another unit where it
separates benzene at 8,210 kg/hr at the top. The bottom is 75% conversion of toluene entering
the unit, which is recycled back to the reactor. Develop BFD for these process.

C7H8 +H2 C6H6 + CH4

59
Example 1:
Mixed Gas
Toluene, C7H8 2610 kg/hr
10,000 kg/hr

Reactor Gas Separator Benzene, C6H6

C6H6
8,210 kg/hr
CH4
Hydrogen H2
820 kg/hr C7H8
Mixed Liquid

75% Conversion of
Toluene

Reaction : C7H8 + H2 C6H6 + CH4

Block Flow Diagram for the Production of Benzene 60

 1. Block Flow 2. Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

4. Piping and 3. Process equipment

Instrumentation symbol and
Diagram (P&ID) numbering
A Process Flow Diagram (PFD) shows process engineering information. A PFD generally
includes following information;

a) Flow rate of each stream in case of continuous process or quality of each reactant in
case of a batch process.
b) Composition streams.
c) Operating conditions of each stream such as pressure , temperature, concentration,
etc.
d) Heat added or removed in a particular equipment.
e) Flows of utilities such as stream, cooling water, brine, hot oil, chilled water, thermal
fluid, etc.
f) Major equipment symbols, names and identification.
g) Any specific information which is useful in understanding the process. For example,
symbolic presentation of a hazard, safety precautions, sequence of flow, etc.

62
63
1. Major Pieces Of 2. Utility
Equipment Streams

PFD

4. Basic Control 3. Process Flow

Loops Streams
65
1. Major Pieces Of 2. Utility
Equipment Streams

PFD

4. Basic Control 3. Process Flow

Loops Streams
PFD will contains the following information:
1. All major pieces of equipment (descriptive
name, unique equipment no.), pumps and valves.

2. All the utility streams supplied to major

equipments such as steam lines, compressed air
lines, electricity, etc.

67
Information in a Flow Summary
Essential Information
Stream Number
Temperature (°C)
Pressure (bar)
Vapor Fraction
Total Mass Flow Rate (kg/h)
Total Mole Flow Rate (kmol/h)
Individual Component Flow Rates (kmol/h)
Optional Information
Component Mole Fractions
Component Mass Fractions
Individual Component Flow Rates (kg/h)
Volumetric Flow Rates (m3/h)
Significant Physical Properties
Density
Viscosity
Other
Thermodynamic Data
Heat Capacity
Stream Enthalpy
K-values
Stream Name 68
Process Unit Symbols
Symbol Description

Heat exchanger

H2O Water cooler

S Steam heater

Cooling coil

69
Process Unit Symbols
Symbol Description

Heater coil

Centrifugal pump

Turbine type compressor

Pressure gauge
70
Process Unit Symbols

Symbol Name Description

Stripper A separator unit used

commonly to liquid mixture
into gas phase.

Absorber A separator unit used

commonly to extract mixture
gas into liquid phase.

71
Process Unit Symbols
Symbol Name Description

Distillation A separator unit used

commonly to crack liquid
column contains miscellaneous
component fractions.

Liquid mixer A process unit that used to

or
mix several components of
liquid.

72
Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Name Description

Reaction A process unit where chemical

process reaction occurs
chamber

Horizontal tank A unit to store liquid or gas.

or cylinder

73
Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Name Description

Boiler A unit for heating.

Centrifuge A separator unit that to

physically separated liquid
mixture. (exp: oil-liquid)

74
Valve Symbology
Symbol Name

Gate Valve

Globe Valve

Ball Valve

Check Valve

Butterfly Valve
75
Valve Symbology
Symbol Name

Relief Valve

Needle Valve

3-Way Valve

Angle Valve

Butterfly Valve
76
Process Unit Tagging and Numbering
Process Equipment General Format XX-YZZ A/B
XX are the identification letters for the equipment classification
C - Compressor or Turbine
E - Heat Exchanger
H - Fired Heater
P - Pump
R - Reactor
T - Tower
TK - Storage Tank
V - Vessel
Y - designates an area within the plant
ZZ - are the number designation for each item in an equipment class
A/B - identifies parallel units or backup units not shown on a PFD
Supplemental Information Additional description of equipment given on top of PFD
77
 A/B Letter

In Real Plant
In PFD
78
1. Major Pieces Of 2. Utility
Equipment Streams

PFD

4. Basic Control 3. Process Flow

Loops Streams
PFD will contains the following information:-
All process flow streams: identification by a
number, process condition, chemical composition.

80
 Stream Numbering and Drawing

- Number streams from left to right as much as possible.

- Horizontal lines are dominant.

Yes No No

81
Stream Information
-Since diagrams are small not much stream information
can be included.
-Include important data – around reactors and towers, etc.
 Flags are used
 Full stream data

82
83
84
Stream Information - Flag
600 Temperature
300

3 8 24 Pressure
9
6 7 Mass Flowrate
10.3
1 10
108 Molar Flowrate
600
24

2 5 12 Gas Flowrate

4 11 Liquid
Flowrate
24
13

85
86
Stream Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Temperature (°C) 25 59 25 225 41 600 41 38 654 90

Pressure (bar) 1.90 25.8 25.5 25.2 25.5 25.0 25.5 23.9 24.0 2.6

Vapor Fraction 0.0 0.0 1.00 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

Mass Flow (tonne/h) 10.0 13.3 0.82 20.5 6.41 20.5 0.36 9.2 20.9 11.6

Mole Flow (kmol/h) 108.7 144.2 301.0 1204.4 758.8 1204.4 42.6 1100.8 1247.0 142.2

Component Mole Flow

(kmol/h)

Hydrogen 0.0 0.0 286.0 735.4 449.4 735.4 25.2 651.9 652.6 0.02

Methane 0.0 0.0 15.0 317.3 302.2 317.3 16.95 438.3 442.3 0.88

Benzene 0.0 1.0 0.0 7.6 6.6 7.6 0.37 9.55 116.0 106.3

Toluene 108.7 143.2 0.0 144.0 0.7 144.0 0.04 1.05 36.0 35.0

87
Equipment Information

 Equipment are identified by number and a

label (name) positioned above the equipment
on the PFD

 Basic data such as size and key data are

included in a separate table (Equipment
Summary Table)
88
Table Equipment Summary

Vessel V-101 V-102

Temperature (ºC) 55 38
Pressure (bar) 2.0 24
Orientation Horizontal Vertical
MOC CS CS
Size

Height/Length (m) 5.9 3.5

Diameter (m) 1.9 1.1
Internals s.p. (splash plate)

89
1. Major Pieces Of 2. Utility
Equipment Streams

PFD

4. Basic Control 3. Process Flow

Loops Streams
PFD will contains the following information:-
- Basic control loops: showing the control
strategy used to operate the process under
normal operations.
- Often the basic control loops (those involving
maintaining material balance and reactor
controls) are include on the PFD;
instrumentation and other control loops are
not shown
91
92
 PFD, Equipment Summary Table, and Flow
Summary Table represent a “true” PFD.

 This information is sufficient for a VERY

preliminary estimation of capital investment
and cost of manufacture to be made.

 Fails to account for materials which may be

expensive.
93
Computer drawings are neat, clean, highly
presentable, and can be modified easily.

With CAD, parts or components can be

modeled, visualized, revised, and improve on
the computer screen before any engineering
drawings have been created.

165
 Parts that have been modeled can be assembled in the virtual
environment of the computer.
 The relative motion of moving parts can be animated on the
computer.
 The part can be analysed computationally and redesigned.
 The machine tool path or mold filling flow to fabricate the part
can be modeled on the computer.
 The part model can be downloaded to a rapid prototyping
system that can create a physical model of the part in a few
hours with virtually no human intervention.

166
 Some of the important capabilities of using CAD are;
1) Presentations
-You can create fine drawings with presentation symbols and text
styles.
-You can use CAD program to make on screen presentations.
2) Flexibility in editing
- CAD provides the flexibility to make quick alterations to drawings
- Editing capabilities are such as; move or copy drawing elements,
enlarge or reduce size of a drawing, make multiple copies of a drawing,
change units of measure and etc.
3) Units and accuracy level
- CAD program allows you to work with great accuracy. You can also
work with different units of measure, such as architectural units,
engineering units, scientific units and surveyor units.
4) Storage and access of drawings
- It is quick and convenient to organize CAD drawings. You can have
thousands of drawings on a computer’s hard disk and you can open any
one of them within seconds.
167
5) Sharing CAD drawings
- The drawings can be shared by a number of users, allowing them to
coordinate projects and work as a team. This is accomplished by
connecting different computers via a network. You can also publish
your drawings on the Internet and collaborate CAD projects using a
web site.
6) Project reporting
- The computer can be used to prepare project reports
7) Engineering analysis
- There is a separate category of programs called CAE that can use CAD
drawings for engineering analysis.
8) Computer aided manufacturing (CAM)
- CAM is a common method of manufacturing used by large
corporations.
- These systems import CAD drawings into CAM programs to automate
the manufacturing process.
168
 A CAD model is a computer representation of an
object or part
 It contains all of the design information including
geometry, dimensions, tolerances, materials and
manufacturing information.
 CAD models replace the paper blueprints and
engineering drawings
 The simplest model used in CAD is a 2D model. This
model is essentially the computer graphics
equivalent to an orthographic projection
169
 A 3D model is the most general model used in CAD
software. This model is equivalent to an isometric
view
 2 basic types of 3D models are wire frame and
surface models.
 In a 3D wire frame model, only edges of the object
are represented.
 A 3D surface model defines the object in terms of
surfaces such as plates (flat) and shells (curved) in
addition to edges.
170
 Can be used for stress analysis, heat transfer analysis,
fluid flow analysis, and computer aided manufacturing.
 In the manufacturing process to automatically generate
machine tool paths to machine an object.
 To simulate the removal of material from an initial block
of material on the computer.
 Can be linked to Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
machine to carry out the removal of material
automatically allowing many identical parts to be
machined based directly on the solid models.
171
Some common software includes:
AutoCAD
AutoDesk Revit
(FREE) DraftSight https://www.draftsight2018.com/
Solidworks
(FREE) Fusion 360
https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/students-teachers-
educators
Viso
Pro-E
Sketch-Up ( There used to be a free version a few years ago)

172
Issues include:
1. Computing power and memory.
2. Ability to quickly understand and use the software.
3. Compatibility of files between different company
software.
4. Compatibility of versions.
5. Printing.
6. Putting a CAD package together.
173
Drawings that may be important for your design
1. Coversheet: contains a description of the project, regulatory
information, drawing list, sign-off block, and code information.
2. Title Block: on all drawings almost it will show the drawing along
with information such as revision number, drawing name, the
person who drew and checked it, and the company name and
contact.
3. Legend Sheet: This may be specific for each discipline. It will
contain the symbols and abbreviations as well as any general
notes applicable to all the drawings. Usually there is one legend
sheet per discipline (civil/chemical/mechanical).
4. Detail Sheet: Detail sheets show the details of a drawing or
specifications or other information.
174
175
176
177
178
PROFESSIONAL DRAWINGS ARE

1. UNDERSTANDABLE

2. CLEAN

3. EASY AND FAST TO EDIT AND MODIFY/CHANGE

4. ACCURATE

5. EFFICIENT WAY OF DRAFTING

6. LOOKS GREAT
179