Training Course 9 – Senior Functions and Trigonometry

Lessons

1. Composite Functions
2. Inverse Function
3. Exponential Functions
4. Reciprocal Functions
5. Roots of Quadratic Equations
6. Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
7. Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula
8. Word Problems Leading to Quadratic Equations
9. Using Pythagoras Formula to Find Unknowns in Right-Angled Triangles I
10. Using Pythagoras Formula to Find Unknowns in Right-Angled Triangles II
11. Radian Measure of An Angle
12. Trigonometric Ratios (Trig Ratios)
13. Trig Ratios of Standard Angles
14. Trig Ratios of Standard Angles and CAST Rule
15. Graphs of Trig Functions
16. Sine Rule and Cosine Rule
Activities

1. Graphs of Relations using Geogebra

2. Fun with Quadratic Equations
Lesson 1 Composite Functions

Evaluating Functions

We learned how to evaluate functions in Lesson 1. For example, f(4) tells us that we need to plug in the
input value for function f. For examples:

Function Evaluate f(4)

f(x) = 5x f(4) = 5(4) = 20

f(t) = 2t - 10 f(4) = 2(4) – 10 = 8 – 10 = -2

f(a) = f(4) = = 16 + 12 – 1 = 27

Composite function or "Function Composition" is applying one function to the results of another:

For example: The result of f() is sent through g(). It is written: (g º f)(x) or g(f(x))

The symbol for composite function is (g º f)(x)

Example: Let f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = , find (g º f)(x)

Solution: (g º f)(x) = g(f(x))

First we apply f, then apply g to that result:

(g º f)(x) = g(f(x) = g(2x + 3) = (2x+3)2

What if we reverse the order of f and g? or (f º g)(x) = f(g(x))

First we apply g, then apply f to that result:

(f º g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f( ) = 2x2 + 3

They are not equal, Therefore

Composed With Itself

We can even compose a function with itself! (f º f)(x) = f(f(x))

Example: f(x) = 2x + 3

First we apply f, then apply f to that result:

(f º f)(x) = f(f(x)) = f(2x + 3) = 2(2x + 3) + 3 = 4x + 6 + 3 = 4x + 9

Example 1 If f(x) = 3x - 1 and g(x) = x2, then what is (f ° g)(x)?

Solution (f ° g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f( )=3 -1

Example 2 If f(x) = 1/x for x ≠ 0, then what is (f ° f)(x)?

Solution (f ° f)(x) = f(f(x)) = f(1/x) = 1/1/x = x

Example 3 If f:x→3x -1, g:x → 2x + 5, find (f ° g)(x), (g º f)(x), fg(-3), and gf(-3)

Solution Given f(x) = 3x -1, g(x) = 2x + 5,

(f ° g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f (2x + 5) = 3(2x + 5) – 1 = 6x + 15 – 1 = 6x + 14

(g ° f)(x) = g(f(x)) = g (3x - 1) = 2(3x - 1) + 5 = 6x - 2 + 5 = 6x + 3

fg(-3) = 6(-3) + 14 = - 18 + 14 = -4

gf(-3) = 6(-3) + 3) = -18 + 3 = -15

1. The function f(x) = 3x - 2, g(x) = 2x + 5, find (f ° g)(x), (g ° f)(x), fg(-4), and gf(3).

2. The function f: x → = 3x + 1, g: x → x = 9 - x, find (f ° g)(x), (g ° f)(x), fg(- 5), and gf(-6).

3. The function f(x) = 3x - 2, g(x) = 2x + 5, find (f ° g)(x), (g ° f)(x), fg(-4), and gf(3).

4. The function g(x) = , h(x) = 5x – 2, find (h ° g)(x), (g ° h)(x), hg( ), and gh( ).

5. The function g(x) = , f(x) = 3x + 1, find (f ° g)(x), (g ° f)(x), fg( ), and gf( ).
Lesson 2 Inverse Function

Now suppose your function is {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (5, 1)}. By interchanging x for y and y for x we get
the inverse of the function. The inverse of this function is {(2, 1), (1, 2), (4, 3), (1, 5)}. This inverse has
two points, (1, 2) and (1, 5), that share a common x-value but have different y-values. This means that the
inverse is NOT a function.

Graphically, the original function looks like this:

You can find the inverse algebraically, by flipping the x- and y-

coordinates, or graphically, by drawing the line y = x...

Copyright © Elizabeth 2000-2011 All Rights Reserved

...and reflecting all the points across it:

The vertical line test fails at x = 1 in this example, hence the inverse
is NOT a function.

Find the inverse function from a graph

1. Draw the line y = x (which is the bottom-left to top-right diagonal)

2. Reflect the original function along the line y = x, sketch the inverse of the graph of original
function.

Steps

1. Suppose you are given this

graph:
 2. Now draw the reflection line
y = x.

3. Now eyeball the graph, and

draw the diagonals from
known points on the graph to
their "reflections" on the
other side of the line:

4. ...and connect the dots: This

is how we can sketch the
graph of an inverse of a
function.

Find the inverse of a function

Here's my original function:

Now I'll try to solve for "x =":

Once I have "x =", I'll switch x and y;

the "y =" is the inverse.
Example 1 Find the inverse of f (x) = x+1
f (x) = x+1
y= x+1
3y = - x + 3 (Rule 3)
3y – 3 = - x (Isolate x)
-3y + 3 = x
-3x + 3 = y Interchange x and y
-3x + 3 =
Check: Show that =
Example 2 Find the inverse function of y = x2 + 1, x < 0.

The domain has been restricted to only the negative half of the x-axis (x < 0).
This restriction makes the graph look like the one above left.
The original function:

Solve for "x =":

Using the domain and range of the inverse,

we choose the negative sign for square root:
Now I'll switch the x and y;
the new "y =" is the inverse:

(The "x > 1" restriction comes from the fact that x is inside a square root.)

To sketch the graph of the inverse above right, draw a line y = x and reflect the graph of the
function on the line y = x to get the graph of the inverse function.

Check: =x–1+1=x

Exercise For each of the function below (a) Find the inverse function, (b) sketch the inverse function

1. Function with line joining these points ( - 2 , - 4 ), ( 0 , 1 ), ( 2 , 6 )

2. Function with curve joining these Points (4 , 2 ), ( 2.5 , -2 ), ( - 1, - 5 )
1
3. f ( x) = x+7
3
4. f: x → 3x + 2

5.
6.
7. y =
8. +1
Lesson 3 Exponential Functions

Exponential functions look somewhat similar what you have seen before, exponents. But there is a big
difference, in that the variable is now the power or exponent, rather than the base. We had studied
functions as f(x) = x2, where the variable x was the base and the number 2 as the power or exponent. In the
case of exponential functions, however, you will be dealing with functions such as g(x) = 2x, where the
base is the fixed number, and the power or exponent is the variable.

Let's look more closely at the function g(x) = 2x. we operate as usual, picking values of x, and making a
table of values first. plugging them in x and simplifying for the answers. But to evaluate 2x, we need to
remember how exponents work, in particular, with zero and negative exponents.

Example 1 Table of values and graph of y=2x

Most exponential functions to look like this. That is, they start small —very small, so small that they're
practically indistinguishable from "y = 0", which is the x-axis, this is called the asymptote. On the other
side of the graph, once it starts growing, it grows faster and faster, so fast that they shoot right up through
the top of your graph.
Example 3 Table of values and graph of
Example 2 Table of values and graph of y=3x

We can see that goes up faster than . and are symmetrical. All
graphs pass the point (0, 1), why?

Exercise
1. Construct tables of values and graphs of (a) and (b) . Compare the two graphs
2. Construct a table of values and the graph of (a) and (b) Compare the two
graphs
Lesson 4 Reciprocal Functions

We use reciprocals all the time, when dividing fractions in primary grades, we often say “invert the
second fraction and multiply”, the inverted fraction is the reciprocal of the original function.

The reciprocal of a variable (say x) is denoted by or . The reciprocal function is f(x) = 1/x

This is its graph: Properties of reciprocal function

1. Reciprocal of 1 is equal to 1 and

reciprocal function of 0 is undefined.
2. Reciprocal function of negative or
positive numbers are negative or
positive respectively.
3. Reciprocal function of very large
number on both axes are close to zero,
called asymptotes, one vertical
asymptote (x = 0) and the other
horizontal asymptote (y = 0).
4. Reciprocal function has two branches,
called hyperbola.
5. The domain is and
the range is {y

Reciprocal Function and Translation or ‘Slide’ Transformations

Like the parabolas , hyperbolas can ‘slide’ or ‘shift’ the horizontally or vertically:
Horizontal Slide or Shift

Example 1 Draw the graph of Also write down the equation of the asymptote and its domain
and range.
Solution Hyperbola slides to the right by two units. Horizontal asymptote is y = 0 and vertical asymptote
is x = 2. The domain is and the range is {y

Example 2 Draw the graph of Hyperbola slides to the left by two units
Vertical Slide or Shift

Example 3 Draw the graph of Also write down the equation of the asymptotes and its
domain and range.
Solution Hyperbola slides up by two units. Horizontal asymptote is y = 2 and vertical asymptote is x = 0.
The domain is and the range is {y (See graph on the left below)

Example 4 Draw the graph of y = Hyperbola slides down by two units (See graph on the right
below)

Exercise Sketch each of the following three graphs for each question on the same graph paper
and write down the equations of the asymptotes and its domain and range of each function.

1. y= ,

2. y= ,

3. y=- ,

4. y= ,
Lesson 5 Roots of Quadratic Equations

As mentioned in Section 1 on Quadratic Functions, the name Quadratic comes from "quad" meaning
square, because the variable gets squared (like x2). Like quadratic functions, quadratic equations make
nice curves, like this one below.

Quadratic Equation is of the form: + c = 0 where a and b are coefficients and c is a constant
The one factor identifies quadratic is the exponent 2, the first terms must be and a 0.
It is also called an "Equation of Degree 2" (because of the "2" on the x). The other factor is the
quadratic equation is equal to zero or where curve intersects the x-axis.
For examples, + 4 = 0 where a = 2, b = 3, and c = 5.
where a = 1, b = -3 and c = 0 (c is not shown)
where a = 1, b = 0 and c = - 9 (b is not shown)
Graph of Quadratic Equation is a Parabola opens up or down

Characteristics of quadratic equations are the same as quadratic functions (See Section 4);
• A parabola contains a point called a vertex. Vertex in the first parabola above is (0, -5).
• A parabola has a minimum (opens up) or a maximum (open down).
• A parabola has an axis symmetry.

Roots of Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Equations contain points called the roots, zeros or x-intercepts. Roots are the points were the
graphs of quadratic equations or parabola crosses the x-axis. Most of the time, quadratic equation has two
roots, one root or no real roots. Roots in the first graph above are x = - 2 and x = 2. Roots in the third
graph are x = - 2 and x = . Roots in the fourth graph are x = -4 and x = 0. Some quadratic equations
have only one root like the second graph where x = 0 or no real roots, like in the fifth graph, where it does
not intercept the x-axis.
Discriminant to determine the number of roots in a Quadratic Equation
Instead of drawing a graph, we can determine the number of roots in a quadratic equation using its
determinant b2 − 4ac. It is called the Discriminant, because it can "discriminate" between the possible
types of solutions.
Example 1: Determine the number of roots for
+4=0
Solution: a = 2, b = 3, and c = 5

There are no real roots.

Example 2: Determine the number of roots for
=0
Solution: a = 1, b = - 3, and c = 0
.
There are two real and unequal roots.
Exercise

1. For each parabola below for respective quadratic equations, state the number of roots and the
roots:

2. Find the discriminant and determine the number of real roots in each equation below:

a) x2 − 2x − 15 = 0
b) 2x2 + 7x − 1 = 0
c) 2x2 − 24x = −72
d) 7x2 − 3x + 2 = 0
e) 9x2 - 12x = 60
f) x2 + 7 = 3x
g) 4x2 - 20x + 25 = 0
h) 2x2 + 5x = 3
i) x2 + 12x + 36 = 0
Lesson 6 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

The general form of the quadratic equation is

Where a = coefficient of , b = coefficient of x and c = constant term

The four methods of solving quadratic equations are:

1. Using graphs that we studied in Lesson 4
2. Factoring
3. Using the quadratic formula
4. Completing the square – not in this course

Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

If the product mn=0, where m and n are the two factors, then either m = 0 or n = 0 or both m=n=0
Example 1 Solve the quadratic equation Example 2 Solve the quadratic equation
(2x + 5)(x – 3) = 0
Then 2x + 5 = 0 or x – 3 =0
2(x + 4) (x – 4) = 0
2x = -5 or x=3
x + 4 = 0 or x – 4 = 0
x = - 4 or x = 4

Example 3 Solve Example 4 Solve

x (x – 7) = 0 (3x – 4) (5x + 2) = 0
x = 0 or x – 7 = 0 3x – 4 =0 or 5x + 2 = 0
x = 0 or x = 7 3x = 4 or 5x = -2
x = or

Exercise Solve each quadratic equation using factoring:

1) x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 2) z2 – 5z + 4 = 0 3) x2 – 8x + 16 = 0

4) r2 – 12r + 35 = 0 5) m2 + 10m + 9 = 0 6) x2 – 49 = 0

7) z2 – 4 = 0 8) m2 – 64 = 0 9) 3x2 – 12 = 0

10) x2 – 2x = 0 11) s2 – s = 0 12) 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0

13) 3x2 – 10x + 3 = 0 14) 3x2 – 8x + 4 = 0 15) 5x2 + 11x + 2 = 0

16) y2 = 8y + 20 17) x2 = 9x – 20 18) x2 = 30 + x

19) 2x2 – x = 15 20) x2 + 3x – 4 = 50 21) 2x2 + 7 = 5 – 5x

Lesson 7 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

Not every quadratic equation can be solved by factoring. In this case, we need to use the
quadratic formula.
Solve Quadratic Using the Quadratic Formula:
1) Put the quadratic equation into
standard form (above).
2) Write out what a, b, & c equal to.
3) Substitute for each variable.
4) Split into two separate equations and
solve, one for +, and one for -
5) Check each root in the original
equati

Example 1 Solve 2x2 + x – 6 = 0

a = 2, b = 1, c = -6 Example 2 Solve 2 x 2 + 5 x − 10 = 0
x = - (b) ± √b2 – 4ac
2a a = 2, b = 5, c = -10
x = - (1) ± √(1)2 – 4(2)(-6)
2(2) x = - (b) ± √b2 – 4ac
x = -1 ± √1 +48 2a
4
x = -1 ± √49
−5  5 2 − 4  2  (−10)
4 x=
x = -1 ± 7 22
4 −5 
25 + 80
x = -1 + 7 or x = -1 – 7 =
4 4 4
x= 6 or x = -8 −5  105
=
4 4 4
x = 3 or x = -2 −5 + 105 −5 − 105
2 x= or x =
4 4
Exercise Solve each equation using the quadratic formula:

1) x2 - 7x + 6 = 0 2) x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 3) 2x2 + x – 1 = 0

4) 3x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 5) 3x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 6) 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0

7) x2 + 10x = -25 8) x2 + 2x = 24 9) 2x2 – 10 = x

10) x2 – 9 = 0 11) 5x2 = 20 12) x2 – 3x + 1 = 1

13) x2 = 5x 14) x2 – 10x + 4 = 0 15) x2 + 2x – 4 = 0

16) 2x2 – 8x + 7 = 0 17) 4x2 = 2x + 1

Lesson 8 Word Problems Leading to Quadratic Equations

In word problems we have to translate he English sentence into quadratic equations. We then solve the
equation and deduce suitable answers.

Example 1 The width of a rectangle is 8 cm less than its length. If its length is x cm and its area is 105
. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
Solution Let the length be L = x
Then the width w = x – 8
A = Lw = x(x – 8) = 105

(x – 15)(x + 7) = 0
x – 15 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
x = 15 or x = -7

Answer: x = - 7 is an inadmissible answer.

The length is x = 15 and with is x – 8 = 7
Areas = 15 x 7 = 105

Example 2 An object is launched at 19.6 meters per second (m/s) from a 58.8-meter tall platform. The
equation for the object's height s at time t seconds after launch is s(t) = –4.9t2 + 19.6t + 58.8, where s is in
meters. When does the object strike the ground?

Solution What is the height when the object smacks into the ground? Well, zero, obviously. So we're
looking for the time when the height is s = 0.

0 = –4.9t2 + 19.6t + 58.8

0 = t2 – 4t – 12
0 = (t – 6)(t + 2)

Then t = 6 or t = –2. "t = –2" is an extraneous solution (time cannot be negative), and we'll ignore
it. The object strikes the ground six seconds after launch.

Example 3 A garden measuring 12 m by 16 m is to have a pedestrian pathway installed all around it,
increasing the total area to 285 . What will be the width of the pathway?

Solution
The first thing is draw a picture. Since I don't know how wide
the path will be, I'll label the width as "x".

Looking at my picture, the total width will be

x + 12 + x = 12 + 2x, and the total length will be
x + 16 + x = 16 + 2x.

Then the new area is given by:

(12 + 2x)(16 + 2x) = 285
192 + 56x + 4x2 = 285 Simplifying the equation
4x2 + 56x – 93 = 0
 This quadratic is messy enough that we won't bother with trying to use factoring to solve; we'll
just go straight to the quadratic formula:

Answer: Obviously the negative value won't work, so we'll ignore it. The width of the pathway
will be 1.5 meters.

Exercise

1. The difference of two positive integers is 3 and the sum of their squares is 117; find the numbers.

2. The product of two consecutive positive odd integers (x and x + 2) is 2499. Find the bigger integer.

3. The sum of the squares of three consecutive even numbers (x, x + 2, x + 4) is 56. Form a quadratic
equation and hence solve it to find the three numbers.

4. For every litre of petrol, one car travels x km and another car travels 5 km more than the first. If the
first car uses 4 litres more than the second car in converting 400 km, frame an equation for the
statement to find x. What is the value of x?

5. The quadratic equation y represents the path taken by an aeroplane. Calculate the two
values of x when the aeroplane is at the same level.

6. The base of a triangle exceeds twice its altitude by 18m. If the area of the triangle be 360 sq. m., what
is its altitude? A = (base x altitude)/2

7. A farmer has a 1200-foot roll of fencing and a large field. She wants to split a rectangular enclosure
in half. What are the dimensions of the largest such enclosure?
 Lesson 9 Using Pythagoras Formula to Find Unknowns in Right-Angled Triangles I

Pythagoras Theorem = is one of the Hypotenuse (hy·pot·e·nuse) is the side that is

most important and widely used formulas in opposite the right angl
Mathematics and Science. We had learned this
formula in Training Course 3.

"The square on the hypotenuse of a right

3.triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on
the two legs."
Example 1: Find c, using the table of squares and square roots above.

+ c
8
=
= 64 + 36
= 100 6
c = = 10

Example 2: Find c
10
+ 6
=
= 100 + 36
= 136 c
c = = 11.66 to 2 decimal places

Example 3: Find x 3

+
6 x
= Where is the 7 from?
= 49 + 36
= 85
10
x = = 9.22 to 2 decimal places

Exercise: Find the unknowns below:

5 h h 7

12 24

9 7 y a 15
4

x 7 11
 Lesson 10 Using Pythagoras Formula to Find Unknowns in Right-Angled Triangles II

We can use the Pythagoras Theorem to find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle if we know the
length of the triangle’s other two sides, called the legs. What if you are given the length of the hypotenuse
and one of the legs. For example:

+ where c = hypotenuse
If we want to find a, we isolate on one side
+

To find the length one of the legs, instead of adding the squares of the two legs, we subtract:

“Square of the hypotenuse – Square of one leg’s length = Square of the unknown leg’s length” or

Example 1: In the triangle, c = 12, b = 8, a = ?

12
8
=
= 144 64
= 80 a
a = = 8.9 to 1 decimal place.

Example 2: Find x

x 6
=
= 100 36
= 64 10
c = =8

Exercise: Find the unknowns below:

x 13 a 26 25 7

12 a
24
3

y 7 8 a 15
4

12 x 11
Lesson 11 Radian Measure of An Angle

In our previous work in Trigonometry (Course 3), an angle was measured in degrees. Angles
can also be measured in radians.

One radian is defined as the angle created at the center of a circle by taking an arc equal to the
radius and stretching it along the outside of that circle.

In a half circle there are π radians, which is also 180° (see above semicircle)
π radians =180°
So 1 radian =180°/π =57.2958...° (See above middle diagram)

Rules to change degrees to radians and vice versa

Example 1 Change 30° to π radian Example 2 Change 240° to π radian

Solution Radian = Solution Radian =

Example 3 Change to degrees Example 4 Change to degrees

Solution Degrees = = Solution Degrees = =

Exercise
1. Change the following degrees to radian measures:
(a) 240° (b) 45° (c) 75° (d) - 135° (e) 90° (f) 420° (g) 405° (h) 720°
2. Change the following radian measures to degrees:

3 7 7  7 11 2 3
(a) (b) (c) − (d) (e) (f) − (g) − (h)
2 6 12 9 3 30 15 4
Lesson 12 Trigonometric Ratios (Trig Ratios)

Trigonometry deals with the measurement of triangles. We had studied trigonometric ratios and their
applications in Training Course 3 on Geometry and Trigonometry. This is a review.

The sides of a right triangle are labelled and the trigonometric ratios are listed below.

Hypotenuse is opposite the right angle. Opposite side is opposite the given angle (theta).

Adjacent side is right next to the given angle .

The three trigonometric ratios are sine (sin cosine (cos and tangent (tan

Example 1 Find the three trig ratios for angles A and B below:

For angle A, H = 17, O = 8, A = 15

sin A = , cos A = , tan A =

For angle B, H = 17, O = 15, A = 8

sin B = , cos B = , tan B =

Exercise: Find the three trig ratios for angles A and B in each triangle below:
Lesson 13 Trig Ratios of Standard Angles

In Training Course 3 on Geometry and Trigonometry we learned how to use a calculator to find the
trigonometric ratios at different values. But sometimes, the problem may ask to solve it without using
a calculator where it involves some standard angles, e.g. 0, 300, 450, 600 and 900. Let us learn how to
find the values of trigonometric ratios of these standard angles without using a calculator.
Reciprocal Trig Ratios
In addition to the primary trigonometric ratios (sin, cos and tan), there are 3 reciprocal trigonometric
ratios: cosecant (csc), secant (sec) and cotangent (cot). Even though we do not use them very often, we
should know that they are reciprocals of sin, cos, and tan respectively.

Trig ratios of 300 and 600

Consider an equilateral triangle ABC whose side is 2 units. Then AB = BC = CA = 2.

Let AD be the altitude. Then BD=1.

From Pythagoras theorem, we get AD = = =
In ΔABD, using 600 (using definitions of trigonometric ratios from pervious lesson)

sin60 = O/H = √3/2 => csc 60 = 2/√3

cos 60 = A/H = 1/2 => sec 60 = 2
tan 60 = O/A = √3/1 => cot 60 = 1/√3
In ΔABD, using 300 (using definitions of trigonometric ratios)
sin 30 = O/H= 1/2 => csc 30 = 2
cos 30 = A/H= √3/2 => sec 30 = 2/√3
tan 30 = O/A= 1/√3 => cot 30 = √3.
Trig ratios of 450
Consider an isosceles right-angled triangle ABC with right angle at B where AB=BC =1 unit.

sin45 = => csc 45 = √2

cos 45 = => sec 45 = √2

tan 45 = 1 => cot 45 = 1.

Based on the above data, the following table is formed, you should learn the table to do the problems.
To help you, you should memorize both of these trianges below, including angles – both in degrees and
radians – and side lengths. We'll work with these angles very often.

Example 1 Show that sin 45 + cos 30 =

Solution sin 45 + cos 30 =

Example 2 Calculate sin 30 – cos 45 + tan 60 = =

Exercise
1. Show that (a) sin 30 + cos 45 = (b) cos 30 = sin 45 =
2. Evaluate the following:
(a) cos 45 + tan 30 (b) tan 45 – tan 60 (c) cos 30 + tan 60 (d) tan 60 + sin 45
(e) tan 30 - cos 30 (f) cos 90 + tan 60 (g) cos 30 + sin 90 (h) cos 0 + sin 45

3. (a) sin 30 + cos 45 + tan 60 (b) cos 45 + tan 30 + sin 60 (c) tan 30 + sin 45 + cos 30
Lesson 14 Trig Ratios of Standard Angles and CAST Rule
In Trigonometry, we use the radians for angle measure. The radian arises naturally from the geometry of
the circle. There are 2π (or 2 x 3.14) radians in a circle, so 180˚ = π radians. The unit circle below shows
the most frequently-used radian measures. They are generally multiples of (30˚) and (45˚), etc.

Quadrant I
In the previous lesson we found the trig ratios of standard angles from 0˚ to 90˚ (0˚, 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, and
90˚). Now we want to use the unit circle to find the trig ratios of standard angles that are greater then 90˚,
e.g. 120˚, 135˚, etc.
We'll do that by drawing a series of triangles, both 45-45-90 and 30-60-90, inside of the unit circle, and
calculating the trig ratios.
Let's start at 30˚ or (see unit circle above right). Notice that we can use that triangle to calculate all
three trig ratios. Similarly, we can find all three ratios for 45˚and 60˚, All the ratios can be found in the
Table in Lesson 15. In Quadrant I, all ratios are positive.

Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Next is a 135˚= angle (45˚ in right triangle, left diagram above), working counter-clockwise around the
unit circle. One feature of the unit circle is that the length of the radius (the hypotenuses of all our
triangles) is always 1, but the other triangle sides can have negative or positive values depending on
which quadrant the right triangle is located. The angle is at the centre. In this quadrant II, only sin is
positive.

Now let's do a 240˚ = angle (middle diagram). Notice that because the x-and y-coordinates of the tip of
the radius are negative, we treat the sides of our triangle as negative, and that affects the values of the trig
ratios. In Quadrant III, only tan is positive.

Finally, let's look at an angle in quadrant 4, 315˚ = , which is seven increments of 45˚ or around the
unit circle, and produces a 45-45-90 triangle. In Quadrant IV, only cos is positive.

CAST Rule
CAST Rule says:

Quadrant I, ALL ratios are positive

Quadrant II, only SIN is positive

Quadrant III only TAN is positive

Quadrant IV, only COS is positive.

Exercise Sketch the given angle for each grid below. Then find the six trig ratios (sin, cos, tan
csc, sec, and cot) for the given angle using CAST Rule and the Trig Ratios Table in Lesson 17.

1. 150 2. 300 3. 45 4. 240

5 11
5. 6. 7. 8.
4 6

 2
9. 10. 145 11. 12. 225 13.
6 3
Lesson 15 Graphs of Trig Functions
Here's a table of trig function values at key angles from 0 to 180˚. The trigonometric functions are
repetitive, or cyclic, and we usually refer to them as periodic, meaning that they repeat the same basic
pattern predictably. Notice also that both the sine and cosine functions oscillate between ±1 and pass
periodically goes through y = 0.
The gray columns are just re-expressions of the sine and cosine values to the left. Each is just re-stated
with a square root in the numerator so that the increasing-decreasing pattern is more obvious.

Graphs of the trig functions

All of the points in the table above are plotted on the graphs. Graphs of the sine (black) and cosine
(magenta) functions are drawn below as f(θ) vs. θ, for θ between 0 and 4π (720˚).
These curves are also referred to as "sine waves". We usually don't say "cosine wave”. Both curves are
the same, with a phase shift of or 90˚

Both curves are periodic functions with Period = 2π radians (360˚). They oscillate and goes on infinitely
in both positive and negative directions.
Both graphs oscillate between ±1; which is called the amplitude.
Reciprocal trig functions: The tangent function

The tangent of an angle (θ) is the ratio of sine over cosine. When cos(θ) = 0 at = , , … the graph of
the tangent function will have vertical asymptotes, as shown above.
http://xaktly.com/MathTrigonometry.html
Exercise
Draw the graphs of all six trig functions by:
1. Construct a table of values for each function, using degrees and calculators.
2. Draw the graph of each trig function with labelled axes.
3. Determine the period, amplitude, and locations of vertical asymptotes on the x-axis.
Lesson 16 Sine Rule and Cosine Rule

In Training Course 3 and earlier lessons in this course we learned and reviewed how to use
trigonometric ratios to find unknowns in right triangles. What about non-right triangles, how do
we find the unknown sides or angles in those triangles? We can use the Sine or Cosine Rule.

It works for any triangle: a, b, and c are sides

A, B, and C are angles opposite the sides

You should use the Sine Rule when you know a

side and an angle that are opposite of each other.
Example 1 Find the length of side c when A=40, C=110, and a=25 mm.
C a
Solution Using Sine Rule,
b
c a B
= A c?
sin C sin A
c 25 mm
=
sin110 sin 40
c 25 mm
=
0.9397 0.6428
c 25 mm
0.9397  =  0.9397
0.9397 0.6428
c = 36.55 mm

Considering significant digits, the final answer is c = 37 mm.

Example 2 Find A in the triangle on right: C=79, a=36 mm, and c=50. mm.
c a
=
sin C sin A b
a
50 36
=
sin 79 sin A A B
c
50 36
=
sin 79 sin A
36  sin 79 = 50  sin A
50  sin A 36  sin 79
=
50 50
sin A = 0.7067716
A = sin −1 (0.7067716)
A = 44.972845
Considering significant digits, the final answer is A = 45
Exercise
1. In the triangle below left, b = 6.5, c = 8.5, and B = 41. Solve this triangle (find the missing
sides and angles.

2. In the triangle right above, solve the triangle (find the remaining side and angles that are
unknown), given a = 27, b = 35, and B = 48.

3. In the left triangle below, a = 11, b = 15, and C = 88, solve the triangle.
4. In the right triangle above, A = 48, B = 62, and a = 45. Solve the triangle.

5. For triangle ABC left below, AC = 19 cm, BC = 17 cm and BAC = 60° Calculate ABC

6. PQR is a triangle above right. PR = 23 cm, PQ = 22 cm and QPR = 48°. Calculate QR.
7. In the triangle middle below, three sides are known. a = 3, b = 5, and c = 7. Find the three angles.

8. In the triangle on the left below, B = 41, C = 51, and c = 100, Find the length of side a.
9. Solve the triangle on the right above, given a = 18, c = 30, A = 25, C = 45, and B = 110.

10. In a triangle below where side a = 8, side b = 5, and A = 35, solve the triangle.

11. In the triangle above right where a = 22.1, c = 17.5, and b = 109. Solve the triangle.
12. By applying the Sine and Cosine Rules, try to find the total area of the figure below with the area
formula being Area = ½ ab SinC.
13. A ruined tower is fenced off for safety reasons. To find the height of the tower Rashid stands at a
point A and measures the angle of elevation as 18°. He then walks 20 m directly towards the base
of the tower to point B where the angle of elevation is 31°. Calculate the height h of the tower.

14. Two ships, A and B, leave port at 13 00 hours. Ship A travels at a constant speed of 18 km per
hour on a bearing of 070°. Ship B travels at a constant speed of 25 km per hour on a bearing of
152°. Calculate the distance between A and B at 14 00 hours.
Activity 1 Graphs of Relations using Geogebra
The graphs of relations in this training course include parabola, hyperbola, exponential and sine
curves. We had used Geogebra for graphs of linear and quadratic functions before. We will now
construct other graphs using the software Geogebra, if it is not available, you may use other
software like Geometer Sketchpad or graphing calculator to construct these, or simply use the
attached graphs.
1. Graph of parabola for quadratic function y =
Using Geogebra, select New and then Graphing on left menu to see the grid. Don’t Save
whatever you have. You may move the grid using the arrow key on the left menu or just
point at the origin and move. The keypad for Math symbols is on the bottom of the
screen.

2. Graph of parabola for square root function y =

(a) Using Geogebra, select New and then Graphing Calculator, input .
Try other reciprocal functions and find the transformations, e.g. ,
y= y=
(b)

3. Graph of hyperbola for reciprocal function

(a) Using Geogebra, select New and then Graphing Calculator, input
(b) Try other reciprocal functions and find the transformations,
etc.
 4. Graph of Exponential Function y =

Using Geogebra, select New and then Graphing Calculator, input y =

Try other exponential functions and find the transformations, e.g. , ,
+ 5, etc.

5. Graph of sin curves y = sin(x)

Using Geogebra, select New and then Graphing Calculator, input y = sin (x)
Try other trig functions, e.g. y = cos(x), y=tan(x), y = csc(x), y = sec(x), y = cot(x), etc.

Exercise Using Geogebra, sketch the graph on paper, and write down the key points on the
sketch. Then write the domain, range, and equation of asymptotes.
Activity 2 Fun with Quadratic Equations

Work individually on this activity using computers. Visit website

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/quadratic-equation-graph.html for this activity.

Move the a, b and c slider bars of the left on webpage to explore the properties of the Quadratic Equation
graph in the form . Explorations include:

Effects of changing a, b, and c in .

1. The effect of changes in a

2. The effect of changes in b

3. The effect of changes in c
4. The effect of a negative values of a
5. The effect of a positive values of a
6. What happens when a = 0? b = 0? Or c = 0?
Roots of when the curve crosses the x-axis (y = 0)
7. Try to get the curve to just touch the x-axis (y=0) at one point (see second graph), there is only
one root for this equation. What is your equation when this happens? There are many equations.
8. Try to get the curve not to touch the x-axis (y=0) at all (see third graph above), there is no real
root for this equation. What is your equation when this happens? There are many equations.
9. Try to get the curve to intersect the x-axis (y=0) at two points (see first graph), there are two real
root for this equation. What is your equation when this happens? There are many equations.
10. Can you get the "roots" -1 and 1 for a graph? What is your equation when this happens?

11. Can you get the "roots" -3 and 2.5 for a graph? What is your equation when this happens?