REPORT ON WATER QUALITY

MONITORING USING IOT

VIBHOR MITTAL,SIDDHARTH SHANKAR TRIPATHI

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to all those who have helped us directly or
indirectly to complete this report.

Firstly, we would like to express my gratitude towards the institute, Birla Institute of
Technology and Science (BITS) – Pilani, Pilani Campus, for granting us this wonderful
opportunity of studying and working on this wonderful project.

We are deeply indebted to Dr. Vinay Chamola, instructor for this course, for teaching
us, guiding us with the topic as well as knowledge, and ultimately providing us with an
opportunity to make and present this report.

There are many more people like the support staff, hostel staff, etc. who have ensured
our peaceful and healthy stay at BITS-Pilani, so that we can work without any
distractions. We would like to thank them all. And we regret our inability to mention
the names of everyone.

.
Introduction

In the 21st century, there were lots of inventions, but at the same time were pollutions, global warming
and so on are being formed, because of this there is no safe drinking water for the world’s pollution.
Nowadays, water quality monitoring in real time faces challenges because of global warming limited
water resources, growing population, etc. Hence there is need of developing better methodologies to
monitor the water quality parameters in real time. Over the previous decade, online water quality
monitoring has been broadly utilized as a part of numerous nations known to have major issues
identified with ecological contamination. The water is restricted and vital asset for industry, farming,
and every one of the animals existing on the earth including person. Any awkwardness in water quality
would seriously influence the strength of the people, creatures furthermore influence the natural adjust
among species. The drinking water is all the more valuable and profitable for all the individuals so the
nature of water ought to be observed continuously. These days water quality monitoring continuously
confronts challenges as a result of an unnatural weather change, restricted water assets, developing
populace, and so on. Henceforth, there is a need of growing better approaches to screen the water
quality parameters progressively. The WHO (world wellbeing association) assessed, in India among 77
million individuals is enduring due to not having safe water. WHO likewise gauges that 21% of maladies
are identified with dangerous water in India. Additionally, more than 1600 passing’s alone cause
because of looseness of the bowels in India day by day. Consequently, different water quality
parameters, for example, broke down oxygen (DO), conductivity, pH, turbidity and temperature ought
to be checked continuously. The water quality parameter pH demonstrate water is acidic or
fundamental. Immaculate water has 7 pH esteem, under 7 values show causticity and more than 7
demonstrate alkalinity. The ordinary scope of pH is 6 to 8.5. In drinking water if the ordinary scope of pH
doesn't keep up it causes the bothering to the eyes, skin and mucous layers. The disintegrated oxygen
(DO) is demonstrated the oxygen that broke down in water. It improves the drinking water taste. The
conductivity shows the capacity of water to pass an electrical ebb and flow. In water it is influenced by
different broke down solids, for example, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, calcium, and so forth.
Turbidity has demonstrated the degree at which the water loses its straightforwardness. It is considered
as a decent measure of the nature of water. Water temperature, shows how water is hot or cool. The
disintegration of water assets turns into a typical human issue. The conventional techniques for water
quality screen include the manual gathering of water test from various areas. These water tests tried in
the research facility utilizing the expository innovations. Such methodologies are tedious and didn't
really to be viewed as proficient. In addition, the momentum strategies incorporate investigation of
different sorts of parameters of water quality, for example, physical and compound. Customary
strategies for the water quality discovery have the disservices like entangled philosophy, long sitting
tight time for results, low estimation accuracy and high cost. In this manner, there is a requirement for
persistent checking of water quality parameters continuously. By centering the above issues, we need to
create and outline an ease water quality monitoring framework that can screen water quality
continuously utilizing IOT environment.
THE RELATION WITH IOT

The internet has changed all the human lives in past deader. The IOT becomes a foundation for
connecting things, sensors and other smart technologies. IOT is an extension of the internet. IOT gives an
immediate access to information about physical objects and leads to innovative service with high
efficiency and productivity. There are several important technologies related to the IOT are ubiquitous
computing, RFIP, wireless sensor network, cloud computing. Cloud computing is a large-scale, low cost
processing unit, which is based on the IP a connection for calculation and storage. The IoT application
areas include home automation, water environment monitoring, and water quality monitoring etc. the
water quality monitoring application involves large distributed array of monitoring sensor and a large
distribution network.

Literature Review
In this section of the paper gives a writing survey of the current water quality checking framework that
gives a short clarification of the frameworks that are as underneath. Fiona Regan, Antóin and Audrey
planned savvy water quality monitoring framework. In that framework they made water quality brilliant
sensors so the sensors send information remotely to the gadget which gathers information from every
one of the hubs. This information is given to the remote server through GPRS system and client can see
information remotely. This framework is exceptionally versatile, speedier and easy to understand;
however it is exorbitant as a result of keen sensors. Moreover, the extent of sensors is not solid for
water tap.

Qiao Tie-Zhu, Song Le planned Online Monitoring System of Water Quality Based on GPRS. The
framework is utilized to prepare the example and send the pertinent information to the checking focus
by means of the GPRS information transmission. The point of building up this framework is the remote
checking of water quality parameter and makes it continuous and speedier than past framework utilized
for water quality monitoring, likewise to control water quality.

Nazleeni Samiha, planned Remote Water Quality Monitoring System utilizing Wireless Sensors. In
proposing framework, the remote water quality sensors send information carefully to the information
obtaining pack which gathers the information transmitted from all sensors. The got advanced
information is handled by the information securing pack and prepared information send to the database
at which the handled information is contrasted and the resilience estimation of that information. On the
off chance that the water quality parameters cross their limit esteem, then the ready message will send
utilizing the GSM module, generally information keeps ceaselessly contrasting and its resilience esteem.
This procedure is essentially produced for monitoring the water of lakes or lake.

Application
Online smart water quality has been proposed for several applications in literature as shown in Table 1.

APPLICATION REFERENCES
 Domestic running water Vijayakumar and Ramya (2015), Niel et al. (2016),
Theofanis et al. (2014), Jayti and Jignesh (2016),
Poonam et al., 2016, Xin et al. (2011), Xiuli et al.
(2011), Offiong et al. (2014)
Domestic stored water Thinagaran et al. (2015), Vinod and Sushama
(2016), Pandian and Mala (2015), Azedine et al.
(2000), Sathish et al. (2016)
Lake, river, sea water, environmental monitoring Tomoaki et al. (2016), Vinod and Sushama (2016),
Peng et al. (2009), Francesco et al. (2015),
Christie et al. (2014), Haroon and Anthony (2016),
Anthony et al. (2014), Li et al. (2013)
Aquaculture centers Goib et al. (2015), Xiuna et al. (2010), Gerson et
al. (2012)
Drinking water distribution systems Eliades et al. (2014), Ruan and Tang (2011)

Parameters monitored
Based on extensive experimental evaluation carried out by US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) it has been concluded that chemical and biological contaminants used have an effect on many
water parameters monitored including Turbidity (TU), Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP), Electrical
Conductivity (EC) and pH. Thus, by monitoring and detecting changes in the water parameters, it is
feasible to infer the water quality (Theofanis et al., 2014). A detailed list of work carried out to monitor
water parameters is presented in Table 2. The pH of the water is one of the most important factors when
investigating water quality, as it measures how basic or acidic the water is. Acidic water (pH 4 and below)
can also cause irritation due to its corrosive effect (Niel et al., 2016). Measurement of dissolved oxygen
(DO) is important for aquaculture centers since this parameter determines whether or not a species can
survive in the said water source. ORP is a measure of degree to which a substance is capable of oxidizing
or reducing another substance. ORP is measured in milli volts (mv) using an ORP meter. Tap water and
bottled water have a positive value of ORP. Turbidity refers to concentration of suspended particles in
water. Conductivity gives an indication of the amount of impurities in the water, the cleaner the water, the
less conductive it is. In many cases, conductivity is also directly associated with the total dissolved solids
(TDS).
PARAMETERS MONITORED REFERENCES
pH Vijayakumar and Ramya (2015), Mitar et al.
(2016), Tomoaki et al. (2016), Vinod and Sushama
(2016), Niel et al. (2016), Goib et al. (2015),
Theofanis et al. (2014), Peng et al. (2009), Jayti
and Jignesh (2016), Poonam et al., 2016, Xin
Wang (2011), Gerson et al. (2012), Pandian and
Mala (2015), Liang (2014), Xiuna et al. (2010),
Christie et al. (2014), Azedine et al. (2000),
Offiong et al. (2014), Anthony et al. (2014),
Sathish et al. (2016
 Dissolved oxygen Vijayakumar and Ramya (2015), Goib et al.
(2015), Jayti and Jignesh (2016), Gerson et al.
(2012), Liang (2014), Xiuna et al. (2010), Christie
et al. (2014), Offiong et al. (2014), Anthony et al.
(2014)
Temperature Vijayakumar and Ramya (2015), Mitar et al.
(2016), Niel et al. (2016), Theofanis et al. (2014),
Peng et al. (2009), Jayti and Jignesh (2016),
Poonam et al., 2016, Gerson et al. (2012),
Pandian and Mala (2015), Liang (2014), Xiuna et
al. (2010), Francesco et al. (2015), Christie et al.
(2014), Azedine et al. (2000), Anthony et al.
(2014)
Oxidation reduction potential Niel et al. (2016), Theofanis et al. (2014)
Turbidity Vijayakumar and Ramya (2015), Tomoaki et al.
(2016), Vinod and Sushama (2016), Theofanis et
al. (2014), Jayti and Jignesh (2016), Poonam et al.,
2016, Gerson et al. (2012), Pandian and Mala
(2015), Francesco et al. (2015), Offiong et al.
(2014), Sathish et al. (2016)

Communication technology used

Wireless technology is used for communication between sensor to controller and from controller to
data storage cloud. Different technology has been used in each of the communication scenario.

Communication between sensors and controller

Sensors are connected to the controller, either directly using UART protocol or remotely using Zigbee
protocol. ZigBee is a technology of data transfer in wireless. network. It has a low energy consumption
and is designed for multichannel control systems, alarm system and lighting control. ZigBee builds on
the physical layer and media access control defined in IEEE standard 802.15.4 for low-rate WPANs. In
smart water quality systems, Zigbee protocol is used for communication between sensor nodes and the
controller when the sensors are placed in remote location away from the controller. For in-pipe
domestic monitoring, direct connection of sensors and controller is preferred.

Communication between controller and data storage

Communication between controller and centralized data storage is carried out using long range
communication standards such as 3G and Internet. Some the previous works aim at alerting the user in
form of SMS about the water quality. Such systems (Peng et al., 2009; Xin et al., 2011; Liang, 2014; Wei
et al., 2012) require additional SIM card for the GPRS module connected with the controller. The
drawbacks of such systems are additional cost for SIM card operation. Also, large quantities of data
storage and retrieval are not possible at the user premises. Recently, IoT enabled solutions are gaining
importance. Authors in (Alessio et al., 2016) provide a survey on the wide range of applications possible
with Internet of Things and Cloud computing.

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY USED REFERENCES

 Between sensors and controller Zigbee Vinod and Sushama (2016), Niel
et al. (2016), Theofanis et al.
(2014), Peng et al. (2009), Jayti
and Jignesh (2016), Poonam et
al., 2016, Xin et al. (2011),
Pandian and Mala (2015), Liang
(2014), Christie et al. (2014),
Offiong et al. (2014), Anthony et
al. (2014), Li et al. (2013)
UART Tomoaki et al. (2016), Wei et al.
(2012), Vijayakumar and Ramya
(2015), Thinagaran et al. (2015),
Mitar et al. (2016), Sathish et al.
(2016)
Between controller and cloud GSM/GPRS Peng et al. (2009), Xin et al.
(2011), Liang (2014), Wei et al.
(2012), Francesco et al. (2015),
Anthony et al. (2014), Tomoaki
et al. (2016)
Ethernet LAN Theofanis et al. (2014)
IoT (using inbuilt WiFi Module) Proposed

Controller used
Different controllers have been used in literature for smart water quality monitoring as listed in Table 4.
Though each controller have its own salient features, most of the controllers used in literature work
with external GPRS / Wi-Fi module for connectivity to the data storage or application.

The proposed work uses both NodeMCU (for transmitting data to cloud) and Arduino as a controller.
CONTROLLER REFERENCES
Atmega Thinagaran et al. (2015), Mitar et al. (2016)
Raspberry pi + iot Vijayakumar and Ramya (2015), Jayti and Jignesh
(2016), Sathish et al. (2016)
Arduino Anthony et al. (2014), Christie et al. (2014),
Pandian and Mala (2015), Gerson et al. (2012)
8051 Li et al. (2013)

Power consumption related issues

Power consumption is a major constraint for IoT applications, because the applications are most likely to
operate on batteries. Communication of data is a major source of power consumption. For applications
such as smart water quality monitoring, data communication occurs in two stages. One is the
communication between sensors and the controller and other is the communication between controller
and application.
Sensors Used
DS18B20 Temperature Sensor
The DS18B20 Digital Thermometer provides 9 to 12-bit (configurable) temperature readings which
indicate the temperature of the device. The DS18B20 communicates over a 1-Wire bus that by definition
requires only one data line (and ground) for communication with a central microprocessor.In addition, the
DS18B20 can derive power directly from the data line (“parasite power”), eliminating the need for an
external power supply.This sensor has been included in many applications such as Thermostatic
Controls,Industrial Systems, Consumer Products,Thermometers,Thermally Sensitive Systems.

DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

Sample Code

#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
//the pin you connect the ds18b20 to
#define DS18B20 2
OneWire ourWire(DS18B20);
DallasTemperature sensors(&ourWire);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(1000);
//start reading
sensors.begin();
}
void loop()
{
//read temperature and output via serial
sensors.requestTemperatures();
Serial.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
Serial.println(" degrees C");
delay(1000);
}

PH meter (SKU: SEN0161)

Connecting Diagram

Sample Code

/*
# This sample code is used to test the pH meter V1.0.
# Editor : YouYou
# Ver : 1.0
# Product: analog pH meter
# SKU : SEN0161
*/
#define SensorPin A0 //pH meter Analog output to Arduino Analog In
put 0
#define Offset 0.00 //deviation compensate
#define LED 13
#define samplingInterval 20
#define printInterval 800
#define ArrayLenth 40 //times of collection
int pHArray[ArrayLenth]; //Store the average value of the sensor feedback
int pHArrayIndex=0;
void setup(void)
{
pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("pH meter experiment!"); //Test the serial monitor
}
void loop(void)
{
static unsigned long samplingTime = millis();
static unsigned long printTime = millis();
static float pHValue,voltage;
if(millis()-samplingTime > samplingInterval)
{
pHArray[pHArrayIndex++]=analogRead(SensorPin);
if(pHArrayIndex==ArrayLenth)pHArrayIndex=0;
voltage = avergearray(pHArray, ArrayLenth)*5.0/1024;
pHValue = 3.5*voltage+Offset;
samplingTime=millis();
}
if(millis() - printTime > printInterval) //Every 800 milliseconds, print
a numerical, convert the state of the LED indicator
{
Serial.print("Voltage:");
Serial.print(voltage,2);
Serial.print(" pH value: ");
Serial.println(pHValue,2);
digitalWrite(LED,digitalRead(LED)^1);
printTime=millis();
}
}
double avergearray(int* arr, int number){
int i;
int max,min;
double avg;
long amount=0;
if(number<=0){
Serial.println("Error number for the array to avraging!/n");
return 0;
}
if(number<5){ //less than 5, calculated directly statistics
for(i=0;i<number;i++){
amount+=arr[i];
}
avg = amount/number;
return avg;
}else{
if(arr[0]<arr[1]){
min = arr[0];max=arr[1];
}
else{
min=arr[1];max=arr[0];
}
for(i=2;i<number;i++){
if(arr[i]<min){
amount+=min; //arr<min
min=arr[i];
}else {
if(arr[i]>max){
amount+=max; //arr>max
max=arr[i];
}else{
amount+=arr[i]; //min<=arr<=max
}
}//if
}//for
avg = (double)amount/(number-2);
}//if
return avg;
}

Methodology
Proposed Work
Hardware design

The key parameters monitored in the proposed system are temperature and pH. The block diagram of
the proposed system is shown below. A controller forms the central part of the IoT enabled water
quality monitoring system. As seen from Table 4, it is observed that most of the IoT based solutions use
a controller with external Wi-Fi. Such designs are not cost effective, power efficient and also result in
complex circuitry.In this work we have used NodeMCU which has internal wifi module.

Sensors are directly interfaced to the controller since the proposed system is to monitor domestic water
quality. The sensor parameters such as temperature and pH are measured by placing the sensor into
different solutions of water. The data from the sensors are sent to the cloud using the controller.
 Flow Chart for updating data.

Programming NodeMCU ESP using Arduino IDE

NodeMCU can be programmed using Arduino IDE also. The following steps show how to do that:

• Open Arduino IDE, go to File->preferences and in Additional Boards Managers URLs paste the
following link and click ok.
http://arduino.esp8266.com/versions/2.4.1/package_esp8266com_index.json
• Restart Arduino and go to Tools - Boards manager search for ESP8266 and install the
libraries/files.
 • Open Tools and select Board as Generic ESP8266 Module if you don’t know the exact version.

• Now upload the program.

Serial Communication between Arduino using XBEE.

Xbees are tiny blue chips/ modules that are mostly used for serial communication that can communicate
wirelessly with each other. They are useful for providing end point connectivity to the devices .In our
case they are acting as intermediaries in setting up communication between Arduino. The diagram
below shows the Xbee module.

Configuring Xbee as END/ROUTER and COORDINATOR:

• To start working with Xbee’s, the first thing is to configure Xbees as END/ROUTER and
COORDINATOR.
• Two Xbees will be required for communication one will act as transmitter and the other one as
the receiver.

Steps to configure Xbee using XCTU Software:

• While configuring the Xbee Tx pin (pin 2) of Xbee should be connected to the Tx pin (pin 1) of
Arduino and Rx pin (pin 3) of Xbee to Rx pin (pin 0) of Arduino. Sort the reset pin of the Arduino
with the ground pin. This way we can bypass the Arduino.
• Never give 5V supply to the x-bee. It can fry the module. Always give it 3.3V to operate properly.
• Sort the ground of Xbee with the ground of Arduino.

• Open the XCTU software. Given below the starting window of XCTU.
• Select to add the ports on which Xbees devices are connected with Arduino.
• Select any one port at a time .Diagram below shows the 2 ports on which Xbees transmitter and
receiver are connected via Arduino.

• Open device manager by simply writing device manager in the start. There you need to update
the driver for the usb connected. After installing the driver again open the XCTU and add the
COM port.

• Click finish after selecting any one of the ports.

• Repeat step 2 to 4 again for selecting the 2nd port. Diagram below shows both the ports on left
side of window.
• Value of ‘CH’, ‘ID PAN ID’ should be the same for all the Xbee or they won’t communicate to
each other.

• Console window of Coordinator AT is shown below.

•
• Console window of Router /End Device AT is shown below.
Results and Discussions

Thingspeak results
We have attached our sensor results here.
 IOT DASHBOARD
A dashboard is a visual display of the most important information needed to achieve one or more
objectives; consolidated and arranged on a single screen so the information can be monitored at a
glance.
• All the visualizations fit on a single computer screen — scrolling to see more violates the
definition of a dashboard.
• The displayed data automatically updated without any assistance from the user. The frequency of
the update will vary by organization and by purpose. The most effective dashboards have data
updated at least on a daily basis.
• Interactivity such as filtering and drill-down can be used in a dashboard; however, those types of
actions should not be required to see which performance indicators are under performing.

Here we have used Freeboard platform for IOT dashboard. Below are the snapshots of same.

Mobile Platform
Blynk
Screenshots of our working project are attached here.
Conclusion and Future Scope
The project presents a detailed survey on the tools and techniques employed in existing smart water
quality monitoring systems. Also, a low cost, less complex water quality monitoring system is proposed.
The implementation enables sensor to provide online data to consumers. The experimental setup can be
improved by incorporating algorithms for anomaly detections in water quality.

Future Scope:

• In future we can use machine learning for this project.

• Detecting the more parameters for most secure purpose

• Increase the parameters by addition of multiple sensors

• By interfacing relay we controls the supply of water.

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