Subnetting IP

Networks

Introduction to Networking

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 Objectives
 Explain why routing is necessary for hosts on different
networks to communicate.
 Describe IP as a communication protocol used to identify a
single device on a network.
 Given a network and a subnet mask, calculate the number of
host addresses available.
 Calculate the necessary subnet mask in order to
accommodate the requirements of a network.

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

 To define the network and host portions of an address, a

devices use a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet
mask
 The subnet mask does not actually contain the network
or host portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to
look for these portions in a given IPv4 address
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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

Valid Subnet Masks

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast
Address

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
First Host and Last Host Addresses

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Bitwise AND Operation

1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Legacy Classful Addressing

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Legacy Classful Addressing
Classless Addressing
• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR,
pronounced “cider
• Created a new set of standards that allowed service
providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit
boundary (prefix length) instead of only by a class A, B, or
C address

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

 To define the network and host portions of an address, a

devices use a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet
mask
 The subnet mask does not actually contain the network
or host portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to
look for these portions in a given IPv4 address
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
 Network Segmentation
Reasons for Subnetting
Large networks need to be segmented into smaller sub-networks,
creating smaller groups of devices and services in order to:
 Control traffic by containing broadcast traffic within subnetwork
 Reduce overall network traffic and improve network performance
Subnetting - process of segmenting a network into multiple smaller
network spaces called subnetworks or Subnets.

Communication Between Subnets

 A router is necessary for devices on different networks and subnets
to communicate.
 Each router interface must have an IPv4 host address that belongs to
the network or subnet that the router interface is connected to.
 Devices on a network and subnet use the router interface attached to
their LAN as their default gateway.

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
IP Subnetting is FUNdamental

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Basic Subnetting
 Borrowing Bits to Create Subnets
 Borrowing 1 bit 21 = 2 subnets

Borrowing 1 Bit from the host portion creates 2 subnets with the same subnet mask

Subnet 0 Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25 Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
Mask: 255.255.255.128 Mask: 255.255.255.128

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Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Subnets in Use

Subnet 0
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25

Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.128-255/25

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Subnetting Formulas
Calculate Number of Subnets

Calculate Number of Hosts

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Creating 4 Subnets
Borrowing 2 bits to create 4 subnets. 22 = 4 subnets

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Creating 8 Subnets
Borrowing 3 bits to Create 8 Subnets. 23 = 8 subnets

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Creating 8 Subnets(continued)

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 Determining the Subnet Mask
Subnetting Based on Host Requirements
There are two considerations when planning subnets:
 Number of Subnets required
 Number of Host addresses required
Formula to determine number of useable hosts
2^n-2
2^n (where n is the number the number of host bits remaining) is
used to calculate the number of hosts
-2 Subnetwork ID and broadcast address cannot be used on each
subnet

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 Determining the Subnet Mask
Subnetting Network-Based Requirements
Calculate number of subnets
Formula 2^n (where n is the number of bits borrowed)
Subnet needed for
each department in
graphic

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 Determining the Subnet Mask
Subnetting To Meet Network Requirements
It is important to balance the number of subnets needed
and the number of hosts required for the largest subnet.
 Design the addressing scheme to accommodate the
maximum number of hosts for each subnet.
Allow for growth in
each subnet.

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 Determining the Subnet Mask
Subnetting To Meet Network Requirements (cont)

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