1.

თ ომას მორის „უტოპია“

sazogadoeba, moris azriT, aris mdidarTa SeTqmulebis Sedegi.

saxelmwifo _ maTi mar-tivi iaraRi, romelsac xalxis Cagvrisa da
sakuTari angarebiTi materialuri interesebis dacvisTvis iyeneben.
Zalismierad, motyuebiT, veragobiT mdidrebi imorCileben mdabio
xalxs da xvlepen mas. aseTi qmedebis ganxorcielebas ki xels
uwyoben, maT mier miRebuli kanonebi, saxelisuflo aqtebi, romlebsac,
saxelmwifos saxeliT, Tavs axveven xalxs. aRniSnuli sazogadoebis
sapirispirod, mori qmnis warmosaxviT qveyanas _ utopias, romelmac
Tavi daaRwia yvela ubedurebis sawyiss _ kerZo sakuTrebas da misiT
gamowveul mankierebas, ris Sedegad sazogadoebam TiTqmis udardeli
da netari cxovreba daiwyo. utopiaSi akrZalulia kerZo sakuTreba;
miwa ki sazogadoebis saerTo sakuTrebaSia gadacemuli.
sazogadoebasve ekuTvnis miwaTmoqmedebis yvela produqti, romelic
ojaxuri SromiT iqmneba. TiToeuli ojaxi raime xelobas misdevs.
saojaxo-saxelosno organi-zacia utopiuri sazogadoebis sawarmoo
struqturas warmoadgens. sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis aRsruleba
utopiis moqalaqeTa sayovelTao begara aris. samuSao dRis xan-
grZlivoba _ eqvsi saaTia. utopielTa Sromas 21 zedamxedvelobas
uweven gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobis pirebi. utopiis moqalaqeni
uzrunvelad cxovroben; maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobac normaluria.
Tumca, am mdgomareobis miRweva da SenarCuneba sakmaod specifikuri
gziT xdeba: jer erTi, Sromas aiZuleben TiTqmis yvela qalsa da
mamakacs; meore, (es garemoaba mniSvnelovania) moTxovnilebis done
daqveiTebulia, vinaidan utopielebi mcirediTac kmayofildebian;
utopiis moqalaqeni ubralo da mouxerxebel, Tanac yvela-saTvis erT-
nair samoss atareben; maTTvis ucxoa fufuneba. paradoqsia, magram
utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. moris azriT, am idealur qveyanaSi aris da
unda iyos kidec mona, romelic valdebulia daborkili iyos.
“utopiis” avtori-saTvis warmoudgenelia, rom raime usiamovno
samuSaos Sesrulebam Selaxos utopielTa bednieri cxovreba:
pirutyvis dakvlam, sibinZuris gawmendam da a.S. imis gamo, rom aseTi
samuSaos Sesruleba, nebayoflobiT, aravis surda, saWiro gaxda
monaTa Sroma, romelTa mxrebs daawva usiamovno saqmeebis keTeba.
monebad samxedro tyveebi, agreTve danaSaulisaTvis gasamarTlebuli
moqalaqeebi da is adamianebi xdebodnen, romlebic, sakuTar
saxelmwifoSi sikvdilmisjilebad iTvlebodnen da isini utopielebma
gamoisyides, damonebis mizniT. Tumca, utopiaSi monoba ar aterebs
memkvidreobiT xasiaTs, mona kacis Svili _ Tavilufalia. monas
SeeZlo Taviluflebis mopoveba. moris mtkicebiT, sazogadoebaSi
saerTo sakuTrebis batonoba iseTi danaSaulis Cadenas gamoricxavs,
romelsac kerZo sakuTreba ganapirobebs. mwerlis azriT, swored
kerZo sakuTreba aris mizezi adamianis iseTi mankieri Tvisebebisa,
 rogoric sixarbe, nebismieri xerxebiT sakuTari simdidris gazrda,
egoizmi da sxva faqtorebia. Tumca, utopia ar aris Tavisufali
danaSaulebriobisagan. amitom, saxelmwifos erT-erTi mTavari
sazrunavia masTan brZola. utopia saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili
sazogadoebaa. Tumca, ar Cans misi saxelmwi-foebriobis tipi:
unitarulia, Tu federaciuli. samagierod, Zalzed kargad aris daxa-
siaTebuli sajaro 22 xelisuflebis struqtura da misi Seqmnis wesi.
yoveli 30 ojaxi irCevs filarqs, 10 filarqi _ erT protofilarqs.
filarqebi specialur krebaze, xalxis mier dasaxelebuli oTxi
kandidaturidan, faruli kenWisyriT irCeven saxelmwifos mmarTvels
(princefss). princefsis xelisufleba samisdReSioa, Tumca
SesaZlebelia misi gadayeneba, Tu is eWvmitanili iqneba tiraniis
damyarebaSi. danarCeni Tanamdebobis pirebi da senati, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi brZeni da cxovrebiseuli gamoc- dilebis mqone
moqalaqeebi Sedian, erTi wlis vadiT airCevian. saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs (administraciuls, sameurneo gegmebs,
sazogadoebrivi produqciis ganawilebas), senatTan SeTanxmebiT,
princefsi wyvets. mors ar hqonda gansazRvruli saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis erTi konkretuli forma _ demokratia, oli-garqia, Tu
monarqia; savaraudod, is “Sereuli mmarTvelobis formas” emxroboda,
romelic, sakuTar TavSi, samive martivi formis saukeTeso Tvisebebs
Seicavda.

2. ჰუგო გროციუსი სამართლის არსის, მისი გაგების სახეების, საერთაშორისო

სამართლისა და ომის შესახებ

hugo de groot grociusis ZiriTadi naSromia fundamenturi qmnileba

“omisa da mSvidobis uflebis Sesaxeb”. es aris sami wigni, romelSic
ganxilulia bunebiTi samarTali da xalxis samarTali, agreTve
sajaro samarTlis principebi. grociusis samarTlebrivi
Sexedulebebi agreTve asaxulia traqtatSi “nadavlis (alafis)
uflebis Sesaxeb”. axali drois samarTlis filosofiis amocanas
grociusi da misi mimdevrebi, racionalisturi xerxebiT, mudmivi da
absoluturi, yvela xalxisa da droisaTvis saerTo samarTlis
axsnaSi xedavdnen, anu im samarTlisa, romelic gamocemulia TviT
bunebis mier, ris gamoc is ufro maRla dgas, vidre pozitiuri
samarTali. grociusma samarTlis or mniSvneloba Camoayaliba:
pirveli mniSvnelobiT, samarTali aris moraluri xarisxi, romelic 4
SesaZleblobas uqmnis adamians, iqonios garkveuli nivTebi da
ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedebani (samarTali, subieqturi arsiT).
meore mniSvnelobiT, samarTlis cneba gaigivebulia kanonis cnebasTan
(samarTali, obieqturi gagebiT). grociusi Tvlida, rom bunebiTi
samarTlis kanonebi saTaves iReben bunebiTi gonidan, amitom isini
iseTive mudmivia, rogorc TviT goni. misi moZRvrebiT, TviT RmerTsac
ki ar SeuZlia bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Secvla. rac Seexeba
saxelmwifos, is ganmartebulia, rogorc uzenaesi, mudmivi da
srulyofili sazogadoeba, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa uflebebisa
da sayovelTao sargeblis dasa-cavad. bunebiTi samarTali
ganmartebulia, rogorc “saRi azris moTxovna”, romelic,
nebadarTuli da akrZaluli qmedebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnis
kriteriumebs warmoadgens. nebagamovlenili samarTali RvTiur
(zemodan boZebul da RvTis nebiT dadgenil) da adamianur samarTlad
iyofa. adamianuri samarTali, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa:
adamianuri samarTali, farTo gagebiT da adamianuri samarTali,
viwro gagebiT. adamianuri samarTali, viwro gagebiT, Seicavs mamis,
batonis uflebebs. adamianuri samarTali, farTo gagebiT _ xalxis
doneze dadgenili samarTalia. bunebiTi samarTlis koncefciis
SemuSavebisas, grociusma saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvlebi Seqmna,
romlebsac calkeuli saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTTan urTierTobisas
iyenebdnen. grociusi miuTiTebda im pirobebze, rom-lebsac unda
akmayofilebdes saxelmwifo, raTa is msoflio Tanamegobrobis
Tanaswor-uflebian wevrad iqces. misi azriT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs
saxelmwifos moculobas; mTavaria mxolod misi stabiluroba da
unary _ xelmowerili SeTanxmebis bolomde erTguli darCes.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebis damyareba, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia omisa da
zavis problemasTan. grociusi mkveTrad akritikebda gavrcelebul
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom omi mTlia-nad ewinaaRmdegeba samarTals.
misi azriT, omis dros dauSvebelia omis wesebis uaryofa. omis
dawyebisa da msvlelobisas, savaldebuloa iseTi sayovelTao wesebis
dacva, rogoricaa keTilsindisiereba da gulmowyaleba. grociusi,
agreTve gamohyofda 5 e.w. “Sereul oms”, romelSic Sejerebulia kerZo
omisa da sajaro omis elementebi. omi, rogorc aseTi, ar
ewinaaRmdegeba bunebiT samarTals; mas arc RvTiuri da xalxis
samarTali krZalavs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela omi
samarTliania. grociusi ganasxvavebda samarTlian da usamarTlo
omebs. samarTliania is omi, romelic icavs saxelmwifos erTianobasa
da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuvalobas. usamarTloa _ dapyrobiTi omi,
romlis mizania sxvisi qonebis daufleba da sxva xalxis damoneba.
aseTi omi ewinaaRmdegeba bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebs. grociusis
azriT, saxelmwifo aris Tavisufal adamianTa kavSiri, romelc
dadebulia uflebaTa da sayovelTao sargeblis dacvis mizniT.
saxelmwifos es cneba saxelmwifos warmoSobis saxelSekrulebo
koncefcias gamoxatavs. adamianTa cxovrebis winare- saxelmwifoebrivi
xana, grociusis mier xasiaTdeba, rogorc “bunebiTi mdgomareoba”,
romlis pirobebSi ar arsebobda kerZo sakuTreba; adamianebs Soris
Sesustda samarTlianobisa da urTierTsiyvarulis grZnoba, ramac
Sedegad uTanasworobis damkvidreba moitana, Sromasa da miRebuli
 Semosavlebis gayofisas. aseTi procesis ganviTarebis Semdeg gaCnda
kerZo sakuTreba, romlis warmoSobas grociusi im warmosaxviT
SeTanxmebas ukavSirebda, romelic, qonebis gayofis Taobaze
dadebuli, sityvieri Tanxmobis an qonebis mdumared dauflebis Sedegi
iyo. grociusis ganmartebiT, socialuri arsiT, saxelmwifo aris
umravlesobis SeTanxmeba, umciresobis winaaRmdeg;

3. აშშ-ს კონსტიტუცია, მისი ძირითადი პრინციპები და სტრუქტურა

1. usaSvelod moZvelebuli `konfederaciis muxlebis~ gadasinjvis

aucilebloba imiT iyo nakarnaxevi, rom mkveTrad gauaresda konfederaciis
ekonomikuri da politikuri poziciebi, maT Soris saerTaSoriso arenaze.

2. am procesebis garTulebas, kidev ufro, amZafrebda mTavrobis finansuri

uZlureba, vinaidan Statebi uars ambobdnen, samxedro xarjebis da
`Tavdacvis da saerTo keTildReobisaTvis~ gaRebuli Tanxebis,
anazRaurebaze.

3. omis damTavrebam da, 1783 wlis aprilSi, yofil metropoliasTan parizis

zavis dadebam, TvalnaTliv daadastura, rom Crdilo-amerikuli Statebis
konfederaciulma kavSirma amowura sakuTari SesaZleblobani da is unda
daSliliyo. garda amisa, mkveTrad gamwvavda socialuri winaaRmdegobani,
risi naTeli dadasturebac iyo 1786-87 wlebis saxalxo ajanyeba.

4. 1787 wlis 6 maiss miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba specialuri damfuZnebeli

krebis – konstituciuri konventis mowvevis Sesaxeb, romlis muSaobaSi
monawileoba unda mieRoT Statebis mier daniSnul delegatebs, mxolod
`konfederaciis muxlebSi~ cvlilebebis Setanisa da maTi daxvewis mizniT.

5. Tumca, misi muSaobis periodSi, Camoyalibebuli iqna axali federaciuli

saxelmwifos konstitucia.

6. konventis mowveva ar iqna yvela Statis mier mowonebuli – mis muSaobaSi,

Statebis mier arCeuli 74 delegatidan, monawileoba mxolod 55-ma miiRo,
romelTa Soris sWarbobdnen amerikuli revoluciis aRiarebuli liderebi.

7. yvela delegati iyo aSS-s TeTrkaniani mamakaci moqalaqe, mdidari da

ganaTlebuli adamiani.

8. delegatebi, politikuri mrwamsiT, or jgufad:

a) federalistebad _ erTiani federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxreebi,

romelsac eqneboda Zlieri centraluri xelisufleba da

b) antifederalistebi _ maTi mowinaaRmdege demokratebi. amitom, axali

saxelmwifos konstitucia mxolod kompromisis Sedegi SeiZleba gamxdariyo.
1787 wlis 17 seqtembers mowonebuli da 9 Statis mier ratificirebuli aSS-
is konstitucia, ZalaSi Sevida 1789 wlis 4 marts.

9. konstitucia mcire moculobis dokumentia, romelic Sedgeba preambulisa

da 7 muxlisagan, romelTagan mxolod pirveli 4 muxli iyofa karebad.

10. konstituciis Seqmnis mizani `aSS-is xalxis mier~ gacxadebuli iyo mis
preambulaSi. isini dayvanili iyo `srulyofili kavSiris~ Seqmnis,
samarTlianobis dadgenisa da marTlmsajulebis garantirebis, Sinagani
simSvidis uzrunvelyofisa da erToblivi Tavdacvisunarianobis
ganmtkicebis, saerTo keTildReobisadmi Tanadgomis~ gawevamde.

11. konstituciis safuZvelSi Caido, mis teqstSi pirdapiri gziT ar

Camoyalibebuli, Tumca nagulisxmevi principebi: saprezidento
respublikanizmi, federalizmi (mowyoba), xelisuflebaTa danawileba,
konstituciuri sasamarTlo kontroli.

12. konstitucia ar Seicavda pollitikur-samarTlebriv principebs,

romlebic manamde gamoTqmuli iyo sxva politikur dokumentebSi, kerZod,
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi (1776 w.) da Statebis konstituciebSi:
adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebi, sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis Teoria, xalxis ufleba SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze da sxva.

13. es ar iyo SemTxveviTi garemoeba, aramed ganpirobebuli iyo rTuli

politikuri da socialuri viTarebiT.

14. konstitucia mowodebuli iyo uzrunvelyo socialuri mSvidoba da

wesrigi, saimedod daecva TeTrkaniani umciresobis eknomikuri da
politikuri interesebi.

15. aSS-is konstituciis fuZemdebluri principi gaxda ara saxalxo

suvereniteti, aramed xelisuflebaTa danawileba da urierTSejerebisa da
gawonasworebis (chek and balances) meqanizmi.

16. xelisuflebaTa danawilebis saprezidento modelis Sesabamisad,

saxelisuflebo funqciebi da saxelisuflebo funqciaTa sagnebi mkveTrad
iyo ganawilebuli xelisuflebis sami Stos mier: sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo.

17. swored am sakiTxebs exeboda aSS-is konstituciis pirveli sami muxli.

18. I-li muxlis pirvel ganyofilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom `sakanonmdeblo

uflebamosilebani, aRniSnuliT dadgenilia, ekuTvnoda aSS kongress,
romelic Sedgeboda senatisa da warmomadgenelTa palati-sagan~.

19. Tu warmomadgenelTa palata iqmneboda im deputatebisagan, romlebsac, or

weliwadSi erTxel, irCevda calkeuli Statis xalxi, senatis formireba
xdeboda orsafexuriani arCevnebis gziT, `TiToeuli Statidan or-ori
senatoris SemadgenlobiT, romlebsac adgilobrivi legislaturebi 6 wlis
vadiT irCevdnen.

20. isini rotacias eqvemdebarebodnen 1/3 raodenobiT, yovel or weliwadSi

erTxel.

21. amave pirveli muxliT, Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saarCevno cenzebi,

romelTa dacva moeTxoveboda kongresis orive palatis deputatebs.

22. warmomadgenelTa palatis wevri SeiZleba yofiliyo 25 wlis asakis aSS-

is moqalaqe, romelic 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda im StatSi, sadac
iyrida kenWs. xolo senatori SeiZleboda gamxdariyo, 30 wlis asaks
miRweuli aSS-is moqalaqe, romelic 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda im
StatSi, sadac iyrida kenWs.

23. konstituciis II muxlis I karis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

ekuTvnoda aSS-is prezidents, romelsac, vice-prezidentTan erTad, 4 wlis
vadiT, iribi arCevnebis gziT, faruli kenWisyriT irCevda amomrCevelTa
kolegia.

24. am kolegiis wevrebs TiToeuli Stati im wesis mixedviT niSnavda,

romelic dadgenili iyo misi legislaturiT.

25. aSS-is prezidentis Tanamdebobaze airCeoda, 35 wlis asaks miRweuli,

dabadebiT aSS-is moqalaqe, an is piri, romelic aSS-is moqalaqe iyo
konstituciis miRebis momentisaTvis da am qveyanaSi cxovrobda sul mcire 14
wlis ganmavlobaSi.

26. prezidents Zalzed vrceli uflebamosilebani mieniWa, ris gamoc mas

demokratebma `arCeviTi monarqi~ uwodes. prezidenti iyo: armiisa da flotis
mTavarsardali; calkeuli Statebis policiis meTauri; mas amnistiis da
Sewyalebis ufleba mieniWa; mas `senatis TanxmobiT~, xelSekrulebis dadebis
ufleba hqonda, im pirobiT, rom xelSekrulebas moiwonebda senatis
Semadgenlobis 2/3; Tanamdebobaze niSnavda elCebs, konsulebsa da sxva
oficialur warmomadgenlebs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs da aSS-
is sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs. mas, sagangebo mdgomareobisas an sxva
saWiroebisas, SeeZlo kongresis orive an erT-erTi palatis mowveva, kavSiris
saqmeebze amomwuravi informaciis miReba~ da sxva.

27. aSS-is prezidentis aseTi Zlieri erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis Seqmnis

Sesaxeb konventis gadawyvetilebaze didi gavlena iqonia im garemoebam, rom
prezidentobis yvelaze realuri kandidati swored j. vaSingtoni iyo.

28. konstitucia Zalze mcire adgils uTmobda sasamarTlo sistemis

organoTa Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis sakiTxebs. maTi dawesebis ufleba
kongress mieniWa, romelic uflebamosili iqneboda Seeqmna nebismieri
sasamarTlo, romelic uzenaesi sasamarTlos qvemdgomi instancia iqneboda
(kari 8, muxli 1; kari I, m. III). konventSi eWvi gamoiTqva saerTo federaluri
sasamarTlo organos Seqmnis mizanSewonilobis Taobaze. Tumca, es eWvi
maleve gaifanta, roca gaixsenes, Tu ramdenad araqmediTi iyo konfederacia,
romlis sisuste didad ganapiroba saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlo
organoebis ararsebobam.

29. konstituciis III muxlis 2 karis ZaliT, federaluri sasamarTlo

xelisufleba gavrcelda 5 kategoriis saqmeebze: 1) yvela saqme, romelic
TviT aSS-is konstituciis, federaluri kanonebisa da saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze iyo aRmocenebuli; 2) yvela saqme, romelic
elCebs, konsulebs da sxva oficialur warmomadgenlebs exeboda; 3)
saadmiralosa da sazRvao iurisdiqciis saqmeebi; 4) yvela davebi, romlis
erT-erTi mxare aSS-bi iqneboda; 5) or an met Stats Soris aRmocenebuli
davis saqmeebi, romelime Statisa da sxva Statis moqalaqes Soris,
sxvadasxva Statebis moqalaqeebs Soris, romlebic uflebebs acxadeben sxva
Statebis mier daTmobil miwebze.

30. federaluri sasamarTlos specialur kompetencias, specialurma

kanonmdeblobam miakuTvna saqmeebi `sasamarTlos upativcemlobisa~ da is
saqmeebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo federaluri sasamarTloebis mier,
sxvadasxva sasamarTlo brZanebebis gamocemasTan, sakuTari uflebebis
realizaciasTan da maT mier am brZanebis nebismieri Statis qvemdgomi
instanciis sasamarTloSi wargzavnasTan (brZaneba `habaes corpus~,
amkrZalavi brZaneba `iniunction~, mavalebeli brZaneba `mandatus~ da sxva).

31. konstituciaSi pirdapir ar iyo naTqvami mosamarleTa Seucvlelobasa da

daTxovnis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, Tumca miTiTebuli iyo, rom `isini manam
ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas, vidre maTi qceva umwikvlo iyo~.

32. ganmtkicebuli iyo mosamarTleTa materialuri garantiebi, kerZod,

mosamarTlis ufleba sakuTari samsaxuris Rirseuli anazRaurebiT, romlis
moculobis Semcireba dauSvebeli iyo, misi samsaxurSi yofnis mTel
periodSi.

33. xelisufalTa danawilebis amerikuli koncefciaa – ara mxolod

xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebs Soris, saxelisuflebo funqciebisa da
kompetenciis saganTa gamijvna da maTi damoukidebloba, aramed am
kompetenciis udavo da, ufro metic, ZiriTadi nawili `urTierTSekavebisa da
gawonasworebis~ sistema, Semakavebeli kontroli da xelisuflebaTa
dabalanseba im dros, Tu safrTxe Seeqmneba maT Soris
urTierTgawonasworebasa da warmoiqmneba saxifaTo disbalansi.

34. nebismier normalurad moqmed saxelmwifo meqanizmSi, xelisuflebis

yvela Sto erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobs da urTerTzemoqmedebas axdens.

35. Tumca, aseTi urTierTzemoqmedeba, ZalTa Soris Tanasworobis

SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ar gamoricxavs maT Soris Sinagani
daZabulobis SemTxvevebs. swored am daZabulobisa da disbalansis moxsnas,
xelisuflebis calkeul Stoebs Soris, unda emsaxurebodes
`urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis~ sistema, romlis dros
xelisuflebis TiToeul Stos SesaZlebloba eZleva winaaRmdegoba gauwios,
meore saxelisuflebo Stos mxridan, uzurpatoruli miswrafebebis
ganxorcielebas.

36. es sistema sulac ar niSnavda, rom romelime Sto TviTneburad Caereoda

meoris uflebamosilebaSi, aramed axorcielebda da uzrunvelyofda Stoebis
urTierT sakonstrolo funqciebs da amisaTvis aniWebda maT garkveul
saSualebebsa da xerxebs, romlebic organizaciul-proceduruli da
uflebamosilebiTi xasiaTisa iyo.

37. aSS-is konstituciis mixedviT, kongresis Semadgeneli rgoli aSS-is

prezidentia, romelic vetos uflebis gamoyenebiT, zemoqmedebs kongresis
mier miRebul kanonproeqtebze.

38. saprezidento veto SeiZleba daZleuli iqnas, Tu moxdeba imave

kanonproeqtis ganmeorebiTi ganxilva da mis damtkiceba warmomadgenelTa
palatisa da senatis wevrTa 2/3-is mier.

39. aSS-is prezidentis Semakavebelia senati, romelic am uflebas

axorcielebs, `saxelmwifo meTaurisaTvis~ `rCevebisa da Tanxmobis micemis~
meSveobiT.

40. konstituciaSi aRniSnula, rom kongresi, saxelmwifos meTaurTan erTad,

monawileobs prezidentis mier sagareo da saSinao politikis
umniSvnelovanesi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, kerZod:
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis dadebisas, savaldebulo iyo, rom maTi
mowoneba-damtkicebaSi monawileoba mieRo, sxdomaze damswre senatorTa 2/3-s
mainc.

41. imis miuxedavad, rom prezidenti SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali

iyo, mas ar SeeZlo omis gamocxadeba, vinaidan am uflebiT mxolod kongresi
iyo aRWurvili. mxolod kongresis saxeliT da misi mxridan arsebiTi
kontrolis qveS, prezidents SeeZlo sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoReba
qveyanaSi da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba.

42. federaluri kongresi, aSS-is prezidentisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos

mosamarTleebis mimarT, maTi mxridan uxeSi amoraluri saqcielis Cadenis
SemTxvevaSi, iTxovda maTi Tanamdebobidan vadamde gadayenebas, impiCmentis
proceduris wesiT. Tavis mxriv, uzenaesi sasamarTlo axorcielebs
kongresis da aSS-is prezidentis Sekavebas, sakuTari konstituciuri
kontrolis uflebebis meSveobiT, radgan amowmebs am organoebis mier
miRebuli aqtebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs.
43. 1787 wlis aSS-is konstitucia ganamtkicebda aSS-is saxelmwifo
wyobilebis federaciul formas, imis miuxedavad, rom konstituciis teqstSi
ar iyo gamoyenebuli `federaciis~ cneba.

44. mis safuZvelSi Caido dualizmis (orgvaroba) principi, romelic

gansazRvravda kavSiris sagnobriv kompetencias da ara StatebisaTvis
mikuTvnebul uflebamosilebaTa sferos.

45. konstituciaSi Setanili X Sesworeba (1791) azustebda formulas

`Statebis narCeni uflebis Sesaxeb~ da adgenda, rom, aRniSnuli
konstituciiT, aSS-is `miuniWebeli ufleba-mosilebani~ da is funqciebi,
romelTa Sesruleba ar ekrZalebaT calkeul Statebs, SenarCunebuli aqvT
am Statebs an mTlianad amerikis xalxs.

46. konstitucia ganamtkicebda nebismieri tradiciuli saxelmwifosa da

konstituciis aucilebel pirobas _ federaluri samarTlis uzenaesobis
(supremaciis) princips, romelic aisaxa konstituciis VI muxlSi; aSS-is
konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesatanad saWiro iyo StatebSi
specialuri konventebis mowveva da maTi mowoneba legislaturebis an
Statebis konventebis sul mcire 3/4-is mier.

47. filadelfiis konventis mier damtkicebuli, federaluri konstitucia

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Sevidoda ZalaSi, Tu mis ratifikacias moaxdenda 13 -
dan 9 Stati mainc.

48. konstituciis proeqtis mimarT iyo garkveuli SeniSvnebic:

a) masSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli is principi, romlis mixedviT is

Zalaufleba, romelic konstitucias ar miuniWebia aSS-is kongresisaTvis,
Statebs unda SenarCunebodaT;

b) konstituciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom Statebs

unarCundebodaT suvereniteti im farglebSi, romelic ar hqonda
mikuTvnebuli federacias;

g) konstitucia ar Seicavda calke kars moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciaSi mainc
iyo ganmtkicebuli zogeirTi uflebebi da maTi dacvis konstituciuri
garantiebi: 1) habeas corpus-s _ brZanebis gacemis ufleba; 2) kanonis
ukuqceviTi Zalis akrZalva; 3) sasamarTlos gareSe, devnisa da dasjis
Sesaxeb, bilis gacemis ufleba; 4) nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos
garantireba; 5) raime saxis privilegiebis dawesebis akrZalva, Tanamdebobaze
daniSvnis dros; vinaidan aikrZala yovelgvari Tavadaznauruli tituli da
wodeba; 6) konstituciaSi mkacrad ganisazRvra iseTi danaSaulis definicia,
rogoric iyo saxelmwifos Ralati.
4. რეფორმაციის პერიოდის სამართლებრივი შეხედულებები

aRorZinebis epoqaSi, filosofiur-samarTlebrivi azris ganviTareba

didad iyo dakavSi-rebuli reformaciis droindel moRvaweebTan.
reformaciis periodSi moxda Sua-saukunovani sqolastikis ZiriTadi
debulebebis gadafaseba, rasac, arsebiTad, Seuwyo xeli aRorZinebam,
frangulad _ renesansma (rinaSimentom _ italiurad) da evropulma
reformaciam. am or moZRvrebas Suasaukunovani sqolastikis
kritikuli Sefasebebis xerxebi ganasxvavebda. Tumca, maTSi mkveTrad
gamoixateba Sua saukuneebis filosofiis, ideologiis, politikuri
Teoriebis krizisi; orive mimdinareoba axali drois samarTlis
filosofiis, Tavisebur safuZvlad miiCneva.

a)martin luTeri

reformaciis erT-erT udidess warmomadgenlad martin luTeri (1483-

1546) miiCneva. es germaneli reformatori protestantizmis
fuZemdebelic gaxldaT. Tumca, is sulac ar iyo filosofosi da
moazrovne, miuxedavad imisa, rom m. luTeris TxzulebaTa sruli
krebuli germanul enaze 67, xolo laTinur enaze _ 38 tomad aris
gamocemuli. nawarmoebaTa umravlesoba luTeris filosofiur-
samarTlebriv Sexe-dulebebs adastureben. luTeri impulsur
religiurobas avlenda da misi Teologia fi-losofiur elementebsa
da ideebs Seicavda.
adamianis _ sazogadoebis wevris _ uflebebsa da movaleobebs luTeri
religiur-zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT asabuTebda da sakuTari
moZRvrebis mTavar arss mxolod imaSi xedavda, rom, adamianTa
gadarCenis erTaderT gzad, rwmenas miiCnevda. piradi rwme-na, misi
azriT, absoluturad upirispirdeba avtoritetisadmi rwmenas.
luTeris mixedviT, adamianis cxovreba da moRvaweoba aris, Rv Tis
winaSe, movaleobebis aRsruleba, romelic realizebas axdens
sazogadoebaSi. Tumca, sazogadoeba ar gan-sazRvravs am movaleobebs.
sazogadoebam da saxelmwifom samarTlebrivi Tavisufleba unda
mianiWos adamians aseTi movaleobebis realizebisaTvis. adamiani
xelisuflebisgan unda iTxovdes iseTi moqmedebis ganxorcielebis
wminda da gadaudebeli uflebis miniWebas, romelic mimar-Tuli
iqneba, RvTis winaSe, bralis gamosyidvisaken. aqedan gamomdinare,
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb luTeriseuli warmodgena SeiZleba ase
ganimartos: ufleba, gwamdes sin-disierad _ aris ufleba cxovrebis
yovelgvari wesis mimarT, romelic rwmeniT aris nakarnaxevi da
rwmenis Sesabamisad SeirCeva.
mTlianobaSi, luTeris filosofiur-samarTlebrivi koncefcia
SeiZleba Semdegi debu-lebebiT daxasiaTdes: 1. rwmenis Tavisufleba
sindisis Sesabamisad, aris universaluri da yvelasaTvis Tanaswori
ufleba; 2. samarTlebrivi dacva aramxolod rwmenaze, ara-med mis
winapirobebzec unda gavrceldes; 3. rwmenis Tavisufleba sityvis,
beWvdiTi sityvisa da Sekrebebis Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs; 4.
uflebis realizeba unda moxdes saxelmwifo xelisuflebisadmi
daumorCileblobiT, Tu adgili eqneba sindisis Tavi-suflebis
SezRudvas; 5. samarTlebriv uzrunvelyofas mxolod sulieri sfero
imsa-xurebs, danarCeni sferoebi ki xelisuflebis gulmowyalebiT
unda dakmayofildnen.
luTeri miiCnevda, rom sxva ram, garda RvTis sityvisa, saWiro ar
aris, riTac is racio-nalizms upirispirdeboda. am principma
filosofiisadmi luTeris damokidebuleba gana-piroba: sityva da
goni, filosofia da Teologia erTmaneTSi ki ar unda avrioT, aramed
_ maTi mkveTri gamijvna unda moxdes. Tumca, luTeri arasworad
miiCnevda germanuli sazogadoebis demokratizacias da xalxisagan
xelisuflebisadmi morCilebas moiTxov-da. is uaryofiTad afasebda
radikalur gamosvlebsa da monarqiis winaaRmdeg Seuri-gebel
brZolas.

b) Tomas miunceri

luTeris ideebisgan gansxvavebiT, saglexo moZraobis liderad Tomas

miunceri (daaxl. 1490-1525) gvevlineba, romelmac reformatoruli
moZraoba, yovelgvari eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg mkveTrad radikalur
brZolad gada-aqcia. misi ideali socialuri Tanasworoba iyo, risi
miRweva mTavarTa da eklesiis batonobis aRmofxvriT iqneboda
SesaZlebeli. revoluciuri brZolis pikia germaniis saglexo omi
(1524-1526).
ajanyebuli glexobis socialuri da samarTlebrivi ideebi e.w. “12
muxlsa” da “mux-lobriv werilSia” asaxuli. pirveli dokumenti,
SedarebiT zomieri da konkretuli moTxovnebisagan Sedgeboda.
kerZod, masSi saubari iyo imis Sesaxeb, rom: yvela sasu-liero
Cinosani unda airCes sasoflo Temis mier; savaldebuloa baton-ymobis
gauqmeba; Semcirdes saglexo gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblis odenoba;
sasamarTlosa da marTl-msajulebis ganxorcielebisas, aRmoifxvras
TviTneboba da usamarTloba.
gacilebiT radikaluria is moTxovnebi, romlebic“muxlobriv
werilSi” aisaxa. es naS-romi miunceris uaxloesma garemocvam dawera.
am dokumentis avtorTa azriT, SeuZ-lebelia glexebis mdgomareobis
moTmena. yvela saglexo Temi unda gaerTiandes e.w. “qristianul
samyarosa da kavSirSi”, raTa, erToblivi ZalebiT, iaraRiT xelSi
SeebrZolos im usamarTlobas, rasac, Cveulebriv, uqmnian xalxs saero
da sasuliero mTavrebi. am gaerTianebaSi mTeli qveynis glexoba unda
Sevides, rac samarTliani sazo-gadoebrivi wyobis damyarebas moitans;
am gaerTianebis mizania “saerTo sargeb-lianobisadmi” samsaxuris
gaweva. vinaidan “muxlobrivi werili” aseTi wyobis damyarebas xalxis
masebs ukavSirebda, savaraudod, axali socialuri wesrigis Seqmnis
Semdeg, swored xalxi miiCneoda xelisuflebis wyarod. miunceri
amarTlebda SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT, arsebuli saero da
sasuliero mTavrebis xelisuflebis damxobas. Uf-ro metic, is
kanonier da aucilebel qmedebad miiCnevda, Zaladobis gziT, sazoga-
doebrivi wyobis Secvlas. iaraRiT xelSi, saWiroa axali wyobis
dacvac, vinaidan mis winaaRmdeg ibrZoleben egoisturi socialuri
jgufebi.
miuncers ar gamouTqvams raime mwyobri koncefcia mmarTvelobis
formebis, an mmarTve-lobis principebis Sesaxeb. savaraudod, is
gaxldaT, im periodSi kargad cnobili, Taborituli moZraobis
momxre. miunceri Teologi (Tumca, savaraudod, arc aTeizms
uaryofda) iyo, amitom sakuTari ideebis dasabuTebas bibliis
safuZvelze cdilobda.

g) Jan bodeni

Jan bodenma daasabuTa saxelmwifos prioriteti yvela sxva

socialuri institutis, maT Soris eklesiis mimarT. bodenma
suverenitetis _ saxelmwifos mTavari Tvisebis cneba SemoiRo.
sakuTar naSromSi “eqvsi wigni respublikis Sesaxeb” (1578), bo-deni
ayalibebda ideas im suverenuli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, romelsac
SeuZlia daicvas avtonomiuri piris uflebebi da myarad danergos
mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis principi, qveynis SigniT arsebul
gansxvavebul socialur-politikur Zalebs Soris. bodeni amuSavebda
ra sakuTar filosofiur-samarTlebriv koncefcias saxelmwifos da
poli-tikuri Zalauflebis Sesaxeb, iziarebda aristoteles
mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifos sa-fuZvels ojaxi warmoadgenda. bodenis
azriT, saxelmwifo aris mravali meurneobisa da ojaxis
samarTlebrivi mmarTveloba. is iziarebda, sazogadoebaSi, qonebrivi
uTanas-worobis princips da aseT viTarebas bunebriv da aucilebel
movlenad miiCnevda. bodenis politikuri ideali saero saxelmwifo
iyo, romelsac Seswevs Zala, uzrunvelyos yvelas ufleba-
Tavisuflebani. marTlwesrigis damyarebis saukeTeso gzad, bodeni
Zlier absolutur monarqias miiCnevda, vinaidan monarqi samarTlisa
da suverenitetis erTaderTi wyaro iyo. suverenuli saxelmwifos
cnebis qveS, bodenis azriT, uzenaesi da SeuzRudavi saxelmwifo
xelisufleba igulisxmeboda, romelic Sua saukuneebis sabatono
monarqiebs upirispirdeba, sadac, Cveulebriv movlenad
daqucmacebuloba, socialuri uTanasworoba, mefeTa xelisuflebis
SezRudva iTvleboda. uverenuli saxelmwifos mTavari niSnebi aris: 1.
uzenaesi xelisuflebis simtkice da uryevoba; 2. misi SeuzRudavoba
da absolutizmi; 3. erTianoba da ganuyofloba. imis mixedviT, Tu vin
 aris suverenitetis matarebeli subieqti, bodeni gamoyofda
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da
demokratias. bodenis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba “saxelmwifos
geografiuli tipizacia”, anu saxelmwifos tipis gansazRvra
geografiul-klimaturi 7 pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. bodeni
suverenitetis 5 ganmasxvavebel niSans gamoyofda: 1. kanonebis
gamocema, rom-lebic yvela qveSevrdomisa da saxelmwifos sxva
uwyebisadmi iqneboda mimarTuli; 2. omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxTa
gadawyveta; 3. Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvna; 4. uzenaesi sasamarTlos
saxiT moqmedeba, saboloo instanciis sasamarTlod qceva; 5.
Sewyaleba. zogadsavaldebulo kanonebis gamocema suverenitetis
pirveli da aucilebeli Tviseba aris. suvereni gamoscems kanonebs,
Tumca ar qmnis samarTals. bodeni, erTmaneTisagan, mkveTrad mijnavda
kanonsa da samarTals da maT gansxvavebulobas aRiqvamda. “samarTali
sakuTar TavSi samarTlianobas atarebs, kanoni _ brZanebas”.
xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis xerxebidan gamomdinare, bodeni
saxelmwifos sam nairsaxeobas gamo-yofda: kanonieri, samamulo
(senoiraluri), tiranuli. kanonieri aris saxelmwifo, sadac
qveSevrdomebi emorCilebian suverenis mier gamocemul kanonebs, xolo
TviT suvereni _ bunebiT kanonebs da icavs sakuTari qveSevrdomebis
bunebiT Tavisuflebasa da sakuT-rebis uflebas. senioraluria
saxelmwifo, romelSic suvereni, iaraRiT xelSi, iqca qonebisa da
xalxis mesakuTred da maTze batonobas axorcielebs imgvarad,
rogoric aris mamis xelisufleba, ojaxis wevrTa mimarT. tiranul
saxelmwifoSi suvereni gmobs bunebiT kanonebs, Tavisufal adamianebs
eqceva rogorc monebs, xolo maT qonebas sakuTari Sexedulebisambr
gankargavs.

5. აშშ-ს 1776 წლის 4 ივლისის „დამოუკიდებლობის დეკლარაცია“

1. CrdiloeT amerikis istoriis saetapo movlenad iqca, 1776 wlis

mesame kontinenturi kongresi, romelmac cxovrebaSi gaatara yvela
winmswrebi deklaraciuli gancxadebebi, amerikul koloniebSi
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb.

2. 1776 wlis 4 ivlisis damoukideblobis deklaracia ar iyo

sakanonmdeblo aqti. is arc 1787 wlis aSS-is konstituciis,
oficialurad aRiarebul, nawilad iqca. Tumca, Znelia gadaafaso misi
mniSvneloba ara mxolod amerikuli konstituciis liberalur-
demokratiul principebis, aramed, mTlianad, msoflio politikur-
samarTlebrivi azris mimarT.

3. Sinaarsoblivad, deklaracia, pirobiTad, sam nawilad SeiZleba

daiyos.
4. I _ Sesavali nawili eZRvneba yvela im mizezebis ganmartebas,
romlebmac aiZula amerikuli koloniebi gaewyvitaT kavSiri
metropoliasTan da maTTvis `damoukidebeli da Tanaswori adgili~
ganesazRvra, msoflios saxelmwifoTa Soris.

5. es mizezi, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ideologiis Sesabamisad,

dasabuTebulia `bunebiTi kanonebiT~, yvela adamianis Tanaswor obis
Sesaxeb; vinaidan yvela adamiani, dabadebidanve, aRWurvilia
ganusxvisebeli uflebebiT, maT Soris `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da
bednierebisaken ltolvis~ uflebiT.

6. am dokumentis politikuri doqtrinis safuZvelSi devs

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria, romlis Sesabamisad, sakuTari
bunebiTi uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, `adamianebi hqmnian
mTvarobebs~, xolo am uflebebis gamanadgurebeli mTavrobebi –
tiranulad cxaddeba.

7. xalxs ara Tu SeuZlia, aramed evaleba kidec aseTi mTavrobis

Secvla da is uflebamosili da valdebulia daaweesos mmarTvelobis
iseTi formebi, romlebic `yvelaze ukeT miesadageba am xalxis
usafrTxoebis da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofas~.

8. virjiniis Statis uflebaTa deklaraciisgan gansxvavebiT,

damoukideblobis deklaracia, bunebiTi uflebebis CamonaTvalSi,
arafers ambobs sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb. es ar iyo SemTxveviTi
movlena, vinaidan amerikuli revoluciis yvelaze demokratiul
moazrovneTa (T. jefersoni da b. franklini) SexedulebiT, romlebic
amerikis mosaxleobis yvelaze `qveda~ fenebis interesebs
gamoxatavdnen, kerZo sakuTreba – rogorc `istoriuli ganviTarebis
Sedegi~, ar iTvleboda bunebiT uflebad.

9. es ki gulisxmobda saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

uflebis SezRudvas, amerikelebs Soris qonebrivi uTanasworobis
udides gamwvavebas.

10. damoukideblobis deklaraciis meore nawili eZRvneba, inglisis

mefisa da parlamentis mxridan, `Zaladobisa da mdgomareobis
borotad gamoyenebis “grZeli CamonaTvlis aRweras, romlebic,
patriotTa mtkicebiT, miznad isaxavda, qveyanaSi, `SezRuduli
despotizmis~ damkvidrebas.

11. mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis CamonaTvalTa didi nawili,

homrulis koncefciis gavleniT, eZRvneba adgilobrivi
legislaturebis uflebamosilebaTa darRvevs uamrav faqts, romelTa
kanonebi miiReboda kolonistebis interesebis da keTildReobis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT~, gubernatorebis mxridan am kanonebis
cxovrebaSi gatarebaze uaris Tqmas an mxolod im pirobiT maT
aRiarebas, Tu koloniebi uars ityodnen warmomadgenlobis uflebaze;
mSfoTvare legilaturebis ukanono daTxovnas, maT mowvevas uxerxul,
Znelad misadgom adgilebSi da sxva.

12. deklaraciaSi mkveTrad iyo gakritikebuli metropoliis

sasamarTlo politikac, romelic aRiarebda koloniuri
marTlmsajulebis mxolod mefis nebisgan gansakuTrebul
damokidebulebas, mefis mier gansakuTrebuli sagangebo mimarTulebis
dawesebas, sazogadoebis mxridan, mZime danaSaulis Cadenis
dausjelobas, nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze uaris Tqmas, habeas
corpus-is Sesabamisi procedurebisa da garantebis daucvelobas.

13. deklaracia marTlmsajulebis xarvezebs im Cinovnikebis xrovas

ukavSirebda, romelic sdevnida da aviwrovebda xalxs. Ggarda amisa,
koloniebSi marTlmsajulebis darRveva aixsneboda, arasaomar
viTarebaSi, adgilobrivi legislaturebis Tanxmobis gareSe,
mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi jarebis CayenebiT.

14. mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis vrceli CamonaTvali,

deklaraciis mixedviT, pirdapir an iribad dakavSirebuli iyo
mesakuTreTa interesebis dacvis mTavar amocanasTan, koloniebis
uflebasTan Tavisufal ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, rac uSualod iyo
ganmtkicebuli moTxov-niT _ `araviTari gadasaxadi warmomadgenlobis
gareSe~, anu vaWrobis Tavisufleba da, Sesabamisad, samewarmeo
saqmianobisaTvis xelisSewyoba.

15. deklaraciis Tavdapirvel variantSi T. jefersoni, inglisis mefisa

da parlamentis mier Cadenil 8 danaSaulis CamonaTvalSi, mkveTrad
ilaSqrebda monobis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, mogvianebiT, es braldeba
moixsna, radgan mis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen samxreT karolina da
jorjia.

16. damoukideblobis deklaraciis bolo – mesame nawilSi

gancxadebulia, rom `keTili xalxis saxeliTa da davalebiT~, romlis
warmomadgenlebic Seikribnen saerTo kongresze da sazeimod Tqves,
rom: `SeerTebuli koloniebi uflebrivadac unda iyvnen Tavisufali
da damoukidebeli Statebi, rom isini unda gaTavisufldnen
britanuli gvirgvinis mxridan, yovelgvari damokidebulebisagan da
maTsa da britanul saxelmwifos Soris yovelgvari politikuri
kavSiri unda iqnas gawyvetili~.
 17. damoukideblobis deklaraciis analizi imaze mowmobs, rom mis
debulebebSi garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi gvxvdeba, rac dakavSirebuli
iyo, radikalur da zomier politikur Zalebs Soris, mkveTri
dapirispirebis arsebobasTan.

18. kerZod, im gancxadebis miuxedavad, rom `yvela adamiani dabadebiT

Tavisufalia~, deklaraciam ara Tu xeluxlebeli datova monobis
instituti, aramed Tanasworobis principi mxolod TeTrkanian
mamakacebze – mesakuTreebze gaavrcela da am uflebas (Tanasworoba)
CamoaSora CrdileoT amerikis avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba – indielebi,
romlebic, formalurad, Tavisuflebi iyvnen.

19. metropoliis TviTnebobis mkveTri kritikis miuxedavad, yuradRebas

iqcevs deklaraciis zogierTi debulebis gawonasworebuli xasiaTi,
romelic gamoricxavda Seurigebel mowodebas `Zmebis~ _ ingliselebis
winaaRmdeg Zaladobrivi moqmedebisaken.

20. metropoliasTan urTierTobis gawyveta iyo iZulebiTi nabiji,

romelic patriotebma gadadges, ingliselebis mxridan sxvadasxvagvari
borotmoqmedebis grZeli jaWvis gavleniT, vinaidan `keTilgoniereba~
_ deklaraciis azriT, moiTxovda, rom Zveli droidanve dadgenili
mTavroba ar icvlebodes araarsebiTi mowodebis gamo. deklaraciaSi
gaisma, koloniebisaTvis, erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis idea. es
idea gancxadebuli iyo `13 SeerTebuli koloniis~ saxeliT, romlebic
“Tavisufal da damoukidebel Statebad iqcnen da romlebmac
gancalkevebuli da Tanaswori adgili unda daikavon dedamiwis
derJavaTa Soris, rac maT bunebis kanonebmac mianiWa~ (`bunebiTi da
RvTiuri kanonebi~).

6. ჯონ ლოკის შეხედულება სახელმწიფოსა და სამართალზე

loki mTlianad iziarebda bunebiTi samarTlis, sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis, saxalxo suverenitetis, pirovnebis ganusxvisebeli
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, xelisuflebaTa gamijvnisa da
dabalansebis, tiraniis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis kanonierebis ideebs.
Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom loki mxolod mdumared
aRiqvamda yvelafer imas, rac manamde gamoiTqva sxva ideologebis
mier. lokma, nawilobriv, Secvala da ganavrco es ideebi da isini
erTian mTlian moZRvrebad Camoayaliba _ adreuli burJuaziuli
liberalizmis doqtrinis saxiT. rogorc im droisaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli, lokma sakuTari moZRvreba saxelmwifos warmoSobis
sakiTxis ganxilviT daiwyo. misi 23 azriT, saxelmwifos warmoSobamde,
adamianebi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. Tumca, am etapze
sulac ar iyo “yvelas omi, yvelas winaaRmdeg”. piruku, am periodSi
moqmedebda Tanasworoba, roca “yvela xelisufleba da yoveli
ufleba aris urTierTsanacvlo da aravis aqvs sxvaze meti ufleba”.
imisaTvis, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi Tanacxovrebis normebi
(kanonebi) daculi yofiliyo, bunebam TiToeuli individi daajildova
SesaZleblobiT ganesajaT kanonis damrRvevi da SeefardaT misTvis
Sesabamisi sasjeli. Tumca, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda
iseT organoebs, romlebic SesZlebdnen, adamianebs Soris arsebuli,
davis miukerZoebel gadawyvetas, braldebulTa Sesabamiss dasjas,
raTa xelSeuxebeli yofiliyo bunebiTi kanoni. yovelive zemoTqmuli
uimedobis gancdas badebda da sazogadoebaSi destabilizacias
iwvevda. bunebiTi uflebebis, Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis
saimedod dacvis mizniT, pirovnebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis interesebis
xelSeuxeblobis gamo, adamianebi SeTanxmdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT
politikuri sazogadoeba da daewesebinaT saxelmwifo. loki
gansakuTrebul aqcents SeTanxmebis aqtze akeTebda. lokis azriT,
saxelmwifo im adamianTa erToblioba aris, romlebic erT
mTlianobaSi gaerTiandnen, maT mier dadgenili saerTo kanonis
egidiT, agreTve sasamarTlo instanciis Seqmnis mizniT, romelic
adamianebs Soris arsebul konfliqtebs moawesrigebda da damnaSaveT
dasjida. imisaTvis, rom moxdes Tavisuflebis reJimis dacva,
politikuri Tanacxovrebis “mTavari da diadi miznis” realizeba,
aucileblobad miiCneoda saxelmwifos sajaro-saxelisuflo
uflebamosilebaTa mkveTri gamijvna, saxelmwifos sxvadasxva
organoebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs Soris. kanonis miRebis
uflebamosileba (sakanonmdeblo xeli- sufleba) mTeli eris
warmomadgenlobiT organos _ parlaments ekuTvnis. kanonebis
cxovrebaSi gatareba-aRsruleba (aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba)
monarqisa da misi ministrTa kabinetis (mTavrobis) kompetenciaSi
Sedis. maTive saqmea ucxo saxelmwifoebTan saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis warmoeba (e.w. federaciuli xelisuflebis ganxor -
cieleba). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur 24 TeoriaSi lokma
Camoayaliba gacilebiT meti, vidre “mTavrobis xelisuflebis
gawonasworebis” martivi ideaa (am TvalsazrisiT, mTavrobis cnebaSi
igulisxmeba, zogadad, saxelmwifo), rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom misi
calkeuli nawilebi _ saxelmwifo meqanizmis Semadgeneli elementebi
_ man sxva-dasxva organos kompetenciaSi gadaanawila. imisaTvis, rom
ar momxdariyo, romelime organos mxridan, mTeli saxelmwifo xeli-
suflebis uzurpacia da am xelisuflebis despoturi gziT
ganxorcieleba, man “saxelmwifos calkeuli nawilis” kavSirisa da
urTierTTanamSromlobis (urTierT-damokidebulebis) zogadi
principebi Camoayaliba. sajaro-saxelisuflo saqmianobis Sesabamisi
tipebi lokma ierarqiuli wesiT ganalaga. qveyanaSi, saxelisuflo
ierarqiis pirvel safexurze sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba dadga, rogorc
uzenaesi, Tumca _ araabsoluturi. danarCeni sajaro organoebi unda
eqvemdebarebodnen mas. arsebiTad, “mmarTvelobis normaluri
struqtura” loks warmodgenili hqonda, rogorc, mTeli rigi
oficialurad, normatiulad ganmtkicebuli, urTierTSekavebisa da
gawonasworebis sitema. erTiani saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
diferencirebis, gadanawilebis principebis, misi calkeuli nawilebis
kavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi
safuZvlad daedo, XVIIs-Si Camoyalibebul burJuaziuli
konstitucionalizmis doqtrinas, romelic gansakuTrebiT S.-l.
monteskiem ganaviTara. lokis moZRvrebaSi sakmaod didi adgili
eTmoba saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ramac
aristoteles droidan moyolebuli, evropul samarTlebriv
moZRvrebebSi tradiciuli xasiaTi SeiZina. Tumca, loki arc erT
mmarTvelobis formas aniWebda upiratesobas. erTaderTi forma,
romelic man kategoriulad uaryo, absoluturmonarqiuli mowyoba
iyo. misi piradi simpaTia im SezRuduli monarqiuli mmarTvelobisken
ixreboda, romelic inglisSi 1688 wlis e.w. saxelovani (usisxlo)
revoluciis Sedegad damkvidrda, konstituciuri monarqiis saxiT.
lokisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rom saxelmwifos nebismieri
forma unda 25 gamomdinareobdes sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da
adamianTa nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebidan, raTa mas “mmarTvelobis
saTanado struqtura” hqondes; daicvas individis bunebiTi uflebebi
da Tavisuflebebi, izrunos sayovelTao keTildReobaze. lokma
kargad icoda, rom ar arsebobda saxelmwifos iseTi idealuri forma,
romelic, erTxel da samudamod, tiraniaSi _ im politikur wyobaSi
gadazrdis saSiSroebisagan iqneboda dazRveuli, sadac adgili aqvs
“xelisuflebis ganxorcielebas samarTlis miRma”. rodesac
saxelmwifo organoebi (sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli) iseT
moqmedebas iwyeben, rom ignorirebulia samarTali da saerTo
SeTanxmeba, agreTve saxelmwifos mier, saTanado wesiT miRebuli
kanonebi, adgili aqvs qveynis normaluri marTvis dezorganizebas,
sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevas da TviT xalxis damoneba-gadagvarebas.
im mmarTvelobis mimarT, romelic sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg iyenebs
despotur xelisuflebas, xalxs erTaderTi SesaZleoba rCeba _
“SesTxovos Semoqmeds daxmarebisaTvis da gamoiyenos Zala usamarTlo
da ukanono Zalis winaaRmdeg”. amrigad, lokis azriT, xalxis
suvereniteti, saboloo jamSi, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre xalxis
mier Seqmnili, saxelmwifos suvereniteti. Tu xalxis umravlesoba
gadawyvets, rom bolo unda moeRos sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
damrRvevi mmarTvelobis Tavxedobas, SeiaraRebuli saxalxo ajanyeba
xelisuflebis damxobis mizniT, raTa saxelmwifo dabrundes
Tavisuflebis, kanonis, sayovelTao keTildReobisaken moZraobis
gzaze, _ savsebiT legitimuri qmedebaa. xalxis SeiaraRebul
ajanyebaze uflebis Tezisi _ ar aris lokis doqtrinis SemTxveviTi
 nawili. es misi liberalur-demokratiuli ideis mniSvnelovani
debulebaa, riTac is, postfaqtum, 1688 wlis saxelmwifo gadat-
rialebis gamarTlebas Seecada, rasac inglisSi mmarTvelobis formis
Secvla mohyva.

7. ბრაჰმანიზმის სამართლებრივი იდეოლოგია

brahmanizmis filosofiur-samarTlebrivi ideebi asaxulia vedebSi _

uZvelesi wminda wignebi da upaniSadebSi (maswavleblis irgvliv
jdoma) _ brahmanizmis moZRvrebis kon-kretizaciaSi. vedur traqtatebs
miekuTvneba eTikuri traqtatebi _ sutrebi (Zafi) da Sastrebi
(samecniero da politikuri traqtatebi). Sastrebs Soris yvelaze
cnobilia manus kanonebi (samecniero brunvaSi 1794 wlidan Semovida).
adamianTa qcevis normatiuli regulirebis brahmanistuli koncefcia
efuZneboda filosofiur-religiur miTebs. Zve-li indoelebis
warmodgeniT, samarTali iyo zneobis, religiisa da ritualebis sin-
Tezi, rac mkacri samarTlebrivi doqtrinis arsebobaze metyvelebda.
saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis analizi ufro maRal doneze xdeboda,
kerZod: 1. gadaidga nabiji saxelmwi-fos modelis Seqmnis mizniT,
raSic misi elementebis gamoyeneba iyo mizanSewonili; 2. indoelebma
Seqmnes idealuri mmarTvelis saxe; 3. Canasaxis saxiT, SeimuSaves
saxel-mwifos funqciebi. Zvel indoeTSi brahmanizmis filosofiur-
samarTlebrivi azrovnebis pirveladi for-mebis genezisi
dakavSirebulia sulTa gadasaxlebis _ reinkarnaciis principTan. amis
safuZvelze Camoyalibda sansarebis (cxovrebiseuli Carxi, usasrulo
cvlilebebis jaWvi) da karmebis (mizRvis kanonis) doqtrinebi. am
doqtrinebis Tanaxmad, adamiani sakuTari Tavis msajuli unda iyos. is
TviTon aris sakuTari bedis mizezi da TviTonve gansazRvravs
sakuTar momavals. manus kanonebi amboben: am samyaroSi yvela saqme
gange-basa da adamianis Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli; Tumca, gangebis
gzebi Seucnobelia, xo-lo adamianis saqmeebis Secnoba did
Zalisxmevas iTxovs. vedebi saubroben sazogadoebis oTx varnad
(kastad) dayofis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seqmnes puruSas RmerTebma
(msoflios sulisa da sxeulis RvTaebebma). msoflio kanoni (rta _
rita) gansazRvravs sazogadoebis konstitucias (agebulobas),
sxvadasxva varnis (kastis) rolsa da mdgomareobas, anu am varnebis
wevrTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs. monebi varnebSi ar Sediodnen.
TiToeul varnas adamianTa garkveuli jgufi miekuTvneboda.
varnisadmi kuTvnileba religiur-eTikuri principiT aris
ganpirobebuli da gaaCnia sakuTari dharma (gza, sityvis farTo
gagebiT, ritualuri, zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi valdebulebis
erToblioba, qcevis wesi). “brahmanis dabadeba aris dharmis saukeTeso
ganxorcieleba, vinaidan brahmani ibadeba, raTa daicvas dharmis
saganZuri. mas ukavia uzenaesi adgili dedamiwaze, rogorc yvela
 arsebis mbrZanebels”. dharmis, sansaris da karmis cnebebTan mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli dandanitis (joxiT dasja) cneba. manus kano nebi
amtkiceben, rom sasjeli _ RvTaeba-mbrZaneblis vaJiSvilia da icavs
yvela mis qmnilebas. saxelmwifo iZuleba, rogorc RmerTebis mier
gamoye-nebuli damsjeli Zalis gagrZeleba, iyo dharmis
uzrunvelyofis saSualeba. dasjis idea iyo saxelmwifosa da
samarTlis Teoriuli dasabuTebis ZiriTadi principi: mas imdenad
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, rom saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb
mecnie-rebas, sasjelis Sesaxeb mecnierebad miiCnevdnen. brahmanizmis
eTikur-filosofiur doq-trinaSi (manus kanonebSi) asaxulia
saxelmwifos Taviseburi modeli, misi ZiriTadi elementebis
gamoyofiT: mefe, ministrebi, sasoflo Temi (qveyana), gamagrebuli
qalaqebi, xazina, jari da mokavSireebi _ rac, msoflio istoriaSi,
saxelmwifos, ganzogadebuli saxiT, Seqmnis pirveli mcdelobaa.
brahmanistuli doqtrina mTavar yuradRebas uTmobda monarqis
pirovnebasa da mis movaleobebs. raja aucileblad qSatriebis varnis
wevri unda yofiliyo. mefe, brahmanebis azriT, unda iyos samarTliani
msajuli da marTali mbrZanebeli, romelic windaxedulad iqceva,
eweva qvelmoqmedebas, kmarobs siamovnebasa da zomier simdidres, rac
mxolod sasjelis meSveobiT SeiZleba gaormagdes. Tumca, sasjeli _
didi Zalaa, romelmac SeiZleba daRupos gamoucdeli adamiani da
ugergilo mefe, romelic Tavs Seikavebs sakuTari movaleobebis
Sesrulebaze. mmarTveli ganaT-lebuli adamiani unda iyos. mis
ministrebsac moeTxovebaT ganaTleba. ministrebi yovel-dRiurad
eTaTbirebian mefesa da mecnier-brahmanebs.

8. იმანუელ კანტი სამართლისა და ზნეობის შესახებ

a) apriopuli Semecneba

liberalizmis ideologiis (sazogadoebis axali fenebis _

burJuaziisa da prog-resulad moazrovne warCinebulTa) SemuSaveba
pirvelad kionigsbergis universitetis profesorma imanuil kantma
(1724-1804) daiwyo. saxelmwifosa da samarTlebrivi sa-kiTxebis
SemuSavebas igi, uSualod, cxovrebis bolo aTwleulSi Seudga,
rodesac erT-maneTis miyolebiT (1793, 1795 da 1797 wlebSi), Seqmna
naSromebi _ statia “andazis Sesaxeb _ SesaZloa, es zustic aris
TeoriisaTvis, magram ar gamodgeba praqtikaSi”, traqtati “saukuno
mSvidobisaTvis” da fundamenturi qmnileba _ “zneobis metafizika”.
swored aRniSnul naSromSi moxda socialur-politikuri
problematikis ganzogadeba. kantis moZRvrebis safuZvelSi codnis
saxeebis _ empiriuli (cdebis) da aprioruli (laT., a priori _
winamdebaredan gamomdinare codna, romelic win uswrebs cdebs) _
meTodologiebis urTierTdapirispireba devs. samyaros Secnoba
cdebiT (grZnobis organoTa meSveobiT), empiriuli SecnobiT iwyeba,
romelic codnas iZleva mxolod movlenis garegnuli mxaris Sesaxeb
_ feri, forma, wona... xolo, arsis gageba mxolod gons SeuZlia.
Semecnebis es saxe _ Semecneba gonebis meSveobiT, kantma “apriorul
Semecnebad” Seracxa. praqtikuli filosofia (adamianis qcevis sfero)
ori elementisgan _ eTikisa da samarTlis Sesaxeb moZRvrebisgan
Sedgeba. maTi analizis dros wamyvani adgili aprioruli Semecnebis
meTods uWiravs. Tu bunebis Semecnebis (sabunebis-metyvelo
mecnierebani) dros wamyvani adgili empiriul meTods (gamocdileba)
uWiravs, eTikis kanonebi ar SeiZleba adamianTa urTierTobebis
sferodan gamoidevnon. empiriuli meTodis gamoyenebiT, zneobisa da
samarTlis Sesaxeb samecniero Teoriis Seqmna SeuZ-lebeli aris. im
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogoria samarTlianobis sayovelTao
kriteriumi, iuristebi jer kidev ver garkveulan, miTumetes, Tu isini
sakuTar msje-lobaSi ar daeyrdnobian gonebas da mxolod cdebiT
ixelmZRvaneleben. filosofiis amocanac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom,
gonebidan gamomdinare, ganvsazRvroT qcevis sayo-velTao wesebi.
mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli eTikisa da samarTlis Teoriis
mecnierebad qceva.

b) zneobis kanoni

Taviseburad axsna kantma adamianis gonieri buneba. goni, rogo rc

adamianis ganmasxva-vebeli Tviseba, mTlianad viTardeba ara individsa,
aramed adamianTa modgmaSi _ erTma-neTis monacvle TaobebSi. amitom
ganaTleba msoflio Teoriuli procesia, sadac ada-mians (kulturisa
da progresis meSveobiT) bunebisgan damokidebulebis daZleva da
Tavisuflebis mopoveba SeuZlia. aqedan _ kantis daskvna: gonieri _
kulturis mzardi Sedegi da ara arsebuli praqtikis ganzogadeba
aris. kantis am doqtrinam udidesi roli Seasrula socialuri
kanonebis Semecnebis saqmeSi. Tavisuflebis kanonebs, bune-bis
kanonebisagan gansxvavebiT, zneobrivi kanonebi ewodeba. vinaidan es
kanonebi mxolod garegnul qcevebs da maT kanonSesabamisobas exeba,
amitom maT agreTve iuridiuli kano-nebi ewodebaT; xolo, Tu maT mier
gamoTqmulia moTxovna, rom isini (kanonebi) qcevis safuZvlis
gamomxatveli iyos, maSin maT eTikuri wesebi ewodebaT. amave dros,
iuri-diul kanonebs legaluric ewodebaT da maTvis Sesabamisia _
legaluroba, xolo ka-nonTa meore saxisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
moraluroba. kantis racionalizmis Tavisebureba SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: miuxedavad imisa, rom zneob-riobis matareblebi yvela
adamianebi (rusos azriT) arian, yvela zneobrivi da samarT-lebrivi
kanonis wyaro aris praqtikuli goni, anu adamianis Tavisufali neba.
zneobriv pirovnebad gaxdoma adamians mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlia, Tu is, kacobriobis wi-naSe, sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis
Secnobis donemde amaRldeba. xolo, vinaidan yvela adamiani
Tanasworia, TiToeul maTgans absoluturi zneobrivi faseuloba
gaaCnia. swo-red amgvarad, kantis eTika zogadsavaldebulo, individis
zneobriv pasuxismgeblobas amkvidrebda, msoflioSi mimdinare
procesebis mimarT. am principebze dayrdnobiT, kantma zneobrivi
kanonis cneba Camoayaliba. zneobrivad myari pirovneba
xelmZRvanelobs ara hipoTeturi (pirobiTi) wesebiT, aramed man unda
ixelmZRvanelos kategoriuli (upirobo) imperativis moTxovniT,
romelic ar Seicavs miTiTebas, Tu rogor unda iqceodes ada-miani
konkretul SemTxvevaSi da, maSasadame, aris formaluri wesebi.
kategoriuli (upi-robo) imperativi mxolod “kacobriobis winaSe
valdebulebis zogad ideas” Seicavs da adamians SesaZleblobas
utovebs, gadawyvitos sakiTxi, Tu misi romeli qceva Seesabameba
zneobriv kanons. kantma kategoriul (upirobo) imperativs zneobrivi
Tavisuflebis ka-noni uwoda da moiyvana misi formulebi.

g) samarTlis Teoria

kantis samarTlis Teoria mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli eTikasTan. es

imiT aixsneba, rom samarTalsa da eTikas erTi wyaro _ adamianis
praqtikuli goni da erTi mizani _ sayo-velTao Tavisufleba gaaCnia
adgens. samarTali zneobisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is, iZulebis
gziT qcevis wesebis Sesrulebas. Tu zneoba Sinagan zraxvebs efuZneba
da aq ar aris savaldebulo kodeqsebi, samarTali iZulebas efuZneba.
aq moqmedebs sajaro kanonmdebloba. zneobisa da samarTlis
urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, kanti kanons zneobriobis pirvel
safexurad (minimumi) miiCnevda. Tu dadgenili samarTali zneobriv
kanonebs Seesabameba, maSin sazogadoebaSi iseTi CarCoebia Seqmnili,
rodesac erTis Tavisufali nebis gamovlineba, ar ewinaaRmdegeba
sxvaTa Tavisuflebas. msgavsi urTi-erTobebi ar aris bolomde
zneobrivi, vinaidan xalxi am urTierTobebSi ara valde-bulebiT,
aramed dasjis SiSiT dadgenili sargebliT xelmZRvanelobs. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, samarTali garegnulad uzrunvelyofs
civilizebul urTierTobebs, Tumca adamianebs am dros SeuZliaT
erTmaneTis mimarT antipaTiac gaaCndeT. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac
“mxolod samarTali _ zneobis gareSe batonobs, sruli antagonizmia
SenarCu-nebuli”. samarTali aris im pirobaTa erToblioba, romelTa
dros, erTi piris TviT-neboba meore piris TviTnebobas Seesabameba,
Tavisuflebis sayovelTao kanonis Tval-sazrisiT. aseT pirobebs
kanti miakuTvnebda iZulebiTi kanonebis arsebobas, kerZo sakuTrebisa
da piradi uflebebis garantias, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas, davebis
sasamarTlo wesiT gadawyvetas. kanti samarTals bunebiT
(Tandayolil) da pozitiur samarTlad hyofda. pozitiuri samarTali
kerZo pirebs, saxelmwifo (sajaro) da kosmo-politur samarTals
(yvela saxelmwifoTa Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba, samudamo
mSvidobis Sesaxeb) exeba. bunebiTi samarTlis ganmartebisas, kanti
aRiarebda hipoTetur bunebriv mdgomareobas (rusos azri), sadac
uaryofilia obieqturi samarTali. adamians am mdgomareobaSi mxolod
bunebiTi uflebebi gaaCnda _ zneobrivi arCevanis Tavi-sufleba. misgan
gamomdinareobs adamianis ganusxvisebeli moraluri Tvisebebi: Tanas-
woroba, sakuTari azris gaziarebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca, adamiani
subieqtur bunebiT uflebebsac iZens, maT Soris kerZo sakuTrebis
uflebas. Tumca, es uflebebi arafriT aris uzrunvelyofili, garda
mflobelis fizikuri Zalisa. da es uflebebi winaswar aris
dadgenili. kantma am subieqtur bunebiT uflebebs, gabatonebuli
tradiciis sapi-rispirod, kerZo samarTali uwoda, romelic, misi
azriT, garantiasa da iuridiul Zalas saxelmwifoSi iZens, mxolod
sajaro kanonebis Seqmnis Semdeg. saxelmwifos warmoSobis safuZvelSi
aprioruli midgomis principi devs, romelsac socialur-poli-tikuri
movlenebis axsnisaTvis iyeneben. Tavdapirveli xelSekruleba, kantis
azriT, mxo-lod gonebis idea aris. Tumca, gonebas praqtikuli
mniSvneloba aqvs _ is avalebs ka-nonmdebels ise gamosces kanonebi,
rom es kanonebi xalxis gaerTianebuli nebidan gamom-dinareobdnen. es
samarTlianic iqneba. amrigad, xelSekrulebis idea, erTi mxriv, regu-
laciur princips asrulebs, meore mxriv _ es aris samarTlisa da
usamarTlobis sazomi. “saxelmwifo aris pirebis simravlis
gaerTianeba, samarTlebrivi kanonebis qveS”. misi umniSvnelovanesi
niSania _ kanonis uzenaesoba (Tanac, es aris ara realuri, aramed
idealuri _ sasurveli saxelmwifo). saxelmwifos mizania _ myari
marTlwesrigis garan-tireba, romlis Seqmna sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebisa da xalxis suverenitetis piro-bebSi aris
SesaZlebeli. saxalxo suvereniteti, kantis azriT, aris ara “saxalxo
mmarTveloba” (rusos azri), aramed xalxis warmomadgenloba
parlamentSi da im uf-lebiT aRWurva, romelic deputatebs
SesaZleblobas miscems uari uTxran mTavrobas, yvela miuRebel
moTxovnaze. saxelmwifos mTavari mizania _ individualuri Tavisuf-
lebis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, es uzrunvelyofa ar
exeba xalxis bednie-rebaze zrunvas. am poziciidan gamomdinare, kanti
sam mTavar organos gamohyofda: par-laments (gamoscems kanonebs),
mTavrobas (aRasrulebs kanonebs) da sasamarTlos (icavs kanonebs).
kantis saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi ideali xelisuflebaTa dayofa da
sub-ordinacia iyo. amave principidan gamomdinare, kanti saxelmwifos
marTva-gamgeobis for-mebis diferencirebasac axdenda: respublika
(aris xelisuflebaTa dayofa) da despotia (ar aris xelisuflebaTa
dayofa). kanti yuradRebas ar aqcevda saxelmwifos formebis
klasifikacias: monarqiad, aristokratiad, demokratiad, vinaidan, misi
azriT, es aris kanonis asos da misi saxelmwifo wyobilebis sulis
gamoxatuleba. kantis koncefciis mixedviT, monarqia gadaiqceva
 respublikad, Tu moxdeba xelisuflebaTa dayofa, xolo despotia
damkvidrdeba _ Tu ar iqneba xelisuflebaTa gamijvna. xelisuflebis
gadacemis xerxebia _ permanentuli reformebi. kacobriobis
ganviTarebis momavali kantnma samarTlebrivi respublikis msoflio
konfederaciis Seqmnas daukavSira: saerTa-Soriso samarTali
Tavisufal saxelmwifoTa federalisms unda efuZnebodes. saerTa-
Soriso samarTlis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi man saukuno mSvidobis
proeqtis idea wamoayena: saerTaSoriso marTlwesrigi, omebis gareSe,
adamianebis Tanasworobisa da erTmaneTis saSinao saqmeebSi
Caurevlobis principebs unda efuZnebodes. kantis moZRvreba saxelmwi-
fosa da samarTalze _ pirveli politikuri doqtrinaa, romelic
dakavSirebuli iyo safrangeTis revoluciis SedegebTan da,
Sesabamisad, _ misi gamarTlebis germanuli varianti.

9. მონტესკიეს შეხედულება სამართალსა და კანონებზე

ama Tu im TvalsazrisiT, kanonzomieri (anu kanoni, Sesabamisi

urTierTobis wesi), monteskies azriT, goniersa da aucilebels
niSnavs, rac, Tavis mxriv, SemTxveviTobas, TviTnebobasa da
fatalurobas (brma sve-beds) upirispirdeba. monteskies azriT, swored
kanoni gamoxatavs gansazRvrulobis, ganpirobebulobis da
ganmsWvalulobis moments, ama Tu im urTierTobaSi; gonier sawyiss,
anu gonivrulobisa da aucileblobis arsebobas aRniSnul
urTierTobaSi. kanonis saerTo cnebiT moculia yvela kanoni _
ucvleli, fizikur samyaroSi moqmedi da cvalebadi _ anu gonieri
arsebebis samyaroSi moqmedi kanonebi. adamiani, danarCeni fizikuri
arsebebis msgavsad, ucvleli bunebiTi kanonebiT imarTeba, Tumca _
rogorc gonieri arseba, romelic sakuTari ganzraxviT moqmedebs
(gonebis gardauali SezRudulobis, SecdomaSi Sesvlis unaris,
vnebebis gavlenis qveS yofnis gamo), mudmivad arRvevs rogorc bunebis
am mudmiv kanonebs, ise cvalebad adamianur kanonebs. adamianebTan
mimarTebiT, bunebis (bunebiTi) kanonebs monteskie ganmartavda, rogorc
“Cveni arsebis mowyobidan mxolod da mxolod gamomdinare” kanonebs.
im bunebiTi kanonebidan, romelTa arsebobas hqonda adgili, rodesac
adamianebi bunebriv (winarecivilizaciur) 2 mdgomareobaSi
cxovrobdnen, gamomdinareoben adamianis bunebis Semdegi Tvisebani:
mSvidobisken ltolva, sakvebis mopovebis survili, adamianebs Soris
urTi-erTobis damyareba Txovnis safuZvelze, sazogadoebaSi
cxovrebis survili. magram, vinaidan adamianebi sazogadoebaSi
erTiandebian, isini sakuTari sisustis SegrZnebas kargaven; qreba maT
Soris arsebuli Tanasworobac; iwyeba orgvari omebi _ calkeul
adamianebsa da mTel xalxs Soris. iqmneba xalxs Soris
urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi (saerTaSoriso samarTali);
mmarTvelsa da qveSevrdomTa Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli
 kanonebi (pozitiuri samarTali); moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebis
momwesrigebeli kanonebi (samoqalaqo samarTali). dadebiTi
(pozitiuri, adamianuri) kanoni samarTlianobis obieqtur xasiaTsa da
samarTlian urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. samarTlianoba win uswrebs
pozitiur kanons da ara _ piruku. kanoni, zogadad, _ monteskies
mixedviT, _ aris adamianuri goni, romelic yvela adamianis cxovrebas
warmarTavs. kanonebze gadamwyvet gavlenas, monteskies azriT, buneba
da im mTavrobis principebi axdenen, romelic samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi yalibdeba. monteskie mmarTvelobis sam formas (saxes)
gansazRvravda: respublikurs, monarqiuls, despoturs. respublikur
mmarTvelobaSi uzenaesi xelisufleba an mTlianad xalxs
(demokratia), an mxolod xalxis nawils (aristokratia) upyria.
monarqia _ erTi adamianis mmarTvelobaa, Tumca _ dadgenili kanonebis
meSveobiT. demokratiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia is, romelic
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas mxolod xalxs aniWebs. aristokratiis
ZiriTadi kanonebi, monteskies azriT, xalxis nawilis uflebas gan-
sazRvraven, riTac xalxi kanonebs gamoscems da Tvalyurs adevnebs
maT Sesrulebas. monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebis Tanaxmad, yoveli
politikuri da samoqalaqo xelisuflebis wyaro aris monarqi.
despoturi mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi kanonia is, sadac saerTod ar aris
kanoni da mis adgils TviTneboba da despotis axireba, religia da
Cveuleba ikaveben; monteskies moZRvreba kanonis Sesaxeb
arasrulyofili iqneba, Tu ar ganvsazRvravT kanonTa gansxvavebul
tipebs (kategoriebs). xalxis 3 marTva xdeba: bunebiTi samarTliT;
RvTaebrivi (religiuri) samarTliT; saeklesio (kanonikuri)
samarTliT; saerTaSoriso samarTliT (msoflio samoqalaqo
samarTliT, romlis mixedviT, yoveli xalxi msoflios moqalaqe
aris); saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT, romelic yvela
sazogadoebas miekuTvneba; kerZo saxelmwifo samarTliT, romelic
mxedvelobaSi iRebs calkeul sazogadoebas; dapyrobis uflebiT;
calkeuli sazogadoebis samoqalaqo samarTliT; saojaxo samarTliT.
kanonmdeblobis fuZemdebluri principia zomiereba: “zomierebis goni
kanonmdeblobis gonad unda iqces”. monteskie kanonis Sedgenis Semdeg
wesebs ayalibebda: kanonis marcvali unda iyos martivi da
SemWidrovebuli; kanonis sityva unda iyos erTmniSvnelovani da yvela
xalxisaTvis erTgvarovani cnebebiT dad- genili; kanoni ar unda
davides wvrilmanebis donemde; kanoni ar unda saWiroebdes
gamonaklisebs, SezRudvebsa da saxecvlilebas.

10. ნიკოლო მაკიაველის შეხედულება სახელმწიფოსა და სამართალზე

makiaveli, iuridiuli azris istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc ramdenime

SesaniSnavi naSromis avtori: “mTavari” (1513, mieZRvna gankacebul
satanas _ Cezare borjias), “msjeloba titus liviusis pirveli
dekadis Sesaxeb” (1519), “florenciis istoria” (pirveli gamocema
gamovida misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1532 wels). Tanamedrove
mecniereba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb swored nikolo
makiavelis Semoqmedebidan iwyeba, romlis mizani stabiluri
saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmna iyo, im-droindeli evropis aramyar
socialur-politikur garemoSi. makiaveli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
sam formas gamoyofda: monarqias, aristokratiasa da demokratias. misi
azriT, TiToeuli maTgani metad arastabiluria da mxolod
mmarTvelobis Sereuli formis wyalobiT Tu moxdeba saxelmwifoSi
mtkice wesrigis damkvidreba. aseTi mmarTvelobis forma ki Zvel
romSi, respublikis xanaSi iyo, sadac konsulati monarqias, senati _
aristokratiasa da tribuni plebis _ demokratias gana-saxierebda.
“mTavarSi” makiaveli absoluturi monarqiis momxred, xolo
“msjeloba”-Si _ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis respublikuri formis
damcvelad gvevlineba. Tumca, orive nawarmoebi saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb avtoris erTsa da igive realur -
politikur Tvalsazriss gamoxatavda: mniSvnelovania mxolod
politikuri Sedegebis miRweva. mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis
SenarCuneba. yvelaferi danarCeni ki mxolod xerxia _ saSualebaa, maT
Soris religia da zneobac. makiaveli miiCnevda, rom adamianebi,
bunebiT, egoistebi arian; ar arsebobs raime sazRvari, romelic
adamianis materialuri keTildReobisa da Zalauflebisaken ltolvas
SezRudavs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom adamians mxolod SezRuduli
resursi gaaCnia, is mudam konfliqtur viTarebaSi imyofeba.
saxelmwifo ki efuZneba individis moTxovnas, Tavi daicvas sxvaTa
mxridan, agresiuli Semotevisagan. Tu ar arsebobs kanonze
dafuZnebuli Zala, warmoiqmneba anarqia. amitom, saWiroa Zlieri
mmarTvelis arseboba, romelic ada-mianTa usafrTxoebas
uzrunvelyofs. makiaveli ar cdilobda admianis arsis filosofiuri
analizis moxdenas da aRniSnul movlenas ganixilavda, rogorc
aSkarasa da udaos. makiavelis azriT, yvela adamiani egoistia da maT
Soris gansxvaveba mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu romeli maTgani
ufro garyvnilia (ra xarisxiT). sakuTari argumentebis
gansamtkiceblad man keTili da boroti saxelmwifos, agreTve cudi
da kargi moqalaqis cnebebi Semoitana. mas ainteresebda swored is
pirobebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobdnen kargi saxelmwifos da kargi
moqalaqis Seqmnas. makiavelis azriT, saxelmwifo maSin iqneba kargi,
Tu is moqalaqeTa egoisturi interesebis da miswrafebebis
dabalansebas SesZlebs, anu saxelmwifo stabiluri unda iyos. cud
saxelmwifoSi aSkaraa gansxva-vebuli egoisturi moTxovnebis
konfliqti. xolo aseTi saxelmwifos kargi moqalaqe patriotad da
mebrZol subieqtad gvevlineba. sxva sityvebiT, kargi saxelmwifo _
stabiluria. mTlianobaSi, makiavelis Rvawli samarTlis filosofiis
TeoriaSi Semdegs gulisxmobs: 1. man uaryo sqolastika da mis
nacvlad racionalizmi da realizmi daamkvidra; 2. Seqmna samarTlis
filosofiis mecnierebis safuZvlebi; 3. gamoaaSkarava politikisa da
sa-xelmwifo formis kavSiri socialur brZolasTan, SemoiRo,
Tanamedrove gagebiT, stato-s _ saxelmwifosa da respublica-s
cnebebi; 4. Seqmna saxelmwifos iseTi modelis winapiroba, romelic
adamianis materialur interess daefuZneboda. makiavelis swored
imitom miaweren axali drois politikuri mecnierebis fuZe-mdeblobas,
rom man saxelmwifos miakuTvna sajaro-saxelisuflo prerogativaTa
monopoluri ufleba. “mTavarSi” makiaveli saxelmwifos ixilavs,
rogorc im erTaderTi legalur aparats, romelic qveSevrdomebsa da
sazogadoebas marTavs. mTavars ekuTvnis mTeli Zalaufleba:
dauSvebelia misi xelisuflebis Sez-Rudva, saxelmwifoSi arsebuli
sxva romelime organos an Tanamdebobis piris mier. amitom, is
uaryofiTad afasebda im garemoebas, rodesac mbrZaneblis
gadawyvetilebaze gavlenas vinmes neba-survili axdenda.
makiavelisaTvis absoluturad ucxo da miuRebelia idea: xalxi _
uzenaesi xelisuflebis wyaros Sesaxeb. mis naSromebSi araferia
naTqvami xalxis uflebaze, marTos saxelmwifo. is ki ara, saerTodac
uaryofilia xalxis minimaluri CarTuloba saxelmwifo saqmeebis
aRsrulebaSi. “mTavarSi” makiaveli miiCnevda, rom mbrZanebeli xalxis
meurved unda gamodiodes. Ta-nac, mbrZanebels mudam unda axsovdes,
rom didkacoba _ pativmoyvarea, xolo xalxi _ mouTokavi brbo. cudia
is mbrZanebeli, romelic qveSevrdomebs ar meurveobs, xvleps maT da
ar eZiebs maTi gulebis mogebis gzebs. qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva
ganamtkicebs uzenaesi xelisuflebis avtoritets. “mTavarSi” makiaveli
arafers ambobda qveSevrdomTa ufleba-Tavisuflebaze, rac sulac ar
aris SemTxveviToba. xalxs anaRvlebs mxolod misi kerZo sakuTrebis
dacva. xalxi Tavisuflad egueba Tavisuflebis, prestiJis,
xelisuflebis dakargvas. Tumca, is verasodes Seegueba qonebis
xelyofas.