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different behavior instances. Object oriented programs use polymorphism to carry out the same
operation in a manner customized to the object. It allows a single name/operator to be
associated with different operation depending on the type of data passed to it.
14 Define Objects and Classes in Java
 Class is a collection of data and the function that manipulate the data.The data components
of the class are called data fields and the function components of the class are called
member functions or methods. The class that contains main function is called main class.
 Object is an instance of a class. The objects represent real world entity. The objects are used
to provide a practical basis for the real world. Objects are used to understand the real
world. The object can be declared by specifying the name of the class.
15 Write the syntax for declaration of class and creation of objects?
A class is declared using class keyword. A class contains both data and method that operate on
that data. Thus, the instance variables and methods are known as class members. When creating
an object from a class
Declaration − A variable declaration with a variable name with an object type.
Instantiation − The 'new' keyword is used to create the object.
Initialization − The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor. This call initializes
the new object.
class Student
{
String name;
int rollno;
int age;
}
Student std=new Student();
 std is instance/object of Student class.
 new keyword creates an actual physical copy of the object and assign it to the std variable.
 The new operator dynamically allocates memory for an object.
16 Define Encapsulation (Apr/May 2012) (Apr 2017)
The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit is known as data encapsulation. Here
the data is not accessible to the outside the class. The data inside that class is accessible by the
function in the same class. It is normally not accessible from the outside of the component.

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17 What is Inheritance? What are its types?
 Inheritance is a mechanism of reusing the properties and extending existing classes without
modifying them, thus producing hierarchical relationships between them.
 Inheritance is a property by which the new classes are created using the old classes.
 The old classes are referred as base classes and the new classes are referred as derived
classes. That means the derived classes inherit the properties of base class.
 extends and implements keywords are used to describe inheritance in Java.
Types of inheritance are: Single inheritance, Multi-level inheritance, Hierarchical inheritance,
Hybrid inheritance.
Syntax :
class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
{ //methods and fields }
19 Define class[NOV/DEC 2011]
Class is a template for a set of objects that share a common structure and a common behavior.
20 What do you mean by Dynamic Initialization?
Java is a flexible programming language which allows the dynamic initialization of
variables. In other words, at the time of declaration one can initialize the variables. In
java we can declare the variable at any place before it is used. Example: int a=10; float
d=2.34f;
24 What do you mean by Variable? What are the rules for variable declaration?
Variable is a fundamental unit of storage in java. The variables are used in combination with
identifiers, data types, operators and some value for initialization.
The syntax of variable declaration will be: data_type name_of_variable[=initialization];
21 What are the steps for exection of a java program?
A program is written in JAVA, the javac compiles it. The result of the JAVA compiler is
the .class file or the bytecode and not the machine native code (unlike C compiler).
The bytecode generated is a non-executable code and needs an interpreter to execute on a
machine. This interpreter is the JVM and thus the Bytecode is executed by the JVM.
And finally program runs to give the desired output.

22 What do you mean by Bytecode? What is JVM and JIT?

Bytecode is an intermediate form of java programs.We get bytecode after compiling the java
program using a compiler called javac. The bytecode is to be executed by java runtime
environment which is called as Java Virtual Machine(JVM). The programs that are running on
JVM must be compiled into a binary format which is denoted by .class files. The JVM executes
.class or .jar files, by either interpreting it or using a just-in-time compiler (JIT). The JIT is used
for compiling and not for interpreting the file. It is used in most JVMs today to achieve greater
speed.
23 What is difference between Methods and Constructor?
A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has the
same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operator.
A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which
may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.
24 What are the different datatypes in java?
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TYPE SIZE RANGE SYNTAX
byte 8 bits -128 to 127 byte i,j;
short 16 bits -32768 to 32767 short a,b;
int 32 bits -2,147,483,648 to int i,j;
long 64 bits 2,417,483,647 long x,y;
float 32 bits -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to float p,q;
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
double 64 bits 1.4e-045 to 3.4e+038 double a,b;
char 16 bits 4.9e-324 to 1.8e+308 char a;
boolean 1 bit true or false true or false
25 What is Garbage collection?
Objects are dynamically allocated by using the new operator, dynamically allocated objects
must be manually released by use of a delete operator. Java takes a different approach; it
handles deallocation automatically this is called garbage collection. When no references to an
object exist, that object is assumed to be no longer needed, and the memory occupied by the
object can be reclaimed. Garbage collection only occurs sporadically (if at all) during the
execution of your program. It will not occur simply because one or more objects exist that are no
longer used.
26 What is difference between Methods and Constructor?
A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has the
same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operator.
A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which
may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.
27 What is passed by reference?
Objects are passed by reference.In java we can create an object pointing to a particular location
ie NULL location by specifying : <class name> <object name>;and also can create object that
allocates space for the variables declared in that particular class by specifying
Syntax:<object name > = new <class name>();
28 What is Constructors in Java? What are its types?
A constructor is a special method that is used to initialize an object. The name of the constructor
and the name of the class must be the same. A constructor does not have any return type. The
constructor invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created. It is called constructor
because it creates the values for the data fields of the class.
A constructor has same name as the class in which it resides. Constructor in Java cannot be
abstract, static, final or synchronized. These modifiers are not allowed for constructors.
Class Car
{
String name;
String model;
Car() //Constructor
{
name=””;
model=””;}}
There are two types of Constructor
Default Constructor
Parameterized constructor
Each time a new object is created at least one constructor will be invoked.
Car c=new Car(); //Default constructor invoked
Car c=new Car(name); //Parameterized constructor invoked

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29 What is array? How to declare array and how to allocate the memory to for array?
Java array contains elements of similar data type. It is a data structure where we store similar
elements. We can store only fixed set of elements in a java array. Array in java is index based,
first element of the array is stored at 0 index.
data_type array_name []; and to allocate the memory-
array_name=new data_type[size];where array_name represent name of the array, new is a
keyword used to allocate the memory for arrays, data_type specifies the data type of array
elements and size represents the size of an array. For example:int a=new int[10];

30 Explain how to declare Two Dimensional array?

The two dimensional arrays are the arrays in which elements are stored in rows as well as
columns. For example:
10 20 30
40 50 60
70 80 90
The two dimensional array can be declared and initialized as follows
Syntax: data_type array_name=new data_type[size];For example: int a[][]=new int[3][3];
31 What is method in java? How to define and call the method?
Method is a programming construct used for grouping the statement together to build a
function. There are two ways by which the method is handled.
1. Defining a method 2. Calling a method
Here is example that helps to understand the concept of method defining and calling.
public class methDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a=10;int b=20;int c=sum(a,b);
System.out.println(“The sum of “+a”+” and “+b+” is=”+c);
}
public static int sum(int num1,int num2)
{
int ans=num1+num2;
return ans;}}
32 What are public static void main(String args[]) and System.out.println() ?
Public keyword is an access specifier. Static allows main() to be called without having to
instantiate a particular instance of class. Void does not return any value. Main() is the method
where java application begins.String args[] receives any command line arguments during
runtime.System is a predefined class that provides access to the system. Out is output stream
connected to console.println displays the output.
33 What is down casting?
Doing a cast from a base class to a more specific class. The cast does not convert the object, just
asserts it actually is a more specific extended object.
e.g. Dalamatian d = (Dalmatian) aDog;
34 What are types of Constructors?
Default Constructor, Parameterized Constructor, Copy Constructors
35 What's the difference between an interface and an abstract class?
An abstract class may contain code in method bodies, which is not allowed in an interface. With
abstract classes, you have to inherit your class from it and Java does not allow multiple
inheritance. On the other hand, you can implement multiple interfaces in your class.
36 Explain about Static?

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When a member is declared as static it can be accessed before any objects of its class are created
and without any reference to any object. these are global variables, no copy of these variables
can be made. static can also be declared for methods. and cannot refer to this or super.
37 List any four Java Doc comments. [NOV/DEC 2011]
A Javadoc comment is set off from code by standard multi-line comment tags /* and */. The
opening tag, however, has an extra asterisk, as in /**.The first paragraph is a description of the
method documented. Following the description are a varying number of descriptive tags,
signifying: The parameters of the method (@param),What the method returns (@return) and any
exceptions the method may throw (@throws)
38 What are the access specifiers/modifiers for classes in Java?
Java Access Specifiers (also known as Visibility Specifiers) regulate access to classes, fields and
methods in java. These specifiers determine whether a field or method in c lass, can be used or
invoked by another method in another class or sub-class. Access Specifiers can be used to
restrict access.There are 4 types of java access modifiers: Private, Default, Protected and Public
39 What is a package?
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages. Package in
java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined package. There are many
built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc.
40 What is static methods in Java?
 A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a class.
 A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.
 Static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.
 There are two main restrictions for the static method is that the static method cannot use
non static data member or call non-static method directly.
41 What are the control flow statements in java?
A programming language uses control statements to control the flow of execution of program
based on certain conditions. These are used to cause the flow of execution to advance and
branch based on changes to the state of a program.
Java’s Selection statements:
• if
• if-else
• nested-if
• if-else-if
• switch-case
• jump – break, continue, return
These statements allow you to control the flow of your program’s execution based upon
conditions known only during run time.
42 What is static variables in Java?
The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static
keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the
class than instance of the class. If you declare any variable as static, it is known static variable.
The static variable can be used to refer the common property of all objects (that is not unique for
each object) e.g. company name of employees, college name of students etc. The static variable
gets memory only once in class area at the time of class loading. Advantage - It makes your
program memory efficient (i.e it saves memory).
UNIT-I / PART-B
1 Explain the various features of the Object Oriented Programming Language
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2 i) Describe the typical java program structure.
ii) Explain the general java program compilation and execution.
3 What are the different data types in JAVA? Explain each of them with example.
4 How to pass and return the objects to and from the method?
5 Discuss in detail the access specifiers available in Java.
6 Explain Packages in detail.
7 Explain Constructors with examples.
8 Explain in detail the various operators in Java.
9 Explain the concepts of arrays in Java and explain its types with examples?
10 Explain in detail about static variable and static method in Java with example?
UNIT II INHERITANCE AND INTERFACES
Inheritance – Super classes- sub classes –Protected members – constructors in sub classes- the Object
class – abstract classes and methods- final methods and classes – Interfaces – defining an interface,
implementing interface, differences between classes and interfaces and extending interfaces - Object
cloning -inner classes, Array Lists - Strings
UNIT-II / PART-A
1 What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages?
Inheritance is a relationship among classes, wherein one class shares the structure or behavior
defined in another class. This is called Single Inheritance. If a class shares the structure or
behavior from multiple classes, then it is called Multiple Inheritance. Inheritance defines “is-a”
hierarchy among classes in which one subclass inherits from one or more generalized super
classes. The advantages of inheritance are reusability of code and accessibility of variables and
methods of the super class by subclasses.
2 Brief about super ( ).
This is used to initialize constructor of base class from the derived class and also access the
variables of base class like super.i = 10.
3 What is the difference between superclass and subclass?
A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.
4 Differentiate between a Class and an Object?
The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class class is used to
represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program. The Class class is used to
obtain information about an object's design. A Class is only a definition or prototype of real life
object. Whereas an object is an instance or living representation of real life object. Every object
belongs to a class and every class contains one or more related objects.
5 Define super class and subclass?
Super class is a class from which another class inherits.Subclass is a class that inherits from one
or more classes.
6 What are the four types of access modifiers?
There are 4 types of java access modifiers:
1. private
2. default
3. protected
4. public
7 What is protected class in Java?
A private member is only accessible within the same class as it is declared. A member with no
access modifier is only accessible within classes in the same package. A protected member is
accessible within all classes in the same package and within subclasses in other packages.
8 What is protected function?
Protected members that are also declared as static are accessible to any friend or
member function of a derived class. Protected members that are not declared as static are

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accessible to friends and member functions in a derived class only through a pointer to,
reference to, or object of the derived class.
9 What is protected method?
A protected method can be called by any subclass within its class, but not by unreleated classes.
Declaring a method protected defines its access level. The other options for declaring visibility
are private and public. If undeclared, the default access level is package.
10 What is final modifier?
The final modifier keyword makes that the programmer cannot change the value anymore. The
actual meaning depends on whether it is applied to a class, a variable, or a method.
final Classes- A final class cannot have subclasses.
final Variables- A final variable cannot be changed once it is initialized.
final Methods- A final method cannot be overridden by subclasses.
11 What is a constructor in a class?
In class-based object-oriented programming, a constructor is a special type of subroutine called
to create an object. It prepares the new object for use, often accepting arguments that
the constructor uses to set required member variables.
12 Why creating an object of the sub class invokes also the constructor of the super class?
When inheriting from another class, super() has to be called first in the constructor. If not, the
compiler will insert that call. This is why super constructor is also invoked when a Sub object is
created. This doesn't create two objects, only one Sub object. The reason to have super
constructor called is that if super class could have private fields which need to be initialized by
its constructor.
13 What is an Abstract Class?
Abstract class is a class that has no instances. An abstract class is written with the expectation
that its concrete subclasses will add to its structure and behavior, typically by implementing its
abstract operations.
14 What are inner class and anonymous class?
Inner class: classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner
classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private. Anonymous class:
Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and
declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.
15 What is an Interface?
Interface is an outside view of a class or object which emphasizes its abstraction while hiding its
structure and secrets of its behavior.
16 What is a base class?
Base class is the most generalized class in a class structure. Most applications have such root
classes. In Java, Object is the base class for all classes.

17 What is meant by Binding, Static binding, Dynamic binding?

Binding: Binding denotes association of a name with a class. Static binding: Static binding is a
binding in which the class association is made during compile time. This is also called
as Early binding. Dynamic binding: Dynamic binding is a binding in which the class association is
not made until the object is created at execution time. It is also called as Late binding.
18 What is reflection API? How are they implemented?
Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state of a class at runtime and
dynamically manipulate at run time. This is supported using Reflection API with built-in classes
like Class, Method, Fields, Constructors etc. Example: Using Java Reflection API we can get the
class name, by using the getName method.

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19 What is the difference between a static and a non-static inner class?
A non-static inner class may have object instances that are associated with instances of the
class's outer class. A static inner class does not have any object instances.
20 What is the difference between abstract class and interface?
ABSTRACT CLASS INTERFACE
1. Abstract class must have at least one All the methods declared inside an
abstract method and others may be interface are abstract
concrete or abstract
2. In abstract class, key word abstract Interface we need not use that keyword
must be used for the methods for the methods.
3. Abstract class must have subclasses Interface can’t have subclasses
21 Can you have an inner class inside a method and what variables can you access?
Yes, we can have an inner class inside a method and final variables can be accessed.
22 What is interface and state its use?
Interface is similar to a class which may contain method’s signature only but not bodies and it is
a formal set of method and constant declarations that must be defined by the class that
implements it. Interfaces are useful for: a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are
expected to implement b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a
class relationship. c) Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the
actual body of the class.
23 Difference between class and interface.
CLASS INTERFACE
1. Class are used to create new reference Interface are used to create new
types reference types
2. A class is a collection of fields and An interface has fully abstract methods
methods that operate on fields i.e. methods with nobody
3. Class can be instantiated Interface can never be instantiated
24 What is extending interface?
An interface can extend another interface in the same way that a class can extend another class.
The extends keyword is used to extend an interface, and the child interface inherits the methods
of the parent interface.
Syntax: interface interface_name{
Public void method1():
Public void method2(): }
25 What modifiers may be used with top-level class?
Public, abstract and final can be used for top-level class.
26 What are the methods provided by the object class?
The Object class provides five methods that are critical when writing multithreaded Java
programs:
 notify
 notify All
 wait (three versions)
27 What is a cloneable interface and how many methods does it contain?
It is not having any method because it is a TAGGED or MARKER interface.
28 Define: Dynamic proxy.
A dynamic proxy is a class that implements a list of interfaces, which you specify at runtime
when you create the proxy. To create a proxy, use the static
method java.lang.reflect.Proxy::newProxyInstance().
This method takes three arguments:

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 The class loader to define the proxy class
 An invocation handler to intercept and handle method calls
 A list of interfaces that the proxy instance implements
29 What is object cloning?
It is the process of duplicating an object so that two identical objects will exist in the memory at
the same time.
30 Define Package.
To create a package is quite easy: simply include a package command as the first statement in a
Java source file. Any classes declared within that file will belong to the specified package. The
package statement defines a name space in which classes are stored. If you omit the package
statement, the class names are put into the default package, which has no name.
31 How interfaces can be extended?
One interface can inherit another by use of the keyword extends. The syntax is the same as for
inheriting classes. When a class implements an interface that inherits another interface, it must
provide implementations for all methods required by the interface inheritance chain.
32 Define Array list class.
The ArrayList class extends AbstractList and implements the List interface. ArrayList is a
generic class that has this declaration:
class ArrayList<E>
Here, E specifies the type of objects that the list will hold.
An ArrayList is a variable-length array of object references. That is, an ArrayList can
dynamically increase or decrease in size. Array lists are created with an initial size. When this
size is exceeded, the collection is automatically enlarged. When objects are removed, the array
can be shrunk.
33 Brief Inner class in Java with its syntax.
Java inner class or nested class is a class which is declared inside the class or interface.
We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be more
readable and maintainable.
Additionally, it can access all the members of outer class including private data members and
methods.
Syntax of Inner class
1. class Java_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. class Java_Inner_class{
4. //code
5. }
6. }
34 What is String in Java? Is String is data type?
String in Java is not a primitive data type like int, long or double. String is a class or in more
simple term a user defined type. String is defined in java.lang package and wrappers its content
in a character array. String provides equals() method to compare two String and provides
various other method to operate on String like toUpperCase() to convert String into upper case,
replace() to replace String contents, substring() to get substring, split() to split long String into
multiple String.
UNIT II / Part - B
1 Explain the concept of inheritance with suitable examples.
2 State i) The properties of inheritance
ii) The design hints for inheritance
3 Explain interfaces with example.
4 Differentiate method overloading and method overriding. Explain both with an example
program.
5 Differentiate method overloading and method overriding. Explain both with an example
program.

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6 Explain about the object and abstract classes with the syntax.
7 Discuss in detail about inner class. With its advantages.
8 What is meant by object cloning? Explain it with an example.
9 Explain how inner classes and anonymous classes works in java program.
10 What is a Package? What are the benefits of using packages? Write down the steps in creating a
package and using it in a java program with an example.
11 Explain arrays in java with suitable example.
12 How Strings are handled in java? Explain with code, the creation of Substring, Concatenation
and testing for equality.
UNIT III EXCEPTION HANDLING AND I/O
Exceptions - exception hierarchy - throwing and catching exceptions – built-in exceptions, creating
own exceptions, Stack Trace Elements. Input / Output Basics – Streams – Byte streams and
Character streams – Reading and Writing Console – Reading and Writing Files
UNIT-III/ PART-A
1 What are the types of errors?
 Compile time errors
 Run time errors
2 Define Java Exception.
A Java exception is an object that describes an exceptional (that is, error) condition that has
occurred in a piece of code. When an exceptional condition arises, an object representing that
exception is created and thrown in the method that caused the error.
3 State the five keywords in exception handling.
Java exception handling is managed via five keywords: try, catch, throw, throws, and finally.
4 Draw the exception hierarchy.
The top-level exception hierarchy is shown here:

5 Name any four java built in exceptions.

Exception Meaning
ArithmeticException Arithmetic error, such as divide-by-zero.
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Arithmetic Exception Array index is out-of-bounds.
ArrayStoreException Assignment to an array element of an incompatible type.
ClassCastException Invalid cast
6 What is chained exception?
Chained Exceptions allows to relate one exception with another exception, i.e one exception
describes cause of another exception. For example, consider a situation in which a method
throws an ArithmeticException because of an attempt to divide by zero but the actual cause of
exception was an I/O error which caused the divisor to be zero.
6 What does java.lang.StackTraceElement represent?
The java.lang.StackTraceElement class element represents a single stack frame. All stack frames
except for the one at the top of the stack represent a method invocation. The frame at the top of
the stack represents the execution point at which the stack trace was generated.
7 What are the useful methods of throwable classes
 public String getMessage()

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 public String getLocalizedMessage()
 public synchronized Throwable getCause()
 public String toString()
 public void printStackTrace()
8 Compare throw and throws.
 Throw is used to throw an exception & throws is used to declare an exception.
 Throw is used in method implementation & throws is used in method signature.
 Using throw keyword we can throw only 1 exception at a time & throws can
declare multiple exceptions at a time.
9 What is the use of try and catch exception?
Try-catch block is used for exception handling in the progam code. try is the start of the block
and catch is at the end of try block to handle the exceptions. A Program can have multiple catch
blocks with a try and try-catch block can be nested also. catch block requires a parameter that
should be of type Exception.
10 What is the use of finally exception?
Finally block is optional and can be used only with try-catch block. Since exception halts the
process of execution, we might have some resources open that will not get closed, so we can use
finally block. finally block gets executed always, whether exception occurrs or not.
11 How to write custom exception in Java?
Extend Exception class or any of its subclasses to create our custom exception class. The custom
exception class can have its own variables and methods and one can use to pass error codes or
other exception related information to the exception handler.
12 What is OutOfMemoryError in Java?
OutOfMemoryError in Java is a subclass of java.lang.VirtualMachineError and it’s thrown by
JVM when it ran out of heap memory.
13 What is difference between final, finally and finalize in Java?
Final and finally are keywords in java whereas finalize is a method.
Final keyword can be used with class variables so that they can’t be reassigned, with class to
avoid extending by classes and with methods to avoid overriding by subclasses.
Finally keyword is used with try-catch block to provide statements that will always gets
executed even if some exception arises, usually finally is used to close resources.
finalize() method is executed by Garbage Collector before the object is destroyed, it’s great
way to make sure all the global resources are closed. Out of the three, only finally is related to
java exception handling.
14 What happens when exception is thrown by main method?
When exception is thrown by main() method, Java Runtime terminates the program and print
the exception message and stack trace in system console.
15 Can we have an empty catch block?
We can have an empty catch block but it’s the example of worst programming. We should never
have empty catch block because if the exception is caught by that block, we will have no
information about the exception and it will be a nightmare to debug it.
16 How Java Exception Hierarchy categorized?
Java Exceptions are hierarchical and inheritance is used to categorize different types of
exceptions. Throwable is the parent class of Java Exceptions Hierarchy and it has two child
objects – Error and Exception. Exceptions are further divided into checked exceptions and
runtime exception.
17 What are input and output streams?
An I/O Stream represents an input source or an output destination. A stream can represent
many different kinds of sources and destinations, including disk files, devices, other programs,
and memory arrays.
18 What is a byte stream in java?
Programs use byte streams to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. All byte stream classes
are descended from InputStream and OutputStream.

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There are many byte stream classes. The file I/O byte streams, are
FileInputStream and FileOutputStream.
19 Define stream.
A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. There are two kinds of Streams
 InputStream − The InputStream is used to read data from a source.
 OutputStream − The OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.
20 What is character stream?
Character streams are used to perform input and output for 16-bit unicode. Though there are
many classes related to character streams but the most frequently used classes
are, FileReader and FileWriter.
21 What are directories in Java?
A directory is a File which can contain a list of other files and directories. You use File object to
create directories, to list down files available in a directory.
22 What are the two useful methods to create directories?
There are two useful File utility methods, which can be used to create directories
 The mkdir( ) method creates a directory, returning true on success and false on failure.
Failure indicates that the path specified in the File object already exists, or that the
directory cannot be created because the entire path does not exist yet.
 The mkdirs() method creates both a directory and all the parents of the directory.
23 State the use of java.io.Console.
The java.io.Console class which provides convenient methods for reading input and writing
output to the standard input (keyboard) and output streams (display) in command-line.
24 What is the use of java console class?
The Java Console class is be used to get input from console. It provides methods to read texts
and passwords. If you read password using Console class, it will not be displayed to the user.
The java.io.Console class is attached with system console internally.
25 State the classes used to read file in java.
The classes are:
 FileReader for text files in your system's default encoding
 FileInputStream for binary files and text files that contain 'weird' characters.
Unit –III/Part B
1 Explain in detail the important methods of Java Exception Class?
2 Explain the different scenarios causing “Exception in thread main”?
3 How will you create your Own Exception Subclasses?
4 Explain in detail Chained exception with an example program.
5 Explain in detail the various exception types with its hierarchy.
6 Write programs to illustrate arithmetic exception, ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception and
NumberFormat Exception.
7 Write a calculator program using exceptions and functions.
8 Create two exception classes that can be used by the stack classes developed by TRY
9 Write a program to receive the name of a file within a text field and then displays its contents
within a text area.
10 Write a Java program that prints the maximum of the sequence of non-negative integer values
that are stored on the file data.txt.
11 Write a program reads every single character from the file MyFile.txt and prints all the
characters to the output console also write an example program which uses
a BufferedReader that wraps a FileReader to append text to an existing file.
UNIT IV MULTITHREADING AND GENERIC PROGRAMMING
Difference between multi-threading and multi-tasking, thread life cycle, creating thread,
synchronizing thread, inter-thread communication, demon thread, thread group, generic
programming-generic classes-generic method-Bounded Types-Restrictions and Limitations
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UNIT-IV / PART-A
1 How Threads are created in Java?
Threads are created in two ways. They are by extending the Thread class and by implementing
Runnable interface.
2 Define Thread?
A thread is a single sequential flow of control within program. Sometimes, it is called an
execution context or light weight process. A thread itself is not a program.
A thread cannot run on its own. Rather, it runs within a program. A program can be divided
into a number of packets of code, each representing a thread having its own separate flow of
control.
3 What is Multi-threading?
Multithreading is a conceptual programming concept where a program(process) is divided into
two or more subprograms(process), which can be implemented at the same time in parallel. A
multithreaded program contains two or more parts that can run concurrently. Each part of such
a program is called a thread, and each thread defines a separate path of execution.
4 What is meant by Multitasking?
Multitasking, in an operating system, is allowing a user to perform more than one computer
task (such as the operation of an application program) at a time. The operating system is able to
keep track of where you are in these tasks and go from one to the other without losing
information. Multitasking is also known as multiprocessing.
5 Difference between multi-threading and multi-tasking?
Multi-threading Multi-tasking
In any single process, multiple threads is It refers to having multiple (programs,
allowed and again, can run simultaneously. processes, tasks, threads) running at the same
time.
It is sharing of computing resources among It is sharing of computing resources(CPU,
threads of a single process. memory, devices, etc.) among processes
6 What do you mean by Thread Scheduling?
Execution of multiple threads on a single CPU in some order is called scheduling. The Java
runtime environment supports a very simple, deterministic scheduling algorithm called fixed-
priority scheduling. This algorithm schedules threads on the basis of their priority relative to
other Runnable threads.
7 What is Thread Pool?
A thread pool is a managed collection of threads that are available to perform tasks. Thread
pools usually provide:
 Improved performance when executing large numbers of tasks due to reduced per-task
invocation overhead
 A means of bounding the resources, including threads, consumed when executing a
collection of tasks.
8 What is Synchronization thread?
When two or more threads need access to a shared resource, they need some way to
ensure that the resource will be used by only one thread at a time. The process by which this
synchronization is achieved is called thread synchronization.
9 What is thread priority?
Every Java thread has a priority that helps the operating system determine the order in
which threads are scheduled. Java priorities are in the range between MIN_PRIORITY(a
constant of 1) and MAX_PRIORITY( a constant of 10). By default, every thread is given priority
NORM_PRIORITY(a constant of 5)
Threads with higher priority are more important to a program and should be allocated
processor time before lower-priority threads. However, thread priorities cannot guarantee the
order in which threads execute and very much platform independent.
10 List out the methods of object class to perform inter thread communication?
 wait() – This method make the current thread to wait until another thread invokes
the notify() method.

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 notify() – This method wakes up a thread that called wait() on same object.
 notifyAll() – This method wakes up all the thread that called wait() on same object.
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object’s monitor.
Above all three methods have been implemented as final method in Object class, so that they
are available in all the classes in java world.
11 What are the various states of a thread?
The following figure shows the states that a thread can be in during its life and illustrates
which method calls cause a transition to another state.

12 Why do we need run() and start() method both? Can we achieve it with only run method?
 The separate start() and run() methods in the Thread class provide two ways to create
threaded programs. The start() method starts the execution of the new thread and calls the
run() method. The start() method returns immediately and the new thread normally
continues until the run() method returns.
 The Thread class' run() method does nothing, so sub-classes should override the method
with code to execute in the second thread. If a Thread is instantiated with a Runnable
argument, the thread's run() method executes the run() method of the Runnable object in the
new thread instead.
 Depending on the nature of your threaded program, calling the Thread run() method
directly can give the same output as calling via the start() method, but in the latter case the
code is actually executed in a new thread.
13 What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread?
Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground
doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. setDaemon method is used
to create a daemon thread.
14 Write short note on isAlive() and join()?
isAlive() and join() methods are used to determine whether a thread has finished or not.
First, you can call isAlive() on the thread. This method is defined by Thread, and its general
form is:
final Boolean isAlive()
The isAlive() method returns true if the thread upon which it is called is still running. It returns
false otherwise.
While isAlive() is occasionally useful, the method that you will more commonly use to
wait for a thread to finish is called join(). The general form is:
final void join() throws InterruptedException
This method waits until the thread on which it is called terminates
15 What do you mean by generic programming?
Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are
written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated when needed for specific
types provided as parameters
16 Define Deadlock and When it will occur?
Deadlock describes a situation where two or more threads are blocked forever, waiting for each

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other. Deadlock occurs when multiple threads need the same locks but obtain them in different
order. A Java multithreaded program may suffer from the deadlock condition because
the synchronized keyword causes the executing thread to block while waiting for the lock, or
monitor, associated with the specified object.
17 Define thread group?
Every Java thread is a member of a thread group. Thread groups provide a mechanism
for collecting multiple threads into a single object and manipulating those threads all at once,
rather than individually. For example, you can start or suspend all the threads within
a group with a single method call.
18 Why do we need generics in Java?
Code that uses generics has many benefits over non-generic code: Stronger type checks
at compile time. A Java compiler applies strong type checking to generic code and issues errors
if the code violates type safety. Fixing compile-time errors is easier than fixing runtime errors,
which can be difficult to find.
19 State the two challenges of generic programming in virtual machines.
 Generics are checked at compile-time for type-correctness. The generic type information is
then removed in a process called type erasure.
 Type parameters cannot be determined at run-time
20 When to use bounded type parameter?
There may be times when you want to restrict the types that can be used as type arguments in a
parameterized type. For example, a method that operates on numbers might only want to accept
instances of Number or its subclasses. This is what bounded type parameters are for.
21 How to create generic class?
A class that can refer to any type is known as generic class. Here, we are using T type
parameter to create the generic class of specific type.
Let’s see the simple example to create and use the generic class.
Creating generic class:
class MyGen<T>{
T obj;
void add(T obj){this.obj=obj;}
T get(){return obj;} }
The T type indicates that it can refer to any type (like String, Integer, Employee etc.). The type
you specify for the class, will be used to store and retrieve the data.
22 What is daemon thread?
A daemon thread is a thread that does not prevent the JVM from exiting when the program finishes
but the thread is still running. An example for a daemon thread is the garbage collection.
23 How to declare a java generic bounded type parameter?
To declare a bounded type parameter, list the type parameter’s name, followed by the
extends keyword, followed by its upper bound, similar like below method.
Public static<T extends Comparable<T>>int compare(Tt1, Tt2){
return t1.compareTo(t2);}
The invocation of these methods is similar to unbounded method except that if we will
try to use any class that is not Comparable, it will throw compile time error.
Bounded type parameters can be used with methods as well as classes and interfaces
24 What are wildcards in generics?
In generic code, the question mark (?), called the wildcard, represents an unknown type.
The wildcard can be used in a variety of situations: as the type of a parameter, field, or local
variable; sometimes as a return type (though it is better programming practice to be more
specific).
25 What is erasure in Java?
Generics were introduced to the Java language to provide tighter type checks at compile time
and to support generic programming. To implement generics, the Java compiler applies

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type erasure to: Replace all type parameters in generic types with their bounds or Object if the
type parameters are unbounded.
25 What are the restrictions on generics?
To use Java generics effectively, you must consider the following restrictions:
 Cannot Instantiate Generic Types with Primitive Types
 Cannot Create Instances of Type Parameters
 Cannot Declare Static Fields Whose Types are Type Parameters
 Cannot Use Casts or instance of With Parameterized Types
 Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types
 Cannot Create, Catch, or Throw Objects of Parameterized Types
 Cannot Overload a Method Where the Formal Parameter Types of Each Overload Erase to
the Same Raw Type
Unit –IV/Part B
1 What are the two ways of thread creation? Explain with suitable examples.
2 With illustrations explain multithreading, interrupting threads, thread states and thread
properties.
3 Describe the life cycle of thread and various thread methods.
4 Explain the thread properties in detail.
5 Explain inter thread communication and suspending, resuming and stopping threads.
6 Write a java program that synchronizes three different threads of the same program and
displays the contents of the text supplies through the threads.
7 Write a java program for inventory problem to illustrate the usage of thread synchronized
keyword and inter thread communication process. They have three classes called consumer,
producer and stock.
8 Explain in detail about generic classes and methods in java with suitable example.
9 Describe briefly about generics with wildcards.
10 What are the restrictions are considered to use java generics effectively? Explain in detail.
UNIT V EVENT DRIVEN PROGRAMMING
Graphics programming-Frame-Components-Working with 2D Shapes-Using color,fonts,and images-
Basics of event handling-event handler-adapter classes-actions-mouse events-AWT event hierarchy-
introduction to Swing-layout management-Swing components-Text fields, Text areas-Buttons-Check
Boxes-Radio Buttons-Lists-choices-scrollbars-Windows-Menus-dialog Boxes.
Unit –V/Part A
1 What is an Applet?
Applet is a Java application, which can be executed in JVM, enabled web browsers.
2 What are methods available in the Applet class?
 init() - To initialize the applet each time it's loaded (or reloaded).
 start() - To start the applet's execution, such as when the applet's loaded or when the
user revisits a page that contains the applet.
 stop() - To stop the applet's execution, such as when the user leaves the applet's page or
quits the browser.
 paint()- To display the image
 destroy - To perform a final cleanup in preparation for unloading.
3 Code a graphics method in java to draw the string “Hello World” from the
Coordinates(100,200).
g.drawString("Hello, World", 100, 150);
4 What is AWT?
A collection of graphical user interface (GUI) components that were implemented using native-
platform versions of the components. These components provide that subset of functionality
which is common to all native platforms. Largely supplanted by the Project Swing component
set.
5 What is the relationship between an event- listener interface and an event adapter class?

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 An event-listener interface allows describing the methods which must be implemented by
one of the event handler for a specific event.
 An event-adapter allows default implementations of an event-listener interface of a specific
event.
6 List out some UI components available in AWT?
 Buttons (java.awt.Button)
 Checkboxes (java.awt.Checkbox)
 Single-line text fields (java.awt.TextField)
 Larger text display and editing areas (java.awt.TextArea)
 Labels (java.awt.Label)
 Lists (java.awt.List)
 Pop-up lists of choices (java.awt.Choice)
 Sliders and scrollbars (java.awt.Scrollbar)
 Drawing areas (java.awt.Canvas)
 Menus (java.awt.Menu, java.awt.MenuItem, java.awt.CheckboxMenuItem)
 Containers (java.awt.Panel, java.awt.Window and its subclasses)
7 Write some methods, which are used to add UI components in Applet?
 add - Adds the specified Component.
 remove - Removes the specified Component.
 setLayout - Sets the layout manager.
8 How can you prevent the overwriting of a displayed text in a TextField of a java program?
If you create a TextField object with default text then setting the prompt text will not overwrite
the default text.
To set the prompt text for a TextField use the setPromptText method:
txtFld.setPromptText("Enter Name..");
To find out the value of the prompt text of a TextField object use the getPromptText method:
String promptext = txtFld.getPromptText();
9 How Events are handled in java ?
A source generates an Event and send it to one or more listeners registered with the
source. Once event is received by the listener, they process the event and then return. Events are
supported by a number of Java packages, like java.util, java.awt and java.awt.event.
10 How does a radio button in java differ from a check box?
 Radio buttons are used when there is a list of two or more options that are mutually
exclusive and the user must select exactly one choice. In other words, clicking a non-selected
radio button will deselect whatever other button was previously selected in the list.
 Checkboxes are used when there are lists of options and the user may select any number of
choices, including zero, one, or several. In other words, each checkbox is independent of all
other checkboxes in the list, so checking one box doesn't uncheck the others.
11 Name the listener methods that must be implemented for the key listener interface. (NOV
2013)
void keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
void keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
12 Components of Event Handling
Event handling has three main components,
Events : An event is a change in state of an object.
Events Source : Event source is an object that generates an event.
Listeners : A listener is an object that listens to the event. A listener gets notified when
an event occurs.
13 Mention the Differences between AWT and swing
Java AWT Java Swing
AWT components are platform-dependent. Java swing components are platform-
independent.

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AWT components are heavyweight. Swing components are lightweight.
AWT provides less components than Swing. Swing provides more powerful components
such as tables, lists, scrollpanes, colorchooser,
tabbedpane etc.
AWT doesn't follows MVC Swing follows MVC.
14 Mention some Event Classes and Interface
Event Classes Description Listener Interface
generated when button is pressed, menu-
ActionEvent ActionListener
item is selected, list-item is double clicked
generated when mouse is dragged,
MouseEvent moved,clicked,pressed or released and also MouseListener
when it enters or exit a component
generated when input is received from
KeyEvent KeyListener
keyboard
generated when check-box or list item is
ItemEvent ItemListener
clicked
generated when value of textarea or textfield
TextEvent TextListener
is changed
MouseWheelEvent generated when mouse wheel is moved MouseWheelListener
generated when window is activated,
WindowEvent deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened or WindowListener
closed
generated when component is hidden,
ComponentEvent ComponentEventListener
moved, resized or set visible
generated when component is added or
ContainerEvent ContainerListener
removed from container
15 What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers available in java
AWT?
A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container. The
different layouts are available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and
GridBagLayout.
16 Define swing in java.
Java Swing is a part of Java Foundation Classes (JFC) that is used to create window-based
applications. It is built on the top of AWT (Abstract Windowing Toolkit) API and entirely.
17 Why are swing components called lightweight component?
Swing is considered lightweight because it is fully implemented in Java, without calling the
native operating system for drawing the graphical user interface components.
18 Mention some class for java swing
The javax.swing package provides classes for java swing API such as JButton, JTextField,
JTextArea, JRadioButton, JCheckbox, JMenu, JColorChooser.
19 What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?
A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Conatiner and handles
its own events and perform its own scrolling.
20 What is the use of JButton and mention the constructor of JButton class.
JButton class provides functionality of a button. JButton class has three constuctors,Button(Icon
ic),JButton(String str),JButton(String str, Icon ic)
21 What is the use of JTextField and mention the constructor of JTextField class.
JTextField is used for taking input of single line of text. It is most widely used text component. It has
three constructors, JTextField(int cols), JTextField(String str, int cols),JTextField(String str)
cols represent the number of columns in text field.
22 What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?
Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT
supports the following types of controls: Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists,
Scrollbars, Text Components. These controls are subclasses of Component.

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23 What is the difference between choice and list?
A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of
available choices and only one item may be selected from a choice. A List may be displayed in
such a way that several list items are visible and it supports the selection of one or more list
items.
UNIT-V / PART-B
1 What is event delegation model and what are the event classes and event interfaces?
2 Explain various components in AWT?
3 What is event handling in java? List out the available event classes and listener interfaces with
suitable example.
4 Explain the layout managers in Java also describe the concept of menu creation.
5 What is an adapter class? Describe about various adapter classes in detail?
6 Explain about JComboBoxclass, JCheckBoxclass
7 Develop a java program that have 11 text fields one submit button. When you press the button
first 10 text field’s average has to be displayed in the 11th text field.
8 Develop a java code that keeps the count of right clicks of mouse.
9 Explain about JButtonclass, JTextAreaclass, JFrameclass
10 Develop java program that changes the color of a filled circle when you make a right click.
11 An analysis of examination results at a school gave the following distribution of grades for all
subjects taken in one year:
GRADES PERCENTAGE
A 10
B 25
C 45
D 20
Write a java program to represent the distribution of each grade in a pie chart , where each
sliceof pie is differently colored.
12 How will you display an image on the frame in a window using java.

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