Solved problems – 5th exercise

Solved problem 5.1.

On a circular conduit there are different diameters: diameter D1 = 2 m changes
-1
into D2 = 3 m. The velocity in the entrance profile was measured: v1 = 3 ms .
Calculate the discharge and mean velocity at the outlet profile (see fig. 1).

Figure 1

Solution
Discharge Q and consequently velocity v2 can be calculated from the continuity
equation.
2
π ⋅ D1 π ⋅ 22
Q = v1 ⋅ S1 = v1 ⋅ = 3⋅ = 9,425 m3 s−1
4 4

Q Q 9,425
v2 = = = = 1,333 ms −1
S2 π ⋅ D2 4 π ⋅ 3 4
2 2

K141 HYAE 1 exercise 5

Solved problem 5.2.
A horizontal pipeline is attached to the wall of reservoir (see fig. 2). The pipeline
has different profiles. The water level in the upper reservoir is in the height H = 1.5 m
above the pipeline axis. From the lower end of the pipeline water flows out to the
open space. Diameters and lengths of pipeline reaches are: D1 = 0.24 m, L1 = 3 m,
D2 = 0.1 m, L2 = 1 m, D3 = 0.12 m, L3 = 2 m. Calculate discharge in the pipeline and
draw the course of energy line (EL) and pressure line (PL). Neglect losses
(considerer the liquid to be ideal).

Solution
Bernoulli equation (BE) and continuity equation will be used to solve the
problem. Using BE to calculate discharge, it will be the most convenient to state the
datum (reference) level at the axis of the horizontal pipe, and to write then BE for the
upper water level (profile 0 → pressure on the level is known - pa), and for the centre
of outlet profile 3 (its position, referred to the datum level, is h = 0). The upper
reservoir can be considered to be large (its dimensions are not mentioned because
they have no importance) and the effect of approach velocity un can be therefore
neglected.
2 2
p u p u
BE 0 – 3: H+ a + n = 0+ a + 3
ρg 2g ρg 2g

⇒ u3 = 2gH = 2 ⋅ 9,81⋅ 1,5 = 5,42 ms −1

Discharge is calculated from the continuity equation

π ⋅ 0,122
Q = u3 S3 = 5,42 ⋅ = 0,061m3 s−1
4
Now it is possible to use the continuity equation to calculate velocities in other
profiles and to calculate thus also corresponding velocity heads.
2
Q 4 ⋅ 0,061 u1 1,356 2
u1 = = = 1,356 ms −1 , = = 0,094 m
S1 π ⋅ 0,24 2 2g 19,62
2
Q 4 ⋅ 0,061 u2 7,8122
u2 = = = 7,812 ms −1 = = 3,110 m
S2 π ⋅ 0,12
2g 19,62

As diameters in the single reaches of the pipeline are constant, also velocities are
constant in these reaches. The energy line and pressure line therefore will be parallel
and, because of considering the liquid to be ideal, they will be horizontal. Then the
BE can be written for 2 profiles - the first one situated in the water level of the upper
reservoir, the second one e.g. in some profile on the first reach of the pipe (static
pressure there is still unknown):
pa p1s u12
BE 0 – 1: H+ +0=0+ +
ρg ρg 2g

K141 HYAE 2 exercise 5

after its rearrangement:
2
p1 p1s − pa u
= = H − 1 = 1,5 − 0,094 = 1,406 m (overpressure head)
ρg ρg 2g

Similarly, from BE where the second profile is situated in some profile on the second
reach of the pipeline:
pa p 2s u 2 2
BE 0 – 2: H+ +0=0+ +
ρg ρg 2g
2
p 2 p 2 s − pa u
= = H − 2 = 1,5 − 3,110 = −1,61m (underpressure head)
ρg ρg 2g

In the outlet profile there is the atmospheric pressure. Both velocities and pressures
are constant in single reaches of pipeline, energy and pressure lines are therefore
parallel, as mentioned. In profiles, where the pipe diameters change, the pressure
line changes its position suddenly. Energy line and pressure line are seen on figure
2.

Figure 2

K141 HYAE 3 exercise 5

Solved problem 5.3.

Water flows in the pipeline (see figure 3). Calculate maximum velocity umax in the
pipe axis and discharge Q. Determine flow regime (T = 12oC). The mercury
differential manometer (ρHg = 13600 kgm-3) shows the difference between levels
Hm = 0,02 m. Diameter of the pipe is D = 0,15 m. Velocity coefficient of Pitot tube is
ϕ = 1,0. Mean velocity is considered to be v = 0,84 umax.

Figure 3
Solution
As the flow is steady, discharge Q is constant and therefore also velocity is constant.
Pitot tube serves to measure point velocities – change of velocity head causes a
change of pressure head. To determine the point velocity, the formula u max = ϕ 2gH
will be used, where H is the difference of pressure heads of flowing liquid in profiles 1
and 2. This difference is measured by the installed mercury differential manometer.
Therefore, it is necessary to convert the measured height of column of mercury Hm
into height of column of water. It is necessary to state an appropriate surface area
(see e.g. fig. 4) and to write the equation of pressure equilibrium.

Determination of H:

p1 + ρHg .g.Hm = p 2 + ρ v .g.Hm

(
p 2 − p1 = Hm ρHg .g − ρ v .g )

p 2 − p1 ⎛ ρHg ⎞
= H = Hm ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ = 0,02 ⋅ (13,6 − 1) = 0,252 m
ρ.g ⎝ ρv ⎠

Figure 4

K141 HYAE 4 exercise 5

Determination of point velocity

umax = ϕ 2gH = 1⋅ 2.9,81.0,252 = 2,224 m.s −1

Using the relation between point and mean velocity v = 0,84 umax, mean velocity will
be determined and, consequently, continuity equation will be used to calculate
discharge Q.
v = 0,84.umax = 1,868 m.s−1
π.D2
Q = v . S = 1,868 . = 0,033 m3 .s−1
4

Flow regime will be determined using the Reynolds number

v.D 1,868 . 0,15

Re = = = 225943 〉 2320
υ 1,24.10 − 6

⇒ flow in the pipeline is turbulent.

K141 HYAE 5 exercise 5

Solved problem 5.4.

Two large reservoirs A, B having water levels at elevations 12,5 m and 10 m

are connected by older cast-iron pipeline with diameter D = 0,1 m. Length of the
pipeline is L = 20 m. The reservoir A is closed, with the air overpressure of ppA =
9805 Pa above water level. Inlet from the reservoir A and outlet to the reservoir B are
sharp-shaped, curvature of both knee-pipes is given by rs/D = 1,5. Temperature of
water in reservoirs is T = 12 oC, Calculate discharge between reservoirs.

Figure 5

SolutIon

To solve the problem, Bernoulli equation will be used – reference level can be
defined to be at the level in reservoir B, two considered profiles will be both water
levels in reservoirs:

p sA αv 2A p αv 2
HA + + = HB + sB + B + ∑ Z , where psB = pa
ρg 2g ρg 2g

As both reservoirs are large reservoirs, it is possible to consider vA = 0, vB = 0,

i.e.
αv 2A αv B2
= =0.
2g 2g

Friction losses will be expressed from Darcy-Weisbach equation

⎛ L v2 ⎞ v2
Zt = ⎜ λ ⋅ ⋅ ⎟, local losses Zm = ∑ ξi ⋅
⎜ D 2g ⎟ 2g
⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ L ⎞v
⇒ total losses: ∑ Z = ⎜⎝ λ D + ζ v + 2ζ s + ζ n ⎟⎠ 2g

K141 HYAE 6 exercise 5

Bernoulli equation can be then rewritten in form

2
p sA p ⎛ L ⎞v
HA + = HB + a + ⎜ λ + ζ v + 2ζ s + ζ n ⎟
ρg ρg ⎝ D ⎠ 2g
or
p pA ⎛ L ⎞v
2
HA + = HB + ⎜ λ + ζ v + 2ζ s + ζ n ⎟ ,
ρg ⎝ D ⎠ 2g

p sA − p a p pA 9805
where = = = 1,0 m w. col.
ρg ρg 999,5 ⋅ 9,81

First step of calculation:

As discharge still is not known, i.e. value of friction coefficient cannot be

determined. Therefore, in the first step of calculation, flow in quadratic zone of
friction losses will be supposed. The value of roughness of cast-iron pipeline can
be stated from table 4: Δ = 0,0015 m.
Δ 0,0015
Relative roughness is then = = 0,015 . For this relative roughness the
D 0,1
value of roughness coefficient of friction loss in quadratic zone can be determined
from Moody diagram (table 5) λ = 0,044.

Coefficients of local losses (sharp-shaped inlet and outlet, knee pipe) will be
determined from tables A and B (see bellow): ξv = 0,5, ξs= 0,34, ξn = 1,0.

Introducing into Bernoulli equation:

⎛ 20 ⎞ v2
12,5 - 10,0 + 1 = ⎜ 0,044 + 0,5 + 2 ⋅ 0,34 + 1,0 ⎟
⎝ 0,1 ⎠ 19,62

and using simple mathematic rearrangement:

19,62(12,5 - 10,0 + 1)
v= = 2,501ms −1
20
0,044 ⋅ + 0,5 + 2.0,34 + 1,0
0,1

Second step of calculation:

Presumption of validity of flow in quadratic zone of friction losses has to be reviewed.

From table 1 → kinematic viscosity of water with temperature 12°C is
ν = 1,24 ⋅ 10 −6 m 2 s −1 . For this value of viscosity ν and calculated velocity v the value
v ⋅ D 2,501⋅ 0,1
of Reynolds number will be calculated: Re = = −6
≅ 2,02 ⋅ 10 5 . Following
ν 1,24 ⋅ 10
Δ
Moody diagram, calculated Reynolds number and relative roughness = 0,015
D

K141 HYAE 7 exercise 5

show that flow is in quadratic zone → presumption of the quadratic zone was thus
confirmed.
In case that the presumption was not confirmed, it would be necessary to
elaborate (correct) determination of λ and to repeat the whole calculation.

Continuing equation will be than used to calculate discharge Q.

π ⋅ 0,12
Q = v ⋅ S = 2,501⋅ = 0,0196m 3 s −1
4

Tab. A Coefficient of loss due to entrance to pipeline ξv

TYPE OF ENTRANCE VALIDITY ξv
a) pipeline intervene into reservoir 0,8 - 1,0
b) sharp-shaped entrance edge 0,5
c) Sharp-shaped entrance edge 0,5 + 0,3.cosδ +
and inclined deviation + 0,2.cosδ.cosδ
d) cant entrance edge L/D ≅ 0,1 0,25
e) curved entrance edge rv/D ≅ 0,06 0,20
f) conically enlarged entrance 2δ = (40 - 80)o
L/D = (0,2 - 0,3) 0,13
g) circle-shaped curved r = 0,2.D 0,11
entrance edge
h) strofoid-shaped curved D´ = 1,37.D
entrance edge (Lískovec) L = 1,25.D 0,04

i) outlet to large reservoir Kn = 1,0

Tab. B Loss coefficient of knee pipe ( δ = 90o) ξs

rs
δ
ξ s = ξ 90° ⋅ δ
90°
V
D
rs / D 1,00 1,5 2,0 4,0 6,0 10,0 20,0
ξs smooth 0,21 0,17 0,15 0,11 0,09 0,07 0,05
pipes
ξs rough 0,42 0,34 0,30 0,22 0,18 0,14 0,10
pipes

K141 HYAE 8 exercise 5