July 12, 2020 [TERM PROJECT] 187004,187005,187006
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF DOUBLE PIPE
HEAT EXCHANGER
Bachelor of Technology (BTech.)
Term Project
Submitted in a Group consisting of:
SAURAV THAKUR; ROLL NO: 187004
ARIHANT PATYAL; ROLL NO: 187005
YASH ; ROLL NO: 187006
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. POOJA THAKUR
CONCERNED SUBJECT:
Heat Transfer-Lab
2nd Year
4th Semester
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR
HAMIRPUR (H.P.) – 177005
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July 12, 2020 [TERM PROJECT] 187004,187005,187006
Aim: To determine the heat transfer coefficient of double pipe heat exchanger.
Introduction:
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger: In the simplest form, these heat exchangers have
two sets of concentric pipes, two connecting tees, a return head, and a return
bend. The inner pipe is placed inside the outer pipe, supported by packing glands.
Through a threaded connection, which is outside the exchanger section, allows
the inlet flow to the inner pipe. The fluids are brought in “thermal contact’ to
achieve heat transfer.
The tees play a very important role in the apparatus; they have screw and nozzle
connections attached to it, which permits the entry and exit of annulus fluid
which crosses from one leg to another through return head. The two lengths of
inner pipe are connected by a return bend, which is usually exposed. The figure
shows us a simple arrangement of a double pipe heat exchanger which is called
the hairpin arrangement.
There are possibly two flow arrangements in the double pipe heat exchanger:
Parallel flow and Counter flow. One of the fluids flow through the inner pipe and
other through the annulus (outer pipe). In the parallel flow, the fluid in the outer
pipe and inner pipe flow in the same direction, i.e., the hot and cold fluid flow in
the same direction, while in the counter flow, the fluid in the inner and outer
pipes flow in the opposite direction, i.e., the hot and cold fluid flow in opposite
direction. This is one of the simplest arrangements of the double pipe heat
exchanger. The counter flow arrangement is the most common one because it
allows more heat exchange between the streams than that by parallel flow.
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July 12, 2020 [TERM PROJECT] 187004,187005,187006
Double pipe heat exchanger in parallel flow:
Double pipe heat exchanger in counter flow:
Experimental Setup:
The experimental setup consists of two concentric tubes in which fluids pass. The
hot fluid is hot water, which is obtained from an electric geyser. Hot water flows
through the inner tube, in one direction. The cold fluid is cold water, which flows
through the annulus. Control valves are provided so that the direction of cold
water can be kept parallel or opposite to that of hot water. Thus, the heat
exchanger can be operated either as parallel or counter flow heat exchanger. The
temperatures are measured with a thermometer. Thus, the heat transfer rate,
heat transfer coefficient, LMTD and effectiveness of heat exchanger can
be calculated for both parallel and counter flow.
Specifications:
System: Water to water, concentric tube type
Heat Exchanger: Length 1.6 m (approx.) Insulated with ceramic wool and
cladded by aluminum foil.
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July 12, 2020 [TERM PROJECT] 187004,187005,187006
Outer Tube: Material Stainless Steel, ID-27.5 mm (approx)
Inner Tube: Material Stainless Steel, OD 12.7 mm (approx)
Water Flow Measurement: Rotameters (2 Nos.), One for cold fluid and
other for hot fluid.
Hot Water Tank: Made of Stainless steel, Insulated with ceramic fiber wool
and cladded with aluminum foil.
Heaters: Nichrome wire heater
Control Panel Comprising of
Digital Temp. Controller: 0-200°C (For hot water tank)
Digital Temp. Indicator: 0-200°C, with multi-channel switch
Temperature Sensors: RTD PT100 type
Standard make On/Off switch, Mains Indicator etc.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Start the water supply.
2. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides and carefully note down the
rate of flow
3. Keep the concerned valves opened so that arrangement is
parallel flow.
4. Switch ON the heat source. The temperature of the water will start rising.
5. After temperatures become steady, note down the initial readings of the
four thermocouples.
6. Switch off the heater.
7. Again note down the temperatures and the flow rate.
8. Repeat the procedure multiple times to get an effective result.
9. Now again set the water supply on hot and cold sides and note down the
rate of flow.
10.Now open the concerned valves to achieve the counter flow.
11.Switch on the heat source and let the temperature to rise.
12.After the steady state is achieved, note down the temperature of the
thermocouples.
13.Switch off the heater and note down the temperature and flow rate.
14.Repeat the procedure multiple times to get an effective result.
Related Equations:
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July 12, 2020 [TERM PROJECT] 187004,187005,187006
Log Mean Temperature Difference
LMTD= θm = (θi – θo)/(ln(θi/θo))
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Uri = Q/(Ai* θm)
Observation Table:
*NOTE: The observation table for both parallel and counter flow is same.
Sr. No. Thi Tho Tci Tco Hot Water Cold Water
(T1) (T2) (T3) (T4) Flow rate(Mh) Flow rate(Mc)
(oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (lpm) (lpm)
1
2
Calculation:
*NOTE: The observation table for both parallel and counter flow is same.
Given data:
Cpc = Cph = 4187
Inner diameter of GI pipe, Di = 0.028 m
Inner diameter of Cu pipe, di = 0.010 m
First of all, we calculate the log mean temperature difference, LMTD, or θm.
which is given by:
LMTD= θm = (θi – θo)/(ln(θi/θo))
where, θi = Thi - Tco
θo = Tho - Tci
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July 12, 2020 [TERM PROJECT] 187004,187005,187006
Now, we find the heat transfer rate for hot and cold sides:
For Hot side:
Qh = Mh * Cph * (Thi – Tho)
For Cold side:
Qc = Mc * Cpc * (Tci – Tco)
Now,
Q=( Qh + Qc)/2
We find the overall heat transfer coefficient using:
Q = Uri * Ai* θm
where, Uri = overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside area.
Ai = π * d i * L
Hence, we finally get the overall heat transfer coefficient (Uri).
Result:
The value of heat transfer coefficient will be between 0 and 1.
Heat transfer coefficient)counter flow > Heat transfer coefficient)parallel flow
We can also obtain some graphs as given below:
Parallel flow:
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July 12, 2020 [TERM PROJECT] 187004,187005,187006
Counter flow:
Precautions:
1. Switch ON the heater only when there is a running water flow.
2. Wait for the steady state to be achieved before noting down the
temperature readings.
3. Check is the red light on the heater is switched on, if not then increase the
water supply.
4. Do not touch the hot water pipe.
Reference:
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July 12, 2020 [TERM PROJECT] 187004,187005,187006
1. W.L McCabe and J.C. Smith ,”Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering”,
McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1985.
2. D.Q. Kern ,”Process Heat Transfer” McGraw Hill Publishing, Co., New York,
1950.
3. “Heat Transfer: Principles and Applications” by Binay K. Dutta.
Nomenclature:
m = metre Q h =heat transfer of hot fluid
approx. = approximate Q c =heat transfer of cold fluid
mm = milli metre M h =flow rate of hot fluid
Nos. = numbers M c =flow rate of cold fluid
°C = degree Celsius
RTD = resistance temperature detectors
PT100 = platinum resistance (100ohm)
θm = log mean temperature difference
Q = overall heat transfer
Ai = inside area on pipe
Thi = inlet temperature of hot pipe
Tho = outlet temperature of hot pipe
Tci = inlet temperature of cold pipe
Tco = outlet temperature of cold pipe
Lpm = litre per minute
Cpc = heat capacity of cold fluid
Cph = heat capacity of hot fluid
L = length of the pipe
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