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Maximum Power Point Tracking System: What Is MPPT? Mathematical Model

MPPT or maximum power point tracking is an algorithm that operates solar charge controllers to extract the maximum available power from PV modules under changing conditions. It works by varying the resistance in the circuit to match the optimum load for the PV module and track the maximum power point as conditions change. Common MPPT techniques include perturb and observe, fractional open-circuit voltage, and incremental conductance methods. MPPT charge controllers use a DC-DC converter to vary the voltage and current from the PV module to optimize charging the battery. This increases energy collection, especially under less than ideal conditions like cold weather.

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SELVAKUMAR RB
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55 views

Maximum Power Point Tracking System: What Is MPPT? Mathematical Model

MPPT or maximum power point tracking is an algorithm that operates solar charge controllers to extract the maximum available power from PV modules under changing conditions. It works by varying the resistance in the circuit to match the optimum load for the PV module and track the maximum power point as conditions change. Common MPPT techniques include perturb and observe, fractional open-circuit voltage, and incremental conductance methods. MPPT charge controllers use a DC-DC converter to vary the voltage and current from the PV module to optimize charging the battery. This increases energy collection, especially under less than ideal conditions like cold weather.

Uploaded by

SELVAKUMAR RB
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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21-Apr-18

PV modules still have relatively low conversion


MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING efficiency; therefore, controlling maximum
SYSTEM power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar array
is essential in a PV system. The amount of
power generated by a PV depends on the
operating voltage of the array. A PV’s maximum
power point (MPP) varies with solar insulation
and temperature.

WHAT IS MPPT? MATHEMATICAL MODEL:


 MPPT or Maximum Power Point
Tracking is algorithm that included in
charge controllers used for extracting
maximum available power from PV
module under certain conditions. The
voltage at which PV module can
produce maximum power is called
‘maximum power point’ (or peak power
voltage).
Equivalent circuit of solar PV array.

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21-Apr-18

V-I and V-P characteristics of a solar cell:


I= Isc – Io{exp[ q(V + RsI)/(nkTk) ]- 1} – (V+RsI)/Rsh
Output characteristics of a solar cell are non- linear and are
crucially influenced by a solar radiation, temperature and load
………………..(1) condition.

Where , Isc = Id + I

The above equation is used in computer


simulations to obtain the o/p characteristics of a
solar cell.

How MPPT works? MPPT solar charge controller:


 The major principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum available  A MPPT solar charge controller is the charge controller
power from PV module by making them operate at the most efficient embedded with MPPT algorithm to maximize the amount
voltage (maximum power point).
of current going into the battery from PV module.
 MPPT checks output of PV module, compares it to battery voltage
then fixes what is the best power that PV module can produce to  MPPT is DC to DC converter which operates by taking DC
charge the battery and converts it to the best voltage to get input from PV module, changing it to AC and converting it
maximum current into battery. back to a different DC voltage and current to exactly
match the PV module to the battery.
MPPT is most effective under these conditions:
• Cold weather, cloudy or hazy days: Normally, PV module works better at cold  Examples of DC to DC converter are
temperatures and MPPT is utilized to extract maximum power available from • Boost converter
them.
• Buck converter
• When battery is deeply discharged: MPPT can extract more current and
 MPPT algorithm can be applied to both of them
charge the battery if the state of charge in the battery is lowers.
depending on system design.

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21-Apr-18

MPPT solar charge General configuration of the MPPT solar charge


controllers are useful for controller
off-grid solar power
systems such as stand-
alone solar power system,
solar home system and
solar water pump system,
etc.

INVERTER AC Load
DC Load
PV INPUT
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOO
MPPT solar charge controllers

MPPT TECHNIQUES: Fractional Open-Circuit Voltage:


 Fractional Open-Circuit Voltage  VMPP ≈ k1 VOC ……………….(2)
 Fractional Short-Circuit Current
 Perturb and Observe  Factor k1 has been reported to be between
 Incremental Conductance 0.71 and 0.78.

 Implementation of this method is simple.

 Its tracking efficiency is relatively low.

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21-Apr-18

Perturb and Observe:


Fractional Short-Circuit Current:
 The concept behind the P&O method is to modify
IMPP ≈ k2 ISC …………………(3) the operating voltage or current of the PV panel
until you obtain maximum power from it.
 k2 is not constant. It is found to be between 0.78  The tracker operates by periodically incrementing
and 0.92. or decrementing the solar array voltage.
 The accuracy of the method and tracking efficiency  If increasing the voltage to a panel increases the
depends on the accuracy of K2 and periodic power output of the panel, the system continues
measurement of short circuit current. increasing the operating voltage until the power
output begins to decrease.

Incremental Conductance:
 Incremental conductance considers the fact that the
slope of the power-voltage curve is zero at the
maximum power point, positive at the left of the
MPP, and negative at the right of the MPP.

 ΔI/ΔV = - I/V , at MPP


 ΔI/ΔV > - I/V , left of MPP
 ΔI/ΔV < - I/V , right of MPP

Flowchart for P&O algorithm

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21-Apr-18

Flowchart of incremental conductance

ADVANTAGES:
 MPPT method can extract maximum available
power from the PV module.

 This can increase the tracking efficiency.

 If your energy use is greatest in the winter (typical


in most homes) and you have cold winter
weather, then you can gain a substantial boost in
energy when you need it the most!

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